.J. 


Dcucuiers 

Latin  Keadc 


^<K. 


5JM1 


<  OtA^lA-  'Stew,  /•rt/X«<lW,«W1<    tit     <" 


,<<fA" 


I„>J  TnllT  T !,».!,!  r,T,?,?Wff  t  r:^y^<,»»l,l,I,.UlU,Til)'iH,TI,!iH.,tI.t 


FIRST  LATIN   READER 


INCLUDING 

^rincipUg    of   <Sgntax 

AND 

'Extxci&t^   for    translation 


BY 

JARED  W.   SCUDDER,  A.M. 

Latin  Master  in  the  Albany  Academy 


Boston 

ALLYN     AND     BACON 

1897 


CopyniGHT,  1895, 
By  Jared  W.  Scudder. 


Electbottping  I5T  C.  J.  Peters  &  Son. 


Pbebswork  iJY  Berwick  &  Smith. 


PREFACE. 


53 
fAAi/\J 


The  first  distinctive  feature  of  this  book  is,  as  its 
name  suggests,  that  the  lessons  contain  connected  Latin 
passages  for  the  pupil  to  read.  As  soon  as  practicable, 
the  special  grammatical  points  to  be  learned  in  each 
lesson  are  illustrated,  not  in  disconnected  sentences, 
but  in  a  continuous  Latin  story.  The  stories  are  drawn 
chiefly  from  Koman  mythology  and  traditional  Koman 
history,  interspersed  with  an  occasional  passage  on  the 
life  of  the  Eomans.  This  plan  has  the  following  advan- 
tages :  — 

1.  It  acts  as  a  powerful  incentive  to  work. 

2.  It  adds  directly  to  the  pupiVs  knowledge  of  Roman 
mythology,  traditions,  and  customs. 

3.  It  emphasizes  at  the  outset  the  fact  that  grammar 
is  Tnerely  a  means  to  the  enjoyment  of  literature. 

The  second  feature  of  the  book  is  that  all  the  exer- 
cises for  translating  English  into  Latin  are  based  on 
the  Latin  text  immediately  preceding  them. 

A  third  point  of  special  importance  is  that,  beginning 
with  Lesson  XV,  a  passage  to  be  translated  at  sight  is 
included  in  every  lesson.  In  the  report  of  the  Latin 
Conference  to  the  Committee  on  Secondary  School 
Studies  this  point  is  particularly  emphasized.  After 
stating  the  views  of  those  who  shrink  from   adopting 

iu 


iv  PREFACE. 

translation  at  sight  as  the  sole  test  of  the  pupil's  at-- 
tainments,  the  following  significant  sentence  is  added  : 
"  Yet  the  importance  of  devoting  a  good  deal  of  atten- 
tion to  translation  at  sight  is  now  universally  acknowl- 
edged among  the  best  teachers  in  school  and  college ; 
and  the  recommendation  that  translation  at  sight  form 
a  constant  and  increasing  part  of  the  examination  for 
admission  and  of  the  work  of  preparation,  is  therefore 
regarded  by  the  Conference  as  of  especial  moment." 

Lastly,  questions  in  Latin,  referring  to  the  text,  are 
included  in  the  lessons,  in  the  hope  that  teachers  will 
avail  themselves  of  this  simple  but  effective  mode  of 
familiarizing  their  scholars  with  the  Latin  itself.  Noth- 
ing gives  the  jmpil  a  firmer  grasp  on  phrases,  nothing 
fits  him  more  quickly  to  understand  Latin  without  trans- 
lating it,  than  this  very  method  of  asking  and  answering 
questions  in  Latin. 

In  addition  to  these  more  important  features  of  the 
book,  attention  is  directed  to  the  following  points  :  — 

1.  The  systematic  and  thorough  drill  on  pronuncia- 
tion in  the  first  two  lessons. 

2.  The  incorporation  of  all  necessary  principles  of 
English  grammar  in  the  body  of  the  book. 

3.  The  omission  of  the  Vocative  case  in  the  para- 
digms, sufficient  emphasis  being  laid  upon  it  in  the 
rules. 

4.  The  use  of  -is  instead  of  -es  in  the  Accusative 
Plural  of  -i  stems  of  the  Third  Declension.  This  has 
not  only  become  necessary  on  account  of  its  use  in  many 
of  the  latest  school  texts,  but  it  is  desirable  as  a  means 
of  distinguishing  between  the  Nominative  and  Accusative 
Plural. 


PREFACE.  V 

5.  The  comparative  view  of  the  declensions  of  nouns 
and  adjectives  in  the  tables  on  pages  204  and  211. 

6.  The  comparative  view  of  the  four  regular  conjuga- 
tions in  the  body  of  the  book,  supplemented  on  pages 
i22 1-231  by  the  presentation  of  the  Active  and  Passive 
voices  of  each  conjugation,  side  by  side. 

7.  The  questions  for  the  pupils  at  the  end  of  the 
lessons.  These  are  not  intended  to  take  the  place  of 
questions  by  the  teacher,  but  are  merely  to  enable  the 
pupil  to  ascertain  whether  he  has  thoroughly  mastered 
his  lesson. 

The  lessons  appear  to  be  much  longer  than  they  really 
are.  It  must  be  remembered  that  the  labors  of  the 
pupil  practically  end  with  the  translation  of  the  English 
sentences  into  Latin,  the  rest  of  the  lesson  being  re- 
served for  the  class-room. 

The  author  is  indebted  to  many  friends  for  helpful 
suggestions,  but  particularly  to  Professor  P.  J.  Bartlett 
of  the  Albany  Normal  College,  and  to  Professor  C.  B. 
GooLD  of  the  Albany  Academy. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  use  of  this  book  will  not  only  add 
to  the  beginner's  enjoyment  of  Latin,  but  that  it  will 
insure  rapid  progress  and  unusual  facility  in  reading 
and  understanding  the  language. 

JARED   W.    SCUDDER. 
Albany,  N.Y.,  December,  1894. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/firstlatinreaderOOscudrich 


CONTENTS. 


LESSON  PACK 

I.   Alphabet.  —  Sounds   of   the    Letters.  —  Quantity   of 

Vowels 1 

II.    Syllables.  —  Quantity  of  Syllables.  —  Accent ....  4 

III.    Noun.  —  Verb.  —  Subject  and  Object 6 

lY.    Singular  and  Plural .  8 

V.    Rules. — Cases. — Inflection. —  First  Declension     .     .  10 
YI.    Gender.  —  Genitive  of  Possession.  —  Pronouns.  — Ad- 
verbs        12 

YII.    Dative  of  the  Indirect  Object.  —  Questions    ....  15 
YIII.    Ablative   of   Separation.  —  Conjunctions.  —  Regina 

Belgarum 17 

IX.    Second  Declension :  Nouns  in   -us.  —  Yocative  Case. 

—  Conloquium 19 

X.    Second  Declension:  Nouns  in  -um.  —  Predicate  Nom- 
inative.—  Prepositions. — Fundus 21 

XI.    Adjectives   in   -us,  -a,  -um.  —  Ablative  of  Means.  — 

Cygnus 24 

XII.    Nouns  and  Adjectives  in  -er  and  -ir.  —  Apposition. 

—  Preposition  in.  —  Pueri  Romani 26 

XIII.    Tense.  —  Person.  —  Number.  —  Yerb  Sum :  Present, 

Imperfect,  and  Future  Indicative.  —  Dative  of  Pos- 
sessor. —  Conloquium 30 

XIY.    Mood. — Principal  Parts. — First  Conjugation:  Pres- 
ent, Imperfect,    and   Future   Indicative.  —  Perfida 

Tarpeia 34 

XY.  Second  Conjugation:  Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future 
Indicative.  —  Mettius  Curtius.  —  Sight  Transla- 
tion: Mettius  Curtius  {concluded) 37 

vil 


Vlll 


CONTENTS. 


LESSON  PAGE 

XVI.  Third  Conjugation:  Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future 
Indicative. — Ablative   of   Manner. — Meleager. 

—  Sight  Translation:  Meleager  (cowciiidecZ)  .     .     40 
XYII.    Fourth    Conjugation:  Present,  Imperfect,   and  Fu- 
ture Indicative.  —  Ablative  of  Cause.  —  Perseus 

et  Andromeda.  —  Sight  Translation:    Perseus 

et  Andromeda  (concluded) 43 

XVIII.  Third  Declension :  Liquid  Stems.  —  Forum  Roma- 
num.  —  Sight  Translation:  Forum  Romanum 
(concluded) 46 

XIX.    Third    Declension :   Mute    Stems.  —  Gabii.  —  Sight 

Translation:  Gabii  (concluded) 50 

XX.  Third  Declension:  -i  Stems.  —  Brutus  et  Filii 
Tarquini. — Sight  Translation:  Brutus  et  Filii 
Tarquini  (concluded) 53 

XXI.  Third  Declension:  Mixed  Stems. — Gender  Rules. 
Ablative  of  Accompaniment.  — Horatius  Codes. 

—  Sight  Translation:  Horatius  Codes  (con- 
cluded)      57 

XXII.  Verb  Sum:  Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect 
Indicative;  Imperative.  —  Atalanta.  —  Sight 
Translation:  Atalanta  (concluded) 61 

XXIII.  Third  Declension  Adjectives :  -i  Stems.  —  First  Con- 

jugation: Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect 
Indicative ;  Imperative.  —  Deucalion  et  Pyrrha. 

—  Sight  Translation  :  Deucali5n  et  Pyrrha 
(co7icluded) •  .     65 

XXIV.  Third   Declension    Adjectives:    Consonant    Stems. 

—  Second  Conjugation:  Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and 
Future  Perfect  Indicative ;  Imperative.  —  C.  Mu- 
cius  Scaevola.  —  Sight  Translation:  C.  Mudus 
Scaevola  (concluded) 69 

XXV.  Fourth  Declension. — Third  Conjugation:  Perfect, 
Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect  Indicative;  Im- 
perative.—  Duo  Equites. — Sight  Translation: 
Duo  Equites  (concluded) 72 


CONTENTS. 


IX 


LESSON  PAGE 

XXyi.  Fifth  Declension.  —  Fourth  Conjugation :  Per- 
fect, Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect  Indicative ; 
Imperative. — Accusative  of  Time. — Proser- 
pina.—  Sight  Translation:  Proserpina   (cow- 

cluded) 76 

XXyil.  Personal  and  Keflexive  Pronouns.  —  Double 
Accusative.  —  Perseus  et  Medusa.  —  Sight 
Translation:  Perseus  et  Medusa  {continued)      80 

XXVIII.  Voice. — First  Conjugation:  Indicative  and  Im- 
perative Passive.  —  Ablative  of  Agent.  —  Per- 
seus et  Medusa  {continued). — Sight  Trans- 
lation :  Perseus  et  Medusa  {concluded)  »    .      83 

,  XXIX.  Demonstrative  Pronouns:  Hie,  Ille,  Iste. — 
Second  Conjugation:  Indicative  and  Impera- 
tive Passive.  —  Arion  et  Delphinus.  —  Sight 
Translation:  Arion  et  Delphinus  {con- 
cluded)     88 

XXX.  Demonstrative  Pronouns  :  Is,  Idem,  Ipse.  — • 
Third  Conjugation :  Indicative  and  Imperative 
Passive.  — Domus  Romana.  —  Sight  Transla- 
tion: Domus  Romana  (cowc^wcZed)  ....  92 
XXXI.  Relative,  Interrogative,  and  Indefinite  Pronouns. 
—  Fourth  Conjugation :  Indicative  and  Imper- 
ative Passive.  Obsidio  Veiorum.  —  Sight 
Translation:  Obsidio  Veiorum  {concluded)  96 
XXXII.  Regular  Comparison. —Declension  of  Compara- 
tives. —  Ablative  with  Comparatives.  —  The- 
seus.—  Sight  Translation:  Theseus  {con- 
tinued)     101 

XXXIII.  Irregular   Comparison.  —  Ablative  of  Degree  of 

Difference.  —  Theseus  et  Latrones.  —  Sight 
Translation:    Theseus  et  Latrones  (cow^.) .     106 

XXXIV.  Formation  and  Comparison  of  Adverbs.  —  Geni- 

tive and  Ablative  of  Characteristic.  —  The- 
seus et  Latrones  {continued).  — Sight  Trans- 
lation: Theseus  et  Latrones  (concZudecZ)      .     110 


CONTENTS. 


LESSOX  PAGE 

XXXV.  Numerals.  —  Partitive  Genitive. — Nine  Irreg- 
ular Adjectives.  —  Supellex  Domus  Ro- 
manae.  —  Sight  Translation :  Supellex  Do- 
mus Romanae  (^concluded) 114 

XXXVI.  Active  Infinitives.  —  Complementary  Infini- 
tive.—  Expressions  of  Place. — Theseus  et 
Aegeus.  —  Sight   Translation:   Theseus  et 

Aegeus  (concluded) 119 

XXXVII.  Passive  Infinitives.  —  Infinitive  as  a  Noun.  — 
Simple  Indirect  Discourse,  —  Dative  with 
Special  Verbs.  —  Ablative  of  Specification.  — 
Daedalus.  —  Sight  Translation:  Daedalus 

(concluded) 123 

XXXVIII.  Participles.  —  Ablative  Absolute.  —  Theseus 
et  Minotaurus. —  Sight  Translation:  The- 
seus et  Minotaurus  (concluded)   ....     129 

XXXIX.  Gerund.  —  Gerundive.  —  Supine.  —  Ablative  of 
Time.  —  Theseus  et  Ariadne.  —  Sight 
Translation:  Theseus  et  Ariadne  (con- 
cluded)      135 

XL.   Derivation  and  Composition  of  Words.  — Nup- 
tiae  Romanae.  —  Sight  Translation :  Niip- 

tiae  Romanae  (concluded) 139 

XLI.    Subjunctive  of  Sum.  — Hortatory  Subjunctive. 

—  Subjunctive  of   Wish.  —  Midas.  —  Sight 
Translation:  Midas  (concluded)     ....     146 

XLII.  Active  Subjunctive.  —  Indirect  Question.  — 
Genitive  and  Dative  with  Adjectives  —  lason 
et  Centaurus.  —  Sight  Translation :   lason 

et  Anus 1,50 

XLIII.  Passive  Subjunctive. — Subjunctive  of  Pur- 
pose.—  Dative  of  Service. — lason  et  Dea. 

—  Sight  Translation:  lason  et  Pelias      .     .     155 
XLIV.    Verbs  in   -io.  —  Subjunctive  of  Kesult.  —  Vel- 

lus  Aureum.  —  Sight  Translation :  lasonis 
Sooii 160 


CONTENTS. 


XI 


LESSON  PAGE 

XLY.   Deponent   Verbs.  —  Verbs   of    Fearing.  —  Quin 
Clauses.  —  Argonautae.  —  Sight  Translation : 

Argonautae  et  Cyzicus 165 

XL VI.    Ablative   with   Deponents.  —  Accusative  of  Ex- 
tent. —  Simple  Conditions.  — Ludi  Circenses. 

—  Sight  Translation:  Ludi  Circenses  {con- 
cluded)     170 

XLVII.    Compounds  of  Sum.  —  Conditionals.  —  Hercules 
et   Hylas.  —  Sight   Translation:   Phineus   et 

Harpyiae 176 

XLVIII.    Active   and   Passive   Periphrastic   Conjugations. 

—  Dative  of  Agent.  —  Objective  Genitive.  — 
Symplegades.  —  Sight  Translation:  Sym- 
plegades  (^concluded) 180 

XLIX.    Irregular   Verb   E6.  —  Cum    Temporal,    Causal, 
and   Concessive. — lason  et  Medea.  —  Sight 

Translation :  Perfidus  Rex 184 

L.  Irregular  Verb  Fero.  —  Dum,  Donee,  and 
Quoad.  —  Antequam  and  Priusquam.  — 
Potentissimum  Unguentum.  —  Sight  Trans- 
lation :  Flammif eri  Tauri 189 

LI.  Irregular  Verbs  Volo,  Nolo,  Malo.  —  Subjunc- 
tive  in   Indirect  Discourse.  —  Mediae  Fuga. 

—  Sight  Translation:  Medea  et  Draco.     .     .     194 
LII.    Irregular  Verb  Fio.— Vellus  Aureum.  —  Sight 

Translation:  Reditus  Argonautarum  .  .  .  201 
Tables  of  Declension  and  Conjugation  ....  204 
Latin-English  Vocabulary 241 


First  Latin  Reader. 


LESSON    I. 
Alphabet ;  Pronunciation. 

1.  The  Latin  alphabet  is  the  same   as  the  English, 
except  that  it  has  no  j  or  w. 

2.  The  letters  are  divided  into  vowels  and  consonants. 


3.  The  vowels  are  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  and  y  ;  they  are  either 
long  or  short. 

a.    A  long  vowel  is  marked  with  a  dash,  thus :  a. 
h.    A  short  vowel  is  not  marked. 

4.  The  vowels  are  sounded  as  follows : 

a  as  in /ar.  a  as  in  a-rise. 

e  as  in  they.  e  as  in  men. 

i  as  in  ma-rine.  i  as  in  pin. 

o  as  in  bone.  o  as  in  o-bey. 

u  as  00  in  cool.  u  as  in  full. 

5.  Pronounce  the  following  words  : 

a:  na,  qua,  sta.  i  :  di,  ml,  ni. 

e  :  me,  ne,  te.  o  :  do,  pro,  sto. 

u  :  nil,  sii,  tii. 
1 


2  LATIN  REABEB. —  LESSON  I. 

a.    a  and  a  :  sa-ga,  sa-ga ;  ma-l6,  ma-lo  ;  fa-vi,  fa-vi. 
e  and  e  :  e-mi,  e-mi ;  e-di,  e-di ;  se-ro,  se-ro. 
1  and  i  :  di-co,  di-co ;  si-nT,  si-nT ;  li-no,  li-no. 
o  and  o  :  no-ta,  no-ta ;  so-lo,  so-lo ;  lo-ra,  lo-ra. 
u  and  u  :  lu-to,  lu-to  ;  f  u-gT,  f  u-gi ;  su-di,  su-di. 

DIPHTHONGS. 

6.  The  diphthongs  are  sounded  as  follows : 

ae  as  ai  in  aisle.  au  as  ow  in  cow. 

oe  as  07/  in  boy.  eu  as  eu  in  feud. 

7.  Pronounce  the  following  words  : 

ae  :  ae-tas,  ae-ger,  lae-suni,  pae-ne,  sae-pe. 

au:  au-la,  au-ri,  fau-tor,  lau-de,  pau-lo. 

06  :  coe-pT,  foe-de,  poe-na,  Oe-ta,  oe-strus. 

eu :  heu,  sen,  neu-ter,  Eu-rus,  Leu-ci. 

GENERAL    RULES    FOR    QUANTITY    OF   VOWELS. 

8.  Diphthongs  are  long,  as  :  haec,  poenae. 

a.  A  vowel  followed  by  nf,  ns,  gm,  gn,  or  i  (consonant) 
is  long,  as  :   infra,  mensa,  agmen,  ignis,  cuius. 

b.  A    vowel    followed    by    another    vowel,    or    by   a 
diphthong,  or  by  h  is  short,  as :  via,  tuae,  vehit. 

c.  A  vowel  followed  by  nt  or  nd  is  short,  as :   sunt, 
amandus. 

CONSONANTS. 

9.  The  consonants  may  be  classified  as  follows : 

C  Labials:  p,  b. 
a.   Mutes     -<^  Linguals:  t,  d. 

(  Palatals:  c,  k,  q,  g. 

h.    Liquids  :  1,  m,  n,  r. 

c.  Spirants  :  f,  s. 

d.  Semi-vowels  :  v,  1  (consonant). 


PRONUNCIATION.  6 

e.   Double  consonants  :  x  =  cs  or  gs,  z  =  dSc 
/.    h  is  only  a  breathing. 

10.  The  consonants  are  sounded  as  follows  :  • 

c  as  in  cap  (not  as  in  cent). 

g  as  in  get  (not  as  in  gem). 

i  (consonant)  as  y  in  yet. 

s  as  in  sin  (not  as  in  mi-ser). 

t  as  in  ten  (not  as  in  na-tion). 

V  as  w  in  loet. 

z  as  dz  in  adze. 

ch  as  in  chorus. 

The  other  consonants  are  sounded  as  in  English. 

11.  Pronounce  the  following  words  : 

c  :  ca-dus,  cae-cus,  Cae-sar,  co-mes,  cu-ra. 

g:  gau-di-um,  ge-nus,  glo-ri-a,  gra-dus,  gu-la. 

i  :  iam,  lu-no,  iiis,  iii-dex,  lo-vis. 

s  :  sa-tis,  sce-lus,  se-des,  so-ror,  sta-tus. 

t  :  ta-men,  i-ni-ti-o,  o-ra-ti-o,  niin-ti-o,  sta-ti-o. 

v:  vT-cus,  a-vis,  va-dum,  ser-vus,  vol-nus. 

z  :  Za-ma,  ga-zam,  Tra-pe-zus. 

ch  :  cho-rus,  cha-os,  char-tae,  Bac-chus,  Ar-chi-as. 

QUESTIONS. 

12.  How  does  the  Latin  alphabet  differ  from  the  English  ? 
Name  the  vowels.  What  is  the  quantity  of  a  diphthong  ?  When 
is  a  vowel  long  ?  When  is  a  vowel  short  ?  How  may  the  mutes 
be  classified  ?  Name  the  liquids.  Give  the  equivalents  of  the 
double  consonants.     What  is  the  value  of  h  ? 


4  LATIN  READER.— LESSON  IL 

LESSON   II. 
Syllables ;   Accent. 

13.  A  word  is  divided  into  as  many  syllables  as  it 
has  vowels  and  diphthongs. 

Exc.  After  q,  g,  and  generally  s,  (also  in  cui  and  huic), 
the  vowel  u,  when  followed  by  a  vowel,  does  not  form  a  separate 
syllable,  as  :  an-guis,  quo-que,  sua-det. 

a.  A  consonant  between  two  vowels  is  joined  to  the 
second  vowel,  as  :  a-vl,  6-ra. 

b.  When  there  are  two  or  more  consonants,  as  many 
of  them  as  can  begin  a  word  should  be  joined  to  the 
second  vowel,  as  :  ge-stum,  i-gni,  pi-sces,  ter-ra,  ven-tus. 

Exc.  The  words  forming  a  compound  should  be  separated, 
as:  ad-est. 

14.  The  last  syllable  of  a  word  is  called  the  ultima; 
the  next  to  the  last,  the  penult;  the  one  before  the 
penult,  the  ante2ye7iult. 

15.  Divide  into  syllables  : 

animal,    colonus,   dirimo,   gratus,    iTbertas,   prmceps, 

responsum,  subter,  tranquillitas ; 
vTctus,  prTscus,  occurro,  incendium,  quTnque,  comitia, 

decertatio,  cognosco,  controversia,  languidus ; 
litterate,    insisto,    prosterno,    elephantus,    adloquor, 

tulisti,  condemno,  intratus,  magnanimus. 

QUANTITY    OF    SYLLABLES. 

16.  A  syllable  is  long : 

a.  A¥hen  it  contains  a  long  vowel,  or  a  diphthong,  as : 
lac,  mens,  haec,  ae-tas ; 


ACCENT.  5 

b.  When  it  contains  a  short  vowel  followed  either  by  two 
consonants,  or  by  x,  or  z,  as  :   a-sper,  sal-tant,  sa-xa,  ga-za. 

17.  What  is  the  quantity  of  the  syllables  in  the  fol- 
lowing words  ? 

Romani,  temp^statis,  epuiae,  aiiirum,  arae,  tabellarius, 

flexiis,  proverbio,  postero,  aequus ; 
niatiirorum,  gentis,  quisquam,  stellae,  suavitas,  ser- 

monibus,  captivos,  sanguine. 

ACCENT. 

18.  Words  of  two  syllables  are  accented  on  the  penult, 
as  :  a'-per,  tu'-tus. 

a.  Words  of  more  than  two  syllables  are  accented  on 
the  penult,  if  it  is  long ;  otherwise,  on  the  antepenult, 
as  :    de-c6'-rum,  de'-co-rum. 

h,  A  few  short  words  called  enclitics  are  used  only 
as  they  are  added  to  other  words.  The  accent  falls  on 
the  syllable  before  the  enclitic,  as  :  sua'que,  estis'ne. 

19.  Accent  and  pronounce  the  following: 

labes,   gignis,  putas,  mare,  niillus,  puer,  lupus ; 
landare,  puellis,  telliiris,  scribere,  monere ; 
tergorum,  tergorum,  columba,  tegimus ; 
vestra-que,  obsidibus,  multitudo,  facillimus  ; 
profundus,  miinitio,  liabet-ne,  opportiine; 
vincimus,  vincimus,  perfugit,  perfiigit ; 
complexus,  descendo,  libenter,  friimentum. 

QUESTIONS. 

20.  Into  how  many  syllables  is  a  word  divided  ?  How  are 
the  consonants  placed  ?  Name  the  last  three  syllables  of  a 
word.  Rule  for  accent.  What  effect  has  an  enclitic  upon  ac- 
cent ?    When  is  a  syllable  long  ? 


6  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  IIL 

LESSON    III. 
Noun,  Verb,  Subject,  Object. 

21.  A  ISToun  is  the  name  of  any  person,  place,  or  thing, 
as :  Jolin,  Boston,  table.  . 

22.  A  Verb  expresses  action  or  being,  as:  run,  is. 
Every  sentence  must  contain  a  verb. 

23.  The  Subject  in  a  sentence  is  tliat  which  does  the 
action,  and  is  said,  to  be  in  the  aSTominatiVe  case,  as  : 
The  dog  bites. 

24.  The  Object  is  that  which  receives  the  action,  and 
is  said  to  be  in  the  Accusative  case,  as :  The  dog  bit  the 
boy. 

25.  In  English,  the  subject  is  usually  put  before  the 
verb;  the  object  after  it.  In  the  two  sentences  which 
follow,  note  the  difference  in  meaning,  caused  by  chan- 
ging the  position  of  the  word  boy. 

The  boy  killed  the  ivolf. 
The  wolf  killed  the  boy. 

a.  In  Latin,  this  difference  is  expressed  —  not  by 
changing  the  order  of  the  nouns  —  but  by  their  endings. 

26.  Note  carefully  the  endings  of  the  words  in  the 
following  Latin  sentences : 

Vitat.  (JETe,  sAe,  or  if)  avoids. 

Nauta  vitat.  The  sailor  avoids. 

Nauta  advenam  vitat.  The  sailor  avoids  the  stranger. 

Nautam  advena  vitat.  The  stranger  avoids  the  sailor. 

a.  Observe  that  the  verb  vitat  ends  in  -t.  The  verb- 
stem  vita-  means  avoid.     As  in  English,  when  the  sub- 


SUBJECT  AND   OBJECT.  7 

ject  is  he,  she,  or  it,  we  add  -s  to  the  verb  (e.g.,  he  avoids), 
so  the  Latin  adds  -t. 

b.    Notice  : 

That  nauta  and  advena,  when  used  as  subjects,  end 
in  -a; 

That  nauta  and  advena,  when  used  as  objects,  end 
in  -am. 

27.  '  VOCABULARY. 

NOUNS. 


NOMINATIVE. 

ACCUSATIVE. 

MEANING. 

DERIVATIVE. 

nauta, 

nautam, 

sailor. 

nautical. 

advena, 

advenam. 

stranger. 

adventure. 

porta, 

portam. 

gate. 

portal. 

silva, 

silvam. 

wood,  forest. 

silvan. 

puella. 

puellam, 

girl- 

casa, 

casam, 

cottage,  hut. 

VERBS 

" 

vitat. 

(he,  shej 

it) 

avoids. 

intrat. 

(he,  she, 

it) 

enters. 

entrance. 

invitat, 

(he,  she, 

it) 

invites. 

invite. 

28.  As  the  Latin  has  no  word  for  the,  an,  or  a,  the 
pupil  may  use  whichever  is  best  suited  to  the  noun  he  is 
translating. 

29.  Translate  into  English : 

1.  Nauta  puellam  vitat.  2.  Advenam  puella  vT- 
tat.  3.  Advena  silvam  intrat.  4.  Nautam  advena 
invitat.  5.  Puella  advenam  invitat.,  6.  Nauta 
portam  intrat.  7.  Puella  nautam  vTtat.  8.  Casam 
advena  intrat.  9.  Puella  silvam  vitat.  10.  Por- 
tam advena  intrat. 


8  LATIN  READER. — LESSON  IV. 

30.  Translate  into  Latin : 

1.  The  girl  enters  the  wood.  2.  The  sailor  avoids 
the  cottage.  3.  The  girl  invites  a  sailor.  4.  A 
stranger  avoids  the  hut.  5.  A  sailor  invites  the 
stranger.  6.  The  stranger  invites  the  girl.  7. 
The  sailor  enters  a  cottage.  8.  The  stranger  avoids 
the  gate.  9.  A  girl  enters  the  gate.  10.  The 
sailor  avoids  the  wood. 

QUESTIONS. 

31.  Define  noun,  verb,  subject,  object.  In  what  case  must 
the  subject  be  ?  In  what  case  must  the  object  be  ?  Divide  into 
syllables  and  accent :  torpescerent,  impensurus,  amatus. 


LESSON   IV. 
Singular,    Plural. 

32.  There   are    two    numbers,  the    Singular   and  the 
Plural. 

a.    The  Singular  number  denotes  one,  as :  (/irl,  sailor, 
h.    The   Plural    number    denotes    inore  than  one,  as : 
girls,  sailoi's. 

33.  Vitant.  (They)  avoid. 
Nautae  vitant.  The  sailors  avoid. 

Nautae  advenas  vitant.     The  sailors  avoid  the  strangers. 
Advenae  nautas  vitant.     The  strangers  avoid  the  sailors. 

Observe : 

a.    That  the  verb  vitant  ends  in  -nt,  which  is  equiva- 
lent to  they  ; 


SINGULAR  AND  PLURAL.  9 

b.  That  nauta  and  advena,  when  used  as  subjects  in 
the  Plural  number  end  in  -ae ; 

c.  That  nauta  and  advena,  when  used  as  objects  in  the 
Plural  nuTTiber  end  in  -as. 


34. 

VOCABULARY. 
NOUNS. 

NOMINATIVE. 

ACCUSATIVE.          MEANING. 

DERIVATIVE. 

nautae, 

nautas,             sailors. 

nautical. 

advenae, 

advenas,          strangers. 

adventure. 

portae, 

portas,              gates. 

portal. 

silvae, 

silvas,               woods,  forests. 

'silvan. 

puellae, 

puellas,            girls. 

casae, 

casas,               cottages,  huts. 

VERBS. 

vitant, 

{they)  avoid. 

intrant, 

{they)  enter. 

entrance. 

invitant,               {they)  invite. 

invite. 

35. 

1.  Puellae  nautas  invitant.  2.  Nautae  puellas 
invitant.  3.  Advenae  casas  vTtant.  4.  Puellae 
nautam      vTtant.  5.    Casam       advenae      intrant. 

6.  Nauta  advenas  vTtat.  7.  Portas  advenae  in- 
trant. 8.  Casas  puella  vitat.  9.  Portam  nauta 
intrat.       10.    Puellae  casas  intrant. 

36. 

1.  The  strangers  enter  the  cottages.  2.  Sailors 
invite  the  strangers.  3.  The  sailors  avoid  the  girl. 
4.  The  girls  invite  strangers.  5.  Strangers  avoid 
the  gates.       6.    The  girl  enters  the  woods.       7.    The 


10  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON   V. 

strangers  avoid  the  sailor.  8.  A  girl  avoids  the 
sailors.  9.  The  sailors  enter  the  gate.  10.  The 
strangers  invite  the  girls. 

QUESTIONS. 

37,  Define  and  illustrate  Singular  number;  Plural  number. 
What  is  the  Nominative  case  used  for  ?  The  Accusative  case  ? 
Divide  into  syllables  and  accent:  hospitalitas,  cognitio,  viruni- 
que,  requisitus. 


LESSON   V. 

Rules  ;  Cases  ;  Inflection  ;  First  Declension. 

From  the  preceding  lessons  we  deduce  the  following 
Eules : 

38.  Rule  I.    The  Subject  of  a  verb  is  in  the  Nomina- 
tive. 

39.  Rule  II.    The  Object  of  a  verb  is  in  the  Accusa- 
tive. 


40.  Study  carefully  the  following  cases  with  their 
endings  in  both  Singular  and  Plural,  and  what  they 
denote : 


NAMES. 

SINGULAR. 

DKNOTING. 

PLURAL, 

Nominative, 

-a, 

Subject  of  verb, 

-ae. 

Genitive, 

-ae, 

of,  or  's, 

-arum. 

Dative, 

-ae, 

to,  or  for. 

-is. 

Accusative, 

-am, 

Object  of  verb, 

-as. 

Ablative, 

-a, 

from,  with,  by. 

-is. 

FIRST  DECLENSION.  11 

INFLECTION. 

41.  Changing  the  form  of  a  word  to  show  its  relation 
to  other  words  is  called  Inflection. 

a.  The  Inflection  of  nouns,  adjectives,  and  pronouns 
is  called  Declension. 

b.  The  Inflection  of  verbs  is  called  Conjugation. 

42.  The  Stem  of  a  word  is  that  common  part  from 
which  the  changes  of  inflection  are  formed.  In  the 
First  Declension,  the  stem  ends  in  -a,  as  :  poeta. 

43.  The  Base  of  a  Avord  is  that  part  which  is  not 
changed  in  inflection,  as :  poet-. 

FIRST    DECLENSION. 

44.  porta,  (/ate. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

N.     porta,  a  gate.  portae,  gates. 

G.     portae,  of  a  gate,  or,  a  portarum,  of  gates,  or,  gates'. 

gate^s. 

D.     portae,  to  or  for  a  gate.  portis,  to  or  for  gates. 

Ac.    portam,  a  gate.  portas,  gates. 

Ab.    porta, /rom,  loith,  or  by  a  portis, /row,  with,  or  bij  gates. 

gate. 

Like  porta,  decline  nauta,  advena,  silva,  puella,  casa. 

QUESTIONS. 

45.  Define  Inflection,  Declension,  Conjugation.  What  is  the 
Stem  of  a  word  ?  The  Base  ?  Give  the  names,  endings,  and 
meanings,  of  all  the  cases.  Singular  and  Plural,  of  the  First  De- 
clension.    What  is  the  use  of  changing  the  endings  of  nouns  ? 


12  LATIN  HEADER. — LESSON    VL 

LESSON   VI. 

Gender ;     Genitive    of   Possession ;    Pronouns, 
Adverbs. 

46.  In  English,  there  are  three  genders,  viz..  Mascu- 
line, Feminine,  and  Neuter. 

a.    The  Masculine  gender  denotes  males,  as  :  ma7i,  boy: 
h.    The  Feminine  gender  denotes  females,  as :  woman, 

girl. 

c.    The  Neuter  gender  denotes  neither  male  nor  female, 

as  :  book,  table. 

47.  In  Latin,  also,  there  are  these  three  genders; 
and  males  are  always  in  the  Masculine,  and  females  in 
the  Feminine  gender.  But  there  is  this  important  dif- 
ference —  that  many  nouns  which  are  Neuter  in  English 
are  either  Masculine,  Feminine,  or  Neuter  in  Latin ; 
their  gender  being  determined  by  their  ending  rather 
than  by  their  meaning ;  e.g.,  liber,  book  is  Masculine ; 
mensa,  table  is  Feminine. 

48.  Gender  Rule.  Nouns  of  the  First  Declension  are 
Feminine. 

Exc.     Nouns  denoting  males  are  Masculine,  as:  nauta,  sailor. 

GENITIVE    OF    POSSESSION. 

49.  Puella  advenae  casam  vitat. 

fis  avoiding     \  the  cottage  of  the  stranger. 
avoids  <  or 

does  avoid       1  the  stranger's  cottage. 

a.  Notice  that  vitat  may  be  translated  avoids,  is 
avoiding,  or  does  avoid. 


GENITIVE  OF  POSSESSION. 


13 


h.  Observe  that  advenae  is  in  the  Genitive,  and  de- 
notes that  the  stranger  owned  or  possessed  the  cottage. 
Hence  it  is  called  the  Genitive  of  Possession. 

50.  Rule  III.  The  Genitive  is  used  to  denote  Posses- 
sion. 

PRONOUNS. 

51.  A  Pronoun  is  a  word  used  instead  of  a  noun ; 
thus,  in  the  sentence :  John  says  that  he  tcill  come,  the 
pronoun  he  is  used  instead  of  repeating  the  noun  JoJm. 

a.  An  Interrogative  pronoun  is  one  that  may  be  used 
in  asking  questions,  as  :  who  ?  which  ? 

ADVEIiBS. 

52.  An  Adverb  is  a  word  used  to  modify  a  verb,  an 
adjective,  or  another  adverb,  as:  he  fights  bravely. 


•3. 

VOCABULARY. 

NOUNS. 

NOMINATIVE. 

GENITIVE. 

MEANING. 

DERIVATIVE. 

filia, 

filiae,/., 

daughter. 

filial. 

agricola, 

agricolae,  m.. 

farmer. 

agriculture. 

conviva, 

convivae,  ?h., 

1  or/j 

guest. 

convivial. 

fabula, 

fabulae,/., 

story. 

fable. 

rosa, 

rosae,  /., 

rose. 

rose. 

lulia, 

luliae,/., 

Julia. 

Julia. 

VERBS. 

laudat,     (he,  she,  it)  praises,  is  praising,  or,  does  praise,     laud. 
laudant,  (they)  praise,  are  praising,  or,  do  praise. 


[NTERROGATIVE    PRONOUNS. 


quis? 

who? 

quid? 

ADVERBS. 

what? 

non. 


not. 


not. 


14  LATIN  READER. — LESSON   VL 

54.  1.  Quis  agricolae  filiamlaudat?  2.  Advena 
agricolae  filiam  laudat.  3.  Agricola  convivae  fa- 
bulas  laudat.  4.  Nautae  advenarum  casas  non 
vTtant.  5.  Agricolarum  rosas  puellae  laudant. 
6.  Quis  agricolae  filias  non  invitat  ?  7.  lulia  agri- 
colae filias  non  invTtat.  8.  Puella  advenae  filias 
vitat.  9.  Quid  agricolae  laudant?  10.  Agricolae 
puellarum  rosas  laudant. 

55.  1.  Julia  is  praising  the  girl's  roses.  2.  What 
do  the  strangers  avoid  ?  8.  The  strangers  avoid 
the  sailor's  hut.  4.  Tlie  girls  are  praising  the  roses 
of  the  guests.  5.  Farmers  do  not  invite  the  daugh- 
ters of  strangers.  6.  The  guests  of  the  farmer  are 
praising  the  roses.  7.  Guests  are  entering  the 
stranger's  cottage.  8.  Who  does  not  praise  the 
stranger's  daughter  ?  9.  The  sailor  does  not  praise 
the  s transfer's  daup-hter.  10.  Julia  avoids  the 
daughters  of  farmers. 

QUESTIONS. 

56.  Define  and  illustrate  Masculine  gender;  Feminine;  Neu- 
ter. How  does  the  Latin  differ  from  the  English  in  gender  ? 
Give  the  gender  rule  for  the  First  Declension.  What  is  the  ex- 
ception to  this  rule  ?  What  is  meant  by  Genitive  of  Possession  ? 
In  what  three  ways  may  vitat  be  translated  ?  Define  and  illus- 
trate Pronouns,  Interrogative  Pronouns,  Adverbs.  Decline  : 
agricola,  rosa,  fabula. 


INDIRECT   OBJECT.  15 

LESSON    VII. 
Dative  of  the  Indirect  Object ;  Questions. 

57.  Agricola  puellae  rosam  dat. 

(  gives  a  rose  to  the  girl. 
The  farmer  |  ^^,,,  the  girl  a  rose. 

a.  Observe  that  puellae  is  in  the  Dative,  and  denotes 
the  object  indirectly  receiving  the  action  of  the  verb. 
Hence  it  is  called  the  Dative  of  the  Indirect  Object. 

b.  Care  must  be  taken  to  distinguish  the  Indirect  from 
the  Direct  object,  as  the  preposition  to  is  often  omitted 
in  English. 

58.  Rule  IV.  The  Indirect  Object  of  a  verb  is  put  in 
the  Dative. 

QUESTIONS. 

59.  Non-ne  puellae  advenas  vitant?  Do  not  girls  avoid 
strangers?  {Yes.)  iV"i2222  nautae  aquam  vitant ?  Do  sailors 
avoid  the  water?  (No.)  Intrat-72e  lulia  casam  ?  Is  Julia 
entering  the  cottage  ? 

Observe : 

a.  That  when  the  speaker  expects  the  answer  "  Yes," 
the  word  non-ne  introduces  the  question. 

h.  That  when  he  expects  the  answer  "  No,"  the  Inter- 
rogative Particle  num.  is  used 

c.  That  when  he  asks  a  question  simply  for  informa- 
tion, the  enclitic  -ne  is  affixed  to  the  most  emphatic  word 
in  the  sentence. 

60.  Note.  The  words  m?/,  his,  her,  its,  our,  your,  their, 
are  often  omitted  in  Latin. 


16 


LATIN  READER.  — LESSON    VIL 


61. 


VOCABULARY. 


NOUNS. 

NOMINATIVE. 

GENITIVK. 

MEANING. 

DERIVATIVE. 

Via, 

Viae,/., 

way,  road. 

way. 

corona, 

coronae, /., 

crown,  wreath,  garland. 

crown. 

regina, 

reginae,  /., 

queen. 

Flora, 

Florae,/., 

Flora. 

Flora. 

dat,  (he,  she,  it)  gives,  is  giving,  or,  does  give. 

dant,  (they)  give,  are  giving,  or,  do  give. 

monstrat,     (he,  she,  it)  shows,  is  showing,  07',  does 

show.  de-monsfrafe. 

monstrant,  (they)  show,  are  showing,  or,  do  show, 
narrat,  (he,  she,  it)  tells,  is  telling,  or,  does  tell,  narrate. 

narrant,        (they)  tell,  are  telling,  or,  do  tell. 

62.  1.  Puellae  ad  venae  viam  monstrant.  2.  Non-ne 
nautae  advenis  fabulas  narrant?  3.  Nautae  advenls 
fabulas  narrant.  4.  Quid  i'Tliae  agricolarum  regmae 
dant?       5.    FTliae  agricolarum  coronam  reginae  dant. 

6.  Monstrat-ne  Flora  advenis  viam?  7.  Flora  ad- 
venis viam  noil  monstrat.  8.  Num  agricolae  advenis 
fabulas  narrant?  9.  Agricolae  advenis  fabulas  non 
narrant.      10.    Ag-ricolae  filia  resrinae  viam  monstrat. 

63.  1.  Is  the  girl  giving  a  rose  to  a  stranger?  2. 
The  girl  is  not  giving  a  rose  to  a  stranger.  3.  Who 
is  showing  the  way  to  the  queen's  daughter?  4. 
The  sailor  is  showing  the  way  to  the  daughter  of  the 
queen.  5.  Do  not  queens  avoid  the  cottages  of 
strangers?       6.    Queens  do  avoid  strangers'  cottages. 

7.  What  is  the  sailor  telling  the  farmer?  8.  The 
sailor  is  telling  stories  to  the  farmer. 


or       . 
ABLATIVE   OF  SEPARATION, 


17 


QUESTIONS. 

64.  Mention  three  ways  of  asking  Questions  in  Latin.  Accent 
narrat-ne.  Illustrate  the  Dative  of  the  Indirect  Object.  Why 
is  it  called  the  Indirect  Object  ?  What  words  must  often  be  sup- 
plied in  translating  Latin  into  English  ?  Decline  regina,  via, 
corona. 


LESSON   VIII. 
Ablative  of  Separation ;  Conjunctions. 

65.  Advena  puellam  culpa,  liberat. 

The  stranger  frees  the  girl  from  blame. 

In  the  above  sentence,  culpa  is  in  the  Ablative,  and 
denotes  that  the  blame  is  taken  av^ay  from  the  girl. 
Hence  it  is  called  the  Ablative  of  Separation. 

66.  Rule  V.    The  Ablative  is  used  to  denote  Separation. 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

67.  Conjunctions  connect  words,  phrases,  and  clauses, 
as :  Jolui  and  James  are  good  scholars,  and  often  win 
prizes  in  school. 


68. 

V0( 

[JABULARY. 

NOUNS. 

NOMINATIVE. 

GENITIVE. 

MEANING. 

DERIVATIVE. 

culpa, 

culpae,  /., 

blame,  fault. 

culpable. 

Belga, 

Belgae,  m., 

a  Belgian. 

Belgian. 

vigilia, 

vigiliae, /., 

sentinel,  watch. 

vigilant. 

catena, 

catenae,  /., 

chain. 

diligentia, 

diligentiae. 

/.,       diligence. 

diligence. 

18 


LATIN  BEABEB.  —  LESSON   VIII. 


VEEBS. 

habebat,!  (he,  she,  it)  had,  owned,  possessed. 

errat,  (he,  she,  it)  strays,  wanders. 

videt,  (he,  she,  it)  sees. 

capiunt,  (they)  seize,  take  prisoner. 

liberat,  (he,  she,  it)  frees,  releases. 

honorat,  (he,  she,  it)  honors,  respects. 

ADVERBS. 

olim,  once  upon  a  time,  formerly. 

noctu,  at  night. 

mane,  early  in  the  morning, 

merito,  deservedly,  justly. 


have. 

err. 

vision. 

captive. 

liberate. 

honorable. 


nocturnal. 


merit. 


CONJUNCTIONS. 

et,  and.  atque,  and  too,  and  even.  sed,  but. 

Note.  For  the  sake  of  greater  vividness,  the  verb  in  Latin, 
as  in  English,  often  represents  something  as  taking  place  now, 
although  in  reality  the  time  is  past,  as,  Mox  videt  advenam. 
Soon  he  saw  (lit.  sees)  a  stranger. 

REGINA    BELGARUM. 

69.  Regina  Belgaium  silvam  habebat.  Olim 
con  viva  regliiae  via  errat,  et  noctu  silvam  intrat. 
Vigiliae  advenam  violent  et  capiunt.  Mane  regina 
convTvam  catenTs  iTberat.  Sed  vigilias  merito  culpa 
iTberat,  atque  diligentiam  laudat. 

70.  1.  The  guests  free  the  sentinel  from  blame. 
2.  The  queens  are  wandering  from  the  road.  3. 
Does  the  stranger  see  the  sentinel?  4.  Does  not 
the  queen  free  the  Belgians  from  blame  ? 

QUESTIOlSrS. 

71.  Illustrate  the  Ablative  of  Separation  by  an  example  of 
your  own.  What  is  a  conjunction  ?  Decline  culpa,  Belga, 
vigilia,  catena. 

1  The  Plural  of  these  verbs  is  formed,  as  in  previous  lessons,  by  adding 
-ntto  the  stem,  as;  habebant  (thcT/)  had,  owned, possessed. 


SECOND   DECLENSION. — NOUNS  IN  -US.      19 

LESSON    IX. 
Second  Declension  —  Nouns  in -us;  Vocative  Case. 

72.  In  the  Second  Declension,  the  stem  ends  in  -o,  as  : 
servo. 

73.  Gender  Rule.  Nouns  of  the  Second  Declension 
whose  Nominative  Singular  ends  in  -us,  -er,  or  -ir,  are 
Masculine ;  those  ending  in  -um  are  Neuter. 


74. 

NOUNS    IN 

-us. 

servus,  m., 

slave. 

SINGULAR. 

PLUllAL. 

CASE 

KNDINGS. 

N.i 

servus 

servi 

-us 

-i 

G. 

servi 

servorum. 

-i 

-orum 

D. 

servo 

servis 

-6 

-is 

Ac. 

servum 

servos 

-um 

-OS 

Ab. 

servo 

servis 

-o 

-is 

VOCATIVE    CASE. 

75.  Nonne,  nauta,  reginam  corona  delectat?  Does  not 
the  crown  delight  the  queen,  O  sailor?  Quid,  serve,  puella 
advenae  monstrat?  What,  slave,  is  the  girl  showing  the 
stranger  f 

a.  Observe  that,  in  these  sentences,  the  sailor  and  the 
slave  are  addressed.  They  are  said  to  be  in  the  Vocative 
Case. 

b.  Notice  also  that  while  nauta  has  the  same  ending 
as  in  its  Nominative  Singular,  serve  has  an  entirely  dis- 
tinct case  ending  in  -e.     See  the  following  Rule : 

76.  Rule  VI.    The  Vocative  is  used   as  the  Case   of 
1  The  cases  express  the  same  relations  in  all  Declensions. 


20 


LATIN   READER. 


LESSON   IX. 


Address ;  it  is  always  like  the  Nominative,  except  in  the 
Smgula7'  of  nouns  ending  in  -us  of  the  Second  Declen- 
sion, where  it  ends  in  -e. 


77. 


servus, 

equus, 

cibus, 

amicus, 

Carolus, 

Albertus, 


VOCABULARY. 


NOMINATIVE.  GENITIVE. 


servi,  >«., 
equi,  7/i., 
cibi,  ?«., 
amici,  m.., 
Caroli,  >/<., 
Albert!,  m 


NOUNS. 

MEANING. 

slave,  servant. 

horse. 

food. 

friend. 

Charles. 

Albert. 


DERIVATIVE. 

servant, 
equine. 

amicable. 

Charles. 

Albert. 


VERBS. 

verberat,     (he,  she,  it)  whips,  beats.  vv-verberate- 

delectat,     (he,  she,  it)  delights,  pleases.  delight. 

amat,  (he,  she,  it)  loves,  likes.  amiable. 


curat, 


(he,  she,  it)  cares  for,  takes  care  of.     care. 


ADVERBS. 

minirrie, 

no,  no  indeed,  by  no  means. 

minimum. 

nam, 

for. 

saepe, 

often,  frequently. 

semper, 

always,  ever. 

sempiternal. 

certe, 

certainly. 

certainly. 

diligenter. 

,  diligently,  carefully. 

diligently. 

78. 


CONLOQUIUM. 


luLTA.    Quis,  Alberte,  servum  verberat? 
Albertus.    Agricola  servum  verberat,  et  merito. 
Nam  servus  equos  n5n  diligenter  ciirat. 

I.    Nonne  servus  equos  amat? 
A.    Minime.     Servus  equos  saepe  verberat. 

I.    Amat-ne  Carolus  equos  agricolae  ? 


SECOND  DECLENSION. — NOUNS  IN  -UM.      21 

A.    Certe.     Carolus  equis  cibam  saepe  dat. 
I.    Nonne  agricola  amicTs  equos  monstrat? 
A.    AmTcis  agricola  equos  saepe  monstrat. 
I.    Num  Carolus  agricolae  servum  vitat? 
A.    Minime.     Fabulae    servi    Carolum    delectant. 
Saepe  servum  culpa  iTberat. 

79.  Answer  the  following  questions  in  Latin  : 

1.  Quis  servum  verberat  ?  2.  Nonne  servus  equos 
verberat  ?  3.  Quis  equos  amat  ?  4.  Num  servus 
equis  cibum  dat  ?  5.  Nonne  Carolus  equos  amicTs 
monstrat  ?       6.    Quis  servum  culpa  ITberat  ? 

QUESTIONS. 

80.  In  what  does  the  stem  of  the  Second  Declension  end  ? 
Give  the  Gender  Rule  for  Second  Declension  nouns.  Give  the 
endings  of  all  the  cases  (Singular  and  Plural)  of  nouns  in  -us. 
Explain  the  use  of  the  Vocative.   Decline  equus,  cibus,  amicus. 


/ 


LESSON   X. 

Second  Declension — Nouns  in  -um ;  Predicate  Nom- 
inative ;  Prepositions. 

81.  servus,  7«.,  slave,     templum,  rj.,  temple. 

SINGULAR. 


CASE 

ENDINGS. 

M. 

N. 

N. 

servus 

templum 

-us 

-um 

G. 

servi 

templi 

-i 

D. 

servo 

templo 

6 

Ac.     servum  templum 

Ab.     servo  templo 


N. 

servi 

G. 

servorum 

D. 

servis 

Ac. 

servos 

Ab. 

servis 

22  LATIN  READER. — LESSON  X. 

PLURAL. 

M.      N. 

templa  -i      -a 

teinplorum  -orum 

templis  -is 

templa  -os  -a 

templis  -is 

82.  Observe  that  the  declension  of  nouns  in  -um 
differs  from  that  of  nouns  in  -us  only  in  the  Nominative 
Singular  and  in  the  Nominative  and  Accusative  Plural. 

83.  Nouns  ending  in  -ius  and  -ium  contract  -il  of  the 
Genitive  Singular  into  a  single  -i,  without  changing  the 
accent,  as :  fill  for  fllil,  inge'nl  for  inge'nii;  so  also 
the  Vocative  of  names  ending  in  -ius,  and  of  filius  and 
genius,  as  :   Vergili  for  Vergi'lie ;  mi  fill  =  my  so7i. 

PREDICATE    NOMINATIVE. 

84.  The  Predicate  in  a  sentence  is  what  is  said  of 
the  subject. 

SUBJECT.  PRKDIOATE.  SUBJECT.  PREDICATE. 

a.  Carolus  agricolam  vitat.       Charles    avoids  the  farmer. 

b.  Carolus  est  nauta.  Charles    is  a  sailor. 

Observe : 

c.  That,  in  the  Predicate  of  example  (a),  vitat  —  a 
verb  of  action  —  takes  an  object  in  the  Accusative  case, 
according  to  Eule  II. 

d.  That,  in  the  Predicate  of  example  (b),  est  —  a 
verb  of  bein(/  —  cannot  take  an  object ;  and  that  nanta, 
since  it  describes  the  subject,  is  put  in  the  same  case 
as  the  subject. 

85.  Rule  VII.  A  Predicate  noun,  describing  the  sub- 
ject, is  put  in  the  Nominative. 


PREDICATE  NOMINATIVE.  28 


PREPOSITIONS. 

86.  A  Preposition  shows  the  relation  between  words. 
Thus,  in  the  sentence :  The  hook  is  lying  on  the  table,  on 
is  a  preposition,  showing  the  relation  between  is  lying 
and  tuhle.  In  Latin,  prepositions  are  followed  by  the 
Accusative  or  Ablative. 

87.  The  following  prepositions  are  followed  by  the 
Ablative : 

A,  ab,  absque,  coram,  de, 
Palam,  clam,  cum,  ex  and  e, 
Pro,  prae,  tenus  and  sine ; 
Sometimes  in,  sub,  super,  subter. 


Note.    The  teacher  should  now  explain  the  use  of  the  Vocab- 
ulary. 


All  other  prepositions  are  followed  by  the  Accusative, 
cher  s 

•^'^       FUNDUS. 

88.  Non  procul  ab  oppido  est  fundus.  Agricolae 
villa  est  prope  fluvium.  Carolus  est  agricolae  filius. 
VicTiii  filius  est  Florus.  Carolus  et  Florus  sunt 
amici.  Interdum  in  fluvio  natant.  Saepe  trans 
fluvium  prata  pererrant,  et  agricolarum  equos  et  vac- 
cas  spectant.  In  horreo  post  villam  est  copia  frii- 
menti  et  pabulT.  liilia  est  filia  agricolae.  Equis 
faenum  saepe  dat. 

89.  1.    Farmers'  houses  are  sometimes  near  rivers. 

2.  Charles    and    Albert    are    sons    of    the    farmer. 

3.  The  farmer  is  looking  at  the  horses  in  the  barn. 

4.  Albert  is  wandering  through  the  meadow.       5. 
(There)  is  an  abundance  of   hay  in  farmers'  barns. 


24  LATIN  READER. — LESSON  XL 

6.    Julia   is   the   slave's   friend.        7.    The    slave    is 
giving  hay  to  the  farmer's  horse. 

QUESTIONS. 

90.  How  do  Neuters  of  the  Second  Declension  differ  from 
Masculines  ?  Accent  the  Vocative  Singular  of  Pompeius, 
Lucius,  filius.  Accent  the  Genitive  Singular  of  hospitium. 
What  is  a  Predicate  noun  ?  Define  Preposition.  What  preposi- 
tions are  followed  by  the  Ablative?  Decline  oppidum,  villa, 
fluvius,  faenum,  vicinus. 


LESSON  XL 
Adjectives  in  -us,  -a,  -um ;    Ablative  of  Means. 

91.  An  Adjective  describes  a  noun,  as  :  a  bad  boi/. 

Bonus  servus.  A  good  slave. 

Bonarum   puellarum.       Of  good  girls. 
Bono  porno.  With  a  good  apple. 

a.  Observe  that,  while  in  English  the  adjective  does 
not  change,  in  Latin  its  ending  varies  according  to  the 
gendei;  number^  and  case  of  the  noun  it  describes.  With 
adjectives  in  -us,  -a,  -um,  if  the  noun  is  Masculine,  the 
adjective  has  the  endings  of  a  Second  Declension  noun  in 
-us.  If  the  noun  is  Feminine,  the  adjective  has  the 
First  Declension  endings.  If  the  noun  is  Neuter,  the 
adjective  has  the  endings  of  a  Second  Declension  noun 
in  -um. 

92.  Rule  VIII.  An  Adjective  agrees  with  the  noun  it 
describes  in  gender,  number,  and  case. 


ADJECTIVES  IN  -US,   -A,   -UM. 


25 


93. 


bonus,  bona,  bonum,  good. 

SINGULAR. 


MASCULINK. 

FEMININE. 

NEUTER. 

N. 

bonus 

bona 

bonum 

G. 

boni 

bonae 

boni 

D. 

bono 

bonae 

bono 

Ac. 

bonum 

bonam 

bonum 

Ab. 

bono 

bona 

PLURAL. 

bono 

N. 

boni 

bonae 

bona 

G. 

bonorum 

bonarum 

bonorum 

D. 

bonis 

bonis 

bonis 

Ac. 

bonos 

bonas 

bona 

Ab. 

bonis 

bonis 

bonis 

94.  The  Vocative  of  adjectives,  like  that  of  nouns,  is 
always  like  the  Nominative,  except  in  the  Singular  of 
adjectives  of  the  Second  Declension  in  -us,  where  it  ends 
in  -e,  as : 

Bonae  reginae.  O  good  queens.    Bone  vicine.  O  good  neighbor. 

95.  Decline  together:  parvus  nidus,  a  small  nest; 
saeva  aquila,  a  fiej'ce  eagle  ;  longum  collum,  a  long  neck  ; 
malus  agricola,  a  had  farmer. 

ABLATIVE    OF    MEANS. 

96.  Gladio  nautam  necat.  He  slays  the  sailor  •with  a 
sword. 

Observe  that  gladio  is  in  the  Ablative,  and  is  the 
means  by  which  the  sailor  was  slain.  Hence  it  is  called 
the  Ablative  of  Means. 

97.  Rule  IX.  The  Ablative  ivithout  a,  preposition  is 
used  to  denote  the  means  by  which  an  action  is  done. 


26 


LATIN  READER.  — LESSON  XIL 


CYGNUS. 

98.  Americaiu  cygnT  sunt  albi.  Cygni  collum  est 
longum  ;  rostrum  est  firmum  ;  alae  sunt  praevalidae  ; 
oculi  sunt  parvi.  Cygnorum  cibus  est  herba.  Inter- 
dum  parvas  lanas  et  insecta  devorant.  Nidi  sunt  in 
iuncis  iuxta  aquam.  Ferus  cygnus  est  valde  saevus. 
Et  rostro  et  alls  acriter  pugnat,  sT  quid  ad  nidum 
appropTnquat.     Etiam  aquilam  fugat. 

99.  The  American  swan  is  white.  2.  Swans' 
necks  are  long.  3.  The  eye  of  the  swan  is  small. 
4.  (Its)  wing  is  long  and  powerful.  5.  Wild  swans 
are  savage.  6.  They  fight  with  both  wings  and 
beaks.  7.  The  swan's  nest  is  near  the  water. 
8.    Swans  put  even  eagles  to  flight. 

QUESTIONS. 

100.  Define  Adjective.  Does  an  adjective  precede  or  follow  its 
noun  in  English  ?  What  is  its  position  in  Latin  ?  Why  ?  Rule 
for  the  agreement  of  adjectives.  Decline  altus  in  all  genders. 
Give  an  example  of  your  own  of  the  Ablative  of  Means. 


LESSON    XII. 

Nouns  and  Adjectives  in  -er  and  -ir ;  Apposition ; 
Preposition  in. 


sf 


101. 

servus. 

m.   puer.  m. 

ager.  m. 

vir.  m. 

templum.  n. 

slave 

hoy 

field 

man 

temple 

SINGULAR. 

N. 

servus 

puer 

ager 

vir 

templum 

G. 

servi 

pueri 

agri 

viri 

templi 

D. 

servo 

puero 

agro 

viro 

templo 

Ac. 

servum 

puerum 

agrum 

virum 

templum 

Ab. 

servo 

puero 

agro 

viro 

templo 

NOUNS  AND  ADJECTIVES  IN  -EB  AND  -IB.   27 

PLURAL. 

N.  servi  pueri  agri  viri  templa 

G.  servorum  puerorum  agrorum  virorum  templorum 

D.  seivis  pueris  agris  viris  templis 

Ac.  servos  pueros  agros  viros  templa 

Ab.  servis  pueris  agris  viris  templis 

a.  Kotice  that  puer  retains  -e  throughout,  while  ager 
has  -e  only  in  the  Nominative  Singular. 

b.  Notice  also  that  the  endings  of  nouns  in  -er  and  -ir 
differ  from  those  of  nouns  in  -us  only  in  the  Nomina- 
tive Singular. 

,      102.    Like  puer,  decline  gener,  son-in-law,  socer,  father- 
in-law,  and  vesper,  evening. 

Most  other  nouns  drop  the  -e,  like  ager. 

Decline  culter,  knife,  liber,  hook,  magister,  master. 

V      103.  ADJECTIVES    in    -ER,  -A,  -UM. 

miser,  misera,  miserum,  wretched. 
pulcher,  pulchra,  pulchrum,  beautiful. 


SINGULAR. 

MASCULINE. 

FEMININE. 

NEUTER. 

N. 

miser 

misera 

miserum 

G. 

miseri 

miserae 

miseri 

D. 

misero 

miserae 

misero 

Ac. 

miserum 

miseram 

miserum 

Ab. 

misero 

misera 

PLURAL. 

misero 

MASCULINE. 

FEMININE. 

NEUTER. 

N. 

miseri 

miserae 

misera 

G. 

miserorum 

miserarum 

miserorum 

D. 

miseris 

miseris 

miseris 

Ac. 

miseros 

miseras 

misera 

Ab. 

miseris 

miseris 

miseris 

28 


LATIN  RE. 

iDER. — LESS 

ON  XIL 

SINGULAR. 

MASCULINE. 

FEMININE. 

NEUTER. 

N. 

pulcher 

pulchra 

pulchrum 

G. 

pulchri 

pulchrae 

pulchri 

D. 

pulchro 

pulchrae 

pulchro 

Ac. 

pulchrum 

pulchram 

pulchrum 

Ab. 

pulchro 

pulchra 

PLURAL. 

pulchro 

MASCULINK. 

FEMININE. 

NEUTER. 

N. 

pulchri 

pulchrae 

pulchra 

G. 

pulchrorum 

pulchrarum 

pulchrorum 

D. 

pulchris 

pulchris 

pulchris 

Ac. 

pulchros 

pulchras 

pulchra 

Ab. 

pulchris 

pulchris 

pulchris 

a.  Observe  that  miser,  like  puer,  retains  -e,  while 
pulcher,  like  ager,  loses  it. 

h.  Notice  that  the  endings  of  adjectives  in -er, -a, -um, 
differ  from  those  in  -us,  -a,  -um  only  in  the  Masculine 
Nominative  Singular. 

104.  Like  miser,  decline  asper,  rough,  liber,  free,  pros- 
per, prosperoifs,  and  tener,  tender. 

a.    Most  other  adjectives  drop  the  -e,  like  pulcher. 
h.    Like  pulcher,  decline  piger,  lazy,  and  ruber,  red. 

105.  APPOSITION. 

(1).  Carolus,  filius  Titi,  navigat.  Charles,  the  son  of 
Titus,  is  sailing. 

(2).  Agricola  Florura,  servum,  laudat.  The  farmer 
praises  Flo7'tis,  the  slave. 

Note : 

a.  That,  in  example  (1),  filius  describes  Carolus,  and 
is  in  the  same  case. 


THE  PliEPOSITION  IN.  29 

b.  That,  in  example  (2),  servum  describes  Florum,  and. 
is  in  the  same  case. 

c  That,  in  both  examples,  the  descriptive  noun  is 
placed  near  the  noun  it  describes.  It  is  therefore  called 
a  Noun  in  Apposition.    (Ad  —  position,  i.  e.,  position  near^j 

106.  Rule  X.  A  Noun  in  Apposition  is  in  the  same 
case  as  the  noun  it  describes. 

107.  THE    PREPOSITION    IN. 

Puer  in  horto  est.     The  boy  is  in  the  garden. 
Servus  niensam.  in  Jiortum  portat.     The  slave  is  carrying 
a  table  into  the  garden. 

Observe  that  the  preposition  in  governs  the  Ablative 
when  it  means  in,  but  the  Accusative  when  it  means 
into. 

PUERI    ROMANI. 

108.  Gains  et  Marcus,  filii  medici  Roman!,  erant 
impigri  puerT.  Mane  in  liidum  ibant.  Magister, 
Orbilius,  erat  valde  severns,  atque  virgTs  pueros 
saepe  verberabat.  Post  prandiuni,  interdum  Gains 
et  Marcus 'in  Campo  Martio  equitabant;  interdum  per 
silvas  errabant ;  in  fluviis  navigabant ;  in  stagnTs 
natabant ;  in  armis  exercitati  erant.  Sic  plerumque 
Romani  puer5s  ad  militiam  parabant. 

109.  1.  Gains,  tlire  son  of  a  Roman  teacher,  was  an 
active  boy.  2.  Orbilius  whipped  Marcus,  the  doc- 
tor's son,  with  a  rod.  3.  The  teachers  were  going 
into  the  Campus  Martius.  4.  The  boys  used  to 
swim  in  a  pond. 


30  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  XIII. 

QUESTIONS. 

110.  How  do  nouns  in  -er  and  -ir  differ  from  nouns  in  -us? 
What  is  the  difference  in  Declension  between  puer  and  ager? 
Which  of  the  following  nouns  retain  -e  :  culter,  gener,  vesper, 
liber,  magister,  socer  ?  How  do  adjectives  in  -er  differ  from 
those  in  -us  ?  What  is  the  difference  between  miser  and 
pulcher?  Which  of  the  following  adjectives  retain  -e:  pros- 
per, asper,  piger,  liber,  ruber,  tener  ?  Distinguish  between  a 
Noun  in  Apposition  and  a  Predicate  Noun.  What  cases  does  in 
govern  ?    How  must  it  be  translated  with  each  case  ? 


LESSON   XIII. 

Tense,  Person,  Number ;    Verb  Sum  ;    Dative  of 
Possessor. 

111.  TIME.  VKRB  OF  ACTION.  VERR   OF   BEING. 

Present,       I  love.  we  are. 

Past,  thou  didst  love.  you  were. 

Future,         he,  she,  or  it  will  love.         they  will  he. 

a.  Notice  that,  in  English,  the  time  of  the  action  or 
being  may  be  present,  past,  or  future  ;  and  that  this  is 
expressed  either  by  some  Auxiliary  or  Helping  verb,  as 
didst,  or  will,  or  by  a  change  in  the  form  of  the  verb, 
as  are,  were.     The  time  of  the  verb  is  called  its  Tense. 

h.    The  Present  tense  denotes  present  time. 

c.  The  Imperfect  tense  denotes  continued  time  in  the 
past. 

d.  The  Future  tense  denotes  future  time. 


TENSE,   PERSON,   NUMBER.  31 

PERSON. 

112.  Observe  further  that  various  Persons  may  be  the 
subject  of  the  action  or  being ;  thus  :  /,  tliou,  he,  she,  it, 
we,  you,  they. 

a.  The  First  person  is  the  person  speaking,  as :  7  or 
we. 

b.  The  Second  person  is  the  person  spoken  to,  as  :  thou 
or  you. 

c.  The  Third  person  is  the  person  spoken  of,  as  :  he, 
she,  it,  or  they. 

113.  The  persons  may  be  in  the  Singular  or  Plural 
number. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

First  person,  I.  we. 

Second  person,  thou,  you.  you. 

Third  person,  he,  she,  it.  they. 

r  IM.  Note.  Thou  is  rarely  used  now,  except  in  addressing 
/  the  Deity,  and  in  poetry,  you  being  preferred  for  both  Singular 
^^^jjid  Plural. 

115.  TENSE    AND    PERSONAL    ENDINGS. 

VERB   OF   ACTION.  VERB   OF   BEING. 

TEXSE.  SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Present,      am-6,  I  love.  su-mus,  we  are. 

'  Imperfect,  ama-ba-s,  you  were  loving.  er-a-tis,  you  were. 

Future,        ama-bi-t,  he,  she,  it  will  love.       er-u-nt,  they  will  be. 

a.  Notice  that,  in  Latin,  the  tenses  are  shown  by 
certain  letters  added  to  the  verb  stem ;  thus,  -ba  =  Im- 
perfect tense  in  ama-ba-s. 

b.  Notice  that  the  persons  are  denoted  by  other  letters 
added  to  the  tense  stem,  as  -tis  =  you  in  er-a-tis. 


32  LATIN  BEABER.  -^  LESSON  XIII. 

116.  Following  are  the  equivalents  for  the  persons : 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

-m,  -o,  or  -i,  I.  -mus,  we. 

-s,  you.  -tis,  you. 

-t,  he,  she,  it.  -nt,  they. 

117.  Rule  XI.  A  verb  must  agree  with  its  subject 
in  person  and  number. 

118.  VERB  SUM.  Stem  es-  or  er-. 

PRESENT   TENSE. 
SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

su-m,  I  am.  su-mus,  we  are. 

e-8,  you  are.  es-tis,  you  are. 

es-t,  he,  (she,  it)  is.  su-nt,  they  are. 

IMPERFECT  TENSE. 

er-a-m,  I  was.  er-a-mus,  we  were. 

er-a-8,  you  were.  er-a-tis,  you  were. 

er-a-t,  he,  (she,  it)  loas.  er-a-nt,  they  were. 

FUTURE   TENSE. 

er-6,  I  shall  he.  er-i-mus,  loe  shall  he. 

er-i-s,  you  will  he.  er-i-tis,  you  will  he. 

er-i-t,  he  will  he.  er-u-nt,  they  will  he. 

119.  DATIVE    OF    POSSESSOR. 

Puero  liber  est.  (lit.  there  is  a  book  to  the  hoy).  The  boy- 
has  a  book. 

Observe  that  puero  is  in  the  Dative,  and  denotes  the 
possessor  of  the  book.  Hence  it  is  called  the  Dative 
of  Possessor. 

120.  Rule  XII.  The  Dative  is  used  with  the  verb 
sum  to  denote  the  Possessor. 


VERB   SUM.  33 

121.  ALBERTUS  ET  MARCUS,   CONDISCIPULI. 

Albertus.    Ubi  es,  Marce? 

Marcus.    Hic  ad-sum  ;  in  horto. 

A.    Eras-ne  her!  in  liido  ? 

M.  Non  eram.  Ego  et  liilius  in  fundo  avi  mei 
eramus. 

A.    Est-ne  magnus  fundus  avo  tuo? 

M.  Avi  mei  fundus  non  magnus  est.  Sed  avun- 
culo  liilT  est  maximus  fundus. 

A.    Sunt-ne  mala  et  pira  matiira  in  pomario  avT  tui? 

M.  Nondum.    Sed  mox  matiira  erunt. 

A.   Nonne  eras  in  liido  eritis? 

M.  liilius  non  erit ;  nam  aeger  est.  Sed  ego  certe 
in  liido  ero. 

A.   Vale. 

122.  1.  Has  your  uncle  a  large  garden?  2.  My 
uncle  has  a  very  large  garden.  3.  Julius,  has  your 
grandfather  ripe  pears  in  his  orchard  ?  4.  They 
were  not  ripe  yesterday.  5.  But  they  will  be  ripe 
to-morrow.  6.  Were  you  sick  yesterday  ?  7.  Not 
at  all ;  I  was  in  school  yesterday. 

QUESTIONS. 

123.  Define  Tense,  Present  tense,  Imperfect,  Future.  Give 
the  endings  for  tlie  persons.  Rule  for  the  agreement  of  verbs. 
Give  three  tenses  of  the  verb  to  be,  Latin  and  English.  Give 
an  example  of  your  own  of  the  Dative  of  Possessor,  Genitive  of 
Possession,  and  Dative  of  Indirect  Object.  Decline  magnus 
in  all  genders. 


34  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  XIV. 

LESSON    XIV. 
Mood ;  First  Conjugation ;  Principal  Parts. 

124.  Mood  is  the  mode  or  manner  in  which  the  action 
or  being  is  expressed. 

125.  The  Indicative  mood  is  used  to  express  a  fact  ^  as: 
I  have  studied  my  lesson. 

126.  The  Imperative  mood  is  used  to  express  a 
comm.and^  as  :   Study  your  lesson. 

THE    CONJUGATIONS. 

127.  Regular  verbs  are  divided  into  four  conjugations. 
Each  of  these  has  a  characteristic  vowel  in  the  stem,  as 
follows : 

a.  I.   Conjugation,  -a:  as,  ama-,  ^ove. 

h.  II.   Conjugation, -e:  as,  mone-,  i«arw. 

c.  III.   Conjugation,  -e  :  as,  rege-,  rule. 

d.  IV.   Conjugation,  -I :  as,  audi-,  hear. 

PRINCIPAL    PARTS. 

128.  The  stems  from  which  the  various  tenses  are 
formed  are  found  in  the  Principal  Parts  of  every  verb. 
These  parts  are : 

a.  The  First  person  Singular  of  the  Present  Indicative, 
as  :  amo. 

h.    The  Present  Infinitive,  as  :  amare. 

c.  The  First  person  Singular  of  the  Perfect  Indicative, 
as :  amavi. 

d.  The  Perfect  Passive  Participle,  as :  amatus. 


PRINCIPAL   PARTS.  35 

Thus  the  Principal  Parts  of  amo  are : 
amo,  amare,  aniavi,  amatus. 

129.  The  Present  stem  is  found  by  dropping  -re  from 
the  Present  Infinitive,  thus :  ama-. 

a.  The  Perfect  stem  is  found  by  dropping  -i  from  the 
Perfect  Indicative,  as  :  amav-. 

h.  The  Participial  stem  is  found  by  dropping  -us  from 
the  Perfect  Passive  Participle,  as  :  amat-. 

130.  First  Conjugation.     Present  stein,  ama-,  love. 

INDICATIVE    mood. 
PRESENT    TENSE. 
SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

am-o,  I  love.  ama-mus,  we  love. 

ama-s,  you  love.  ama-tis,  yo\i  love. 

ama-t,  he  loves.  ama-nt,  they  love. 

IMPERFECT    TEiVSE. 

araa-ba-m,  /  was  loving.  araa-ba-mus,  we  were  loving. 

ama-ba-s,  you  were  loving.  ama-ba-tis,  you  were  loving. 

ama-ba-t,  he  was  loving.  ama-ba-nt,  they  were  loving. 

FUTURE    TENSE. 

ama-b-6,  I  shall  love.  ama-bi-mus,  we  shall  love. 

ama-bi-s,  you  will  love.  amji-bi-tis,  you  will  love. 

ama-bi-t,  he  will  love.  ama-bu-nt,  they  will  love. 

'     Observe : 

a.  That  the  Present  tense  consists  of  Present  stem  -f- 
Personal  endings. 

b.  That  the  Imperfect  tense  consists  of  Present  stem 
-j-  -ba  -|-  Personal  endings. 

c.  That  the  Future  tense  consists  of  Present  stem  -}- 
-bi  4-  Personal  endings. 


36  LATIN  READER.  —LESSON  XIV. 

131.  Exc.  The  verb  do,  give,  is  irregular  in  having  da-  (not 
da-)  for  its  Present  stem,  as:  da-ba-t,  da-bi-tis. 

132.  Note.  Remember  that  the  Present  tense  may  be 
translated  :  /  love,  or,  /  am  lovi7ig,  or,  /  do  love,  etc.  So, 
also,  the  Imperfect  tense  may  be  translated :  /  was  lovirig, 
or,  /  did  love,  or,  /  used  to  love,  or,  /  loved,  etc. 

PERFIDA    TARPEIA. 

133.  Sabini  olim  Ronianorum  agros  vastabant.  lam 
ad  oppidum  appropinquabant.  Si  Capitolium  expug- 
nabunt,  Rdmanos  omnino  superabunt.  Mox  Capito- 
lium oppugnant,  sed  frustra.  Denique  auro  Tarpeiam, 
filiam  praefecti  Roman!,  temptant.  Sed  puella  pos- 
tulat  ornamenta  quae  in  laevls  bracchiis  sunt.  Sabini 
non  recusant.  Mox  intra  portam  stant.  Tum  sine 
mora  in  Tarpeiam  sciita  iactant.  Nam  Sabindrum 
sciita  erant  in  laevis  bracchiis.  Sic  perfidam  Tar- 
peiam necant,  atque  Capitolium  occupant. 

134.  1.  The  commander  of  the  Sabines  will  attack 
the  Capitol.  2.  The  Romans  are  ravaging  the  fields 
of  the  Sabines.  3.  The  commander  was  already 
approaching  (to)  the  Capitol.  4.  The  treacherous 
girl  will  demand  the  ornament  on  the  commander's 
left  arm.  5.  We  shall  soon  stand  within  the  gates 
of  the  city.  6.  Is  not  the  commander's  shield  on 
his  left  arm  ? 

"j    Answer  the  following  questions  in  Latin  : 

135.  1.  Qui  olim  Romanorum  agros  vastabant?  2. 
Num  primo  Sabini  Capitolium  expiignant  ?      3.  Quae 


SECOND   CONJUGATION.  37 

eratTarpeia?  4.  Quo  modo  Sabini  Tarpeiam  tempt- 
ant?  5.  Quid  Tarpeia  postulat  ?  6.  Num  Sabini 
recusant?  7.  Ubi  intra  portam  stant,  quid  faciunt 
Sabini?      8.   Quo  modo  Sabini  promissum  servabant? 

QUESTIONS. 

136.  Define  Mood.  What  is  the  Indicative  used  to  express  ? 
How  many  conjugations  are  there  ?  What  is  the  characteristic 
vowel  of  each  ?  What  are  the  Principal  Parts  of  a  verb  ?  How 
is  the  Present  stem  found  ?  The  Perfect  ?  The  Participial  ?  Of 
what  does  the  Present  tense  consist  ?  The  Imperfect  ?  The 
Future  ?  Like  aiuo,  conjugate  port5,  vasto.  Give  the  English 
for:  postulabatis,  postulat,  postulabinius,  postulant,  pos- 
tulabam,  postulas,  postulabunt,  postulabo.  Give  the  Latin 
for:  They  will  demand,  you  (plural)  are  demanding,  he  was 
demanding,  they  do  demand,  we  used  to  demand. 


137. 


LESSON    XV. 
Second   Conjugation. 


FIRST  CONJUGATION.  SECOND  CONJUGATION. 

Present  stem,  ama-,  love.  Present  stem,  mone-,  warn. 

INDICATIVE    MOOD. 
PRESENT   TENSE. 

am-6  mone-6,  I  warn. 

ama-s  mone-s,  you  warn. 

ama-t  mone-t,  he  warns. 

ama-mus  mone-mus,  we  warn. 

ama-tis  mone-tis,  you  warn. 

ama-nt  mone-nt,  they  warn. 


38  LATIN  READER. — LESSON  XV. 

IMPERFECT   TENSE. 

amfi-ba-m  mone-ba-m,  I  was  warning. 

ama-ba-s  mone-ba-s,  you  were  warning. 

araa-ba-t  mone-ba-t,  he  was  warning. 

ama-ba-mus  mone-ba-mus,  we  were  warning. 

ama-ba-tis  mone-ba-tis,  you  were  warning. 

amii-ba-nt  mone-ba-nt,  they  were  warning. 

FUTURE   TENSE. 

ama-b-6  mone-b-o,  /  shall  warn. 

ama-bi-s  mone-bi-s,  you  will  warn. 

ama-bi-t  mone-bi-t,  he  will  warn. 

amii-bi-mus  mone-bi-mus,  we  shall  warn. 

ama-bi-tis  mone-bi-tis,  you  will  warn. 

ama-bu-nt  mone-bu-nt,  they  will  warn. 

a.  Observe  that,  while  the  stems  diifer  in  their  char- 
acteristic vowels,  these  tenses  of  the  First  and  Second 
Conjugation  are  formed  in  other  respects  precisely  alike, 
with  the  exception  of  the  Present  First  Singular. 

METTIUS    CURTIUS. 

138.  Magna  rima  olim  in  Foro  Romano  subito 
apparet.  Primo  Roman!  saxa  terramque  in  locum 
iactabant,  sed  frustra.  RTma  lata  atque  profunda 
manebat.  Inde  Roman!  mult!s  lacrim!s  a  deo  aux- 
ilium  orabant.  Deus  tandem  ita  respondet :  "  Si 
maximum  Romanum  bonum  loco  dicabitis,  tum  r!mam 
explebo."       Diii  in  dubio  erant  anim!  Romanorum. 

139.  1.  Great  cracks  are  appearing  in  the  Roman 
Forum.  2.  We  shall  cast  stones  into  the  crack. 
3.    Were  you  (plural)  beseeching  help  from  the  god? 


SECOND   CONJUGATION.  39 

4.  Fathomless  cracks  will  remain  for  a  long  time  in 
the  Forum.  5.  Were  not  the  Romans  filling  up  the 
crack  with  earth  and  stones?  6.  Will  you  (singu- 
lar) not  consecrate  your  greatest  treasure  to  the 
place  ? 

Sight  Translation.     Mettius  Curtius.  —  Concluded. 

140.  Denique  Mettius  Curtius,  vir  bello  egregius, 
"Animus  intrepidus,"  inquit,  "maximum  Romanum 
bonum  est."  Statim  equum  suum  magnifice  exornat, 
et  mox  armatus  in  Forum  equitat.  Inde,  dum  turba 
Romanorum  stupet,  in  rimam  equum  incitat.  Sine 
mora  deus  rimam  explet,  atque  Romanes  magna  ciira 
iTberat.  Mettium  Curtium  autem  Roman!  semper 
laudabant,  et  pulchrum  factum  memoria  tenebant. 

141.  1.  Quid  olim  in  Foro  Romano  apparet?  2. 
Quid  Roman!  in  r!mam  iactabant  ?  3.  Manebatne 
rima?  4.  Nonne  deus  Rom an!s  auxilium  dat?  5. 
Quid  respondet  deus  ?  6.  Quid  denique  dicit  Met- 
tius Curtius  ?  7.  Quid  facit  Curtius  ?  8.  Ex- 
pletne  deus  rimam  statim  ? 

bellum,  war. 

e-gregius,  illustrious.  armatus,  armed. 

animus,  courage.  dum,  while. 

in-trepidus,  undaunted.  turba,  crowd. 

inquit,  said  he.  stupeo,  be  STVPB-fied. 

statim,  immediately.  in-cito,  ui^ge  on.   - 

suus,  his.  cura,  care,  anxiety. 

magni-fice,  magnificently.  autem,  however. 

ex-oruo,  ad-ORN.  factum,  deed. 


40 


LATIN  READER. 


LESSON  XVL 


QUESTIONS. 

142.  What  differences  do  you  find  between  the  First  and 
Second  Conjugations  ?  Conjugate  in  three  tenses  maneo  and 
oro.  Give  the  Latin  for:  tlieij  vnll  reply,  you  (singular)  are 
replying,  we  did  reply,  he  was  reply imj,  you  (plural)  will  reply, 
I  reply.  Give  the  English  for:  respondemus,  respondebis, 
respondebant,  respondebo,  respondetis,  respondebas. 


LESSON    XVI. 

Third.  Conjugation;  Ablative  of  Manner. 
143. 

CONJ.   I.  CON.T.    II.  CONJ.    III. 

ama-.  mone-.  r^ge-,  7'ule. 

INDICATIVE    MOOD. 


PRESENT   TENSE. 


am-o 

ama-s 

ama-t 

ama-mus 

ama-tis 

ama-nt 

araa-ba-m 

amfi-ba-s 

ama-ba-t 

ama-ba-mus 

araa-ba-tis 

aina-ba-nt 


mone- 
mone- 
mone- 
mone- 
mone- 
mone- 


mone 
mone 
mone 
mone 
mone 
mone 


t 

mus 
tis 
nt 


reg-o,  I  rule. 
regi-s,  you  rule. 
regi-t,  he  rules. 
regi-mus,  we  rule. 
regi-tis,  you  rule. 
regu-nt,  they  rule. 


IMPERFECT   TENSE 

ba-m 

•ba-s 

ba-t 


rege-ba-m,  I  was  ruling. 

rege-ba-s,  you  were  ruling. 

rege-ba-t,  he  was  ruling. 
•ba-nius        rege-ba-mus,  we  were  ruling. 
■ba-tis  rege-ba-tis,  you  were  ruling. 

-ba-nt  rege-ba-nt,  they  were  ruling. 


ama-b-o 
ama-bi-s 


FUTURE    TENSE. 


mone-b-o 
mone-bi-s 


reg-a-m,  I  shall  rule. 
reg-e-s,  you  will  rule. 


THIRD   CONJUGATION.  41 

ama-bi-t  mone-bi-t  reg-e-t,  he  will  rule. 

ama-bi-mus  mone-bi-mus  reg-e-mus,  we  shall  rule. 

ama-bi-tis  mone-bi-tis  reg-e-tis,  you  will  rule. 

ama-bu-nt  mone-bu-nt  reg-e-nt,  they  will  rule. 

a.  Notice  that,  in  the  verb  stem  of  the  Third  Conju- 
gation, final  -e  changes  as  follows  : 

b.  In  the  Present  tense,  it  becomes  -i. 

c.  In  the  Imperfect,  it  is  lengthened  to  -e. 

d.  In  the  Future,  it  is  dropped  altogether. 

144.  Observing  these  changes,  the  Present  tense  con- 
sists of  Present  stem  -{-  Personal  endings. 

a.  The    Imperfect  consists  of  Present  stem  +  -ba  -j- 
Personal  endings. 

b.  The  Future  consists  of  Present  stem  +  -e  (in  the 
First  Singular  -a)  -f  Personal  endings. 

145.  ABLATIVE    OF    MANNER. 

(  cum  cur  a,. 
Puer  donum  servabat  -I  maxima,  cum.  aura. 


maxima  cur  a. 


(  -with  care. 
The  boy  preserved  the  gift  -I  with  the  greatest  care. 
(  with  the  greatest  care. 

Observe  that  cura  is  in  the  Ablative,  and  that  it 
denotes  the  manner  in  which  the  boy  preserved  the  gift. 
Cum  is  generally  used  with  this  Ablative,  but  it  may 
be  omitted  when  there  is  a  limiting  adjective. 

146.  Rule  XIII.  The  Ablative  with  cum  is  used  to 
express  Manner.  Cum  may  be  omitted  when  there  is  a 
limiting  adjective. 


42  LATIN  READER. —LESSON  XVI. 

MELEAGER. 

147.  Meleager,  filius  Althaeae,  clarissimus  Caly- 
doniorum  erat.  Forte,  ubi  parvolus  erat,  lignum  in 
foco  ai'debat ;  subito  Parcae  apparent  atque  Althaeam 
itamonent:  ''Filius  tuus  vivet,  quam  diii  flammae 
lignum  non  consiiment."  Statim  Althaea  flammas 
restiliguit,  atque  lignum  magna  cum  cura  servabat.  4 

Saevus  aper  quondam  Calydonios  diii  terrebat. 

148.  1.  Were  you  living  when  Meleager  was  very 
small  ?  2.  The  sticks  of  wood  in  the  fireplace  will 
not  burn.  3.  Althea  is  guarding  her  son  with 
great  care.  4.  The  flames  Avere  consuming  the 
wood.  5.  Are  your  sons  living,  Althea?  6. 
Fierce  boars  do  not  terrify  Meleager.  7.  Were  you 
not  extinguishing  the  flames  ?  8.  The  Fates  used 
to  appear  suddenly  to  distinguished  men. 

Siglit  Translation.     Meleager.  —  Concluded. 

149.  Meleager  tandem  multos  claros  viros  condiicit. 
Pulchra  Atalanta  quoque  adest.  Mox  saevum  aprum 
in  densa  silva  petunt.  Atalanta  prima  monstrum 
volnerat.  Meleager  autem  aprum  caedit,  atque 
tergum  Atalantae  dat.     At  avunculT  Meleagii  Ata- 

con-duco,  lead  together,  assemble.  privo,  de-PKiVE. 

quoque,  also.  p\enns,fulL 

densus,  dense.  ira,  anger,  ire. 

peto,  seek.  iratus,  angered. 

monstrum,  monster.  accendo,  light. 

volnero,  wound.     (Vulnerable.)  quod,  which. 

caedo,  kill.  vita,  life.     (Vital.) 

tergum,  back,  skin.  excedo,  depart. 


FOURTH  CONJUGATION.  43 

lantam  tergo  piivant.  Statim  Meleager  plenus  irae 
avunculos  suos  caedit.  Inde  Althaea  Tiata  lignum 
accendit,  quod  mox  flammae  consumunt.  BrevT 
postea   Meleager    e    vita   excedit. 

150.  1.  Ubi  vivebat  Meleager  ?  2.  Quae  Altliaeae 
apparent,  ubi  Meleager  parvolus  erafc?  3.  Quid 
dlcunt  Parcae ?  4.  Quid  facit  Althaea?  5.  Cur 
Meleager  multos  claros  Calydonios  condiicit?  6. 
Quae  prima  aprum  volnerat?  7.  Quis  aprum 
caedit?  8.  Cui  dat  Meleager  tergum  apri?  9. 
Quid  faciunt  avuncull  Meleagii  ?  10.  Ciir  Althaea 
lignum  accendit? 

QUESTIONS. 

151.  Give  an  example  of  your  own  of  the  Ablative  of 
Manner,  Ablative  of  Means,  Ablative  of  Separation.  How  does 
the  stem  of  Third  Conjugation  verbs  vary  ?  Of  what  does  each 
tense  consist  ?  Give  three  tenses  of  peto  and  vivo.  Translate  : 
restinguetis,  rfestinguit,  restinguebant,  restinguunt,  res- 
tinguet,  apparebit,  servabit.  Give  the  Latin  for  :  I  was 
extinguishing,  they  will  extinguish,  you  (plural)  are  extinguish- 
ing, he  appears,  they  will  preserve. 


LESSON    XVII. 
Fourth  Conjugation  ;   Ablative  of  Cause. 
152. 


CON  J.  I. 

CONJ.  II. 

CONJ.  III. 

CONJ. 

IV. 

ama-. 

mone-. 

rege-. 

audi-. 

,  hear. 

44 


LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  XVIL 


am-o. 

ama-s. 

ama-t. 

ama-nius. 

ama-tis. 

ama-nt. 


INDICATIVE    MOOD. 
PRESENT   TENSE. 


moue-o. 

mone-s. 

mone-t. 

n^one-mus. 

inont*-tis. 

mone-nt. 


reg-o. 

regi-s. 

regi-t. 

regi-mus. 

regi-tis. 

regu-nt. 


I  hear. 

audi-o. 

audi-s. 

audi-t. 

audi-mus. 

audi-tds. 

audiu-nt. 


IMPERFECT   TENSE. 


ama-ba-m. 

amfi-ba-s. 

ama-ba-t. 

ama-ba-mus. 

ama-ba-tis. 

ama-ba-nt. 


mone-ba-m. 

mone-ba-s. 

mone-ba-t. 

mone-ba-mus. 

mone-ba-tis. 

mone-ba-nt. 


rege-ba-m. 

rege-ba-s. 

rege-ba-t. 

rege-ba-mus. 

rege-ba-tis. 

rege-ba-nt. 


I  was  hearing. 

audie-ba-m. 

audie-ba-s. 

audie-ba-t. 

audie-ba-mus. 

audie-ba-tis. 

audie-ba-nt. 


FUTURE   TENSE. 


ama-b-6. 

ama-bi-s. 

ama-bi-t. 

amfi-bi-mus. 

ama-bi-tis. 

ama-bu-nt. 


mone-b-o. 

mone-bi-s. 

mone-bi-t. 

mone-bi-mus. 

mone-bi-tis. 

inone-bu-nt. 


reg-a-m. 

reg-e-s. 

reg-e-t. 

reg-e-mus. 

reg-e-tis. 

reg-e-nt. 


I  shall  hear. 

audi-a-m. 

audi-e-s. 

audi-e-t. 

audi-e-mus. 

audi-e-tis. 

audi-e-nt. 


a.  Observe  that,  in  the  Fourth  Conjugation,  the  Pres- 
ent tense  consists  of  Present  stem  +  Personal  endings. 

h.  The  Imperfect  tense  consists  of  Present  stem  (with 
-5  added  to  it)  +  -ba  -f  Personal  endings. 

c.  The  Puture  tense  consists  of  Present  stem  +  -e 
(in  the  First  Singular  -a)  +  Personal  endings.  Compare 
the  Putiire  of  the  Third  Conjugation. 


FOURTH  CONJUGATION.  45 

153.  ABLATIVE    OF    CAUSE. 

Odio  virum  accusatis.      You  accuse  the  man  from  hatred. 

In  this  sentence,  odio  is  in  the  Ablative,  and  denotes 
the  cause  of  the  accusation. 

154.  Rule  XIV.  The  Ablative  is  used  to  express 
Cause. 

PERSEUS    ET    ANDROMEDA. 

155.  In  Aethiopia  olim  belua  fera  agios  vastabat, 
atque  multos  viros  devorabat.  Cepheus,  igitur, 
curis  sollicitus,  oraculum  consulit.  Quod  autem  ita 
respondet :  "  Deus  iratus  propter  superbiam  reginae 
patriam  tuam  sic  punit.  ST  autem  beluae  An  drome- 
dam  dabis,  turn  deus  poenam  finiet."  Inde  Cepheus 
maestus  Andromedam  ad  drira  saxa  revincit.  Mox 
beluam  exaudiunt. 

Y  156.  1.  Many  men  are  troubled  with  their  cares. 
2.  The  gods  will  punish  the  queen.  3.  Men  for- 
merly consulted  oracles.  4.  The  queens  end  the 
punishment  of  the  men.  5.  Because  of  the  oracle, 
they  are  binding  Andromeda  to  the  rocks.  6.  You 
will  soon  hear  the  monster  from  afar. 

SigJit   Translation.       Perseus  et  Andromeda.  —  Con- 
^^y^  eluded. 

157.  Tum  forte  Perseus  super  Aethiopiam  volabat. 
Subito  Andromedam  cernit.  Sine  mora  appropin- 
quat,  et  lacrimarum  causam  quaerit.  Andromeda 
beluam  monstrat.     Statim  Perseus  in  auras  ascendit. 


46  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  XVIIL 

Mox  falcato  telo  tergum  monstrl  ferit.  Diii  atque 
acriter  pugnant.  Denique  Perseus  beluam  superat. 
Inde  Aiidromedam  catenis  liberat.  Brevi  Cepheus 
filiam  Pei'seo  in  matrimonium  dat. 

i^  158.  1.  Cur  olim  Ceplieus  oraculum  consulit  ? 
2.  Quid  respondet  oraculum?  3.  Quae  erat  Andro- 
meda? 4.  Quis  Andromedam  belua  iTberat?  5. 
Quale  telum  erat  Perseo?  6.  Quid  erat  praemium 
Perseo  ? 

QUESTIONS. 

159.  What  uses  of  the  Ablative  are  contained  in  the  two  fol- 
lowing sentences:  They  deiv  Clodius  with  their  sicords.  They 
slew  Clodius  from  envy.  What  is  the  characteristic  vowel  of  the 
stem  of  the  Fourth  Conjugation?  In  what  tense  is  -e  added  to 
the  stem?  Inflect  three  tenses  of  punio  and  vincio.  Give  the 
English  for  finit,  finiemus,  finimus,  finiebamus,  finient,  fini- 
tis.  Give  the  Latin  for:  they  were  ending^  I  end.,  you  (plural) 
will  end,  you' (s'mgulsir)  were  ending,  they  are  ending.  Decline 
earns,  -a,  -um. 

super,  above,  over.  ascendo,  ascend.   ^ 

volo,  Jly.  t  falcatus,  curved. 

cerno,  iZis-CERX.  3  telum,  weapon,  sword. 

causa,  CAUSE.  ferio,  strike.    ^ 

quaero,  in-QUiRE.  ?  pugno, fight.     (Pugnacious.)^ 

aura,  air.  matrimonium,  marriage,  matrimony. 


LESSON    XVIII. 
Third  Declension— Liquid  Stems. 

160.  In  the  Third  Declension,  the  stem  ends  either 
in  a  consonant  or  in  the  vowel  -i.  Hence  this  Declen- 
sion is  divided  into  consonant  stems  and  -i  stems. 


THIRD  DECLENSION. 


47 


161.     The  Case  endings  for  consonant   stems  are    as 
follows  : 


/ 


SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

M.,   F. 

N. 

M.,  F.           N. 

N. 
G. 

-es          -a 
-um 

-is 

■  D. 

-i 

-ibus 

Ac. 

-em 

— 

-es          -a 

Ab. 

-e 

-ibus 

LIQUID    STEMS. 

162. 

consul,  m. 

legio,/. 

Virgo,/. 

flumen,  n. 

consul. 

legion. 

virgin. 

river. 

stem 

consul- 

legion- 

virgin- 

flumin- 

SINGULAR. 

N-. 

consul 

legio 

virgo 

flumen 

G. 

consulis 

legionis 

virginis 

fluminis 

D. 

consul! 

legioni 

virgin! 

fliimini 

Ac. 

consulem 

legionem 

virginem 

flumen 

Ab. 

consule 

legione 

PLURAL. 

virgine 

flumine 

N. 

consules 

legioues 

virgines 

flumina 

G. 

consulum 

legionum 

virginum 

fluminum 

D. 

consulibus 

legionibus 

virginibus 

fluminibus 

Ac. 

consules 

legionis 

virgines 

flumina 

Ab. 

consulibus 

legionibus 

virginibus 

fluminibus 

163. 

labor,  m. 

pater,  m. 

corpus,  n. 

genus,  n. 

labor. 

father. 

body. 

race. 

stem 

labor- 

patr- 

corpor- 

gener- 

SINGULAR. 

N. 

labor 

pater 

corpus 

genus 

G. 

laboris 

patris 

corporis 

generis 

D. 

labori 

patri 

corpori 

generi 

Ac. 

laborem 

patrem 

corpus 

genus 

Ab. 

labore 

patre 

corpore 

genere 

48 


LATIN  READEE.  —  LESSON  XV lU. 


PLURAL. 

N. 

labores 

patres 

corpora 

genera 

G. 

laboi-um 

patrum 

corporum 

generum 

D. 

laboribus 

patribus 

corporibus 

generibus 

Ac. 

labores 

patres 

corpora 

geuera 

Ab. 

laboribus 

patribus 

corporibus 

generibus 

Observe : 

a.  That  the  stem  differs  from  the  Nominative  in  all 
these  nouns,  except  in  consul. 

h.  That  the  Accusative  Singular  of  Neuter  nouns  is 
like  the  Nominative. 

c.  That  the  Nominative  and  Accusative  Plural  of 
Neuter  nouns  ends  in  -a. 

164.  Decline  the  following  nouns,  first  noting  their 
stem,  and  gender  (the  stem  is  found  by  dropping  the 
ending  -is  from  the  Genitive) :  Pastor,  pastoris,  m., 
shejjherd,  sermo,  sermonis,  ni.,  conversation,  opus,  operis, 
n.,  work,  grando,  grandinis,  f.,  hail,  mater,  matris,  f., 
mother,  carmen,  carminis,  n.,  song,  ezsul,  exsulis,  m.  and/., 
exile,  tempus,  temporis,  n.,  time. 


FORUM   ROMANUM. 

165.  Forum  Romanum  erat  inter  Capitolium  at 
Palatium.  Primo  undique  erant  parvae  tabernae. 
Postea  autem  clari  consules  imperatoresque  basili- 
cas et  templa  in  Foro  aedificabant.  In  basilicis  erant 
argentariae  ;  liTc  etiam  praetores  ius  reddebant.  In 
Ciiria  Hostilia  et  in  Templo  Concordiae  senatores 
conveniebant.      In  rostrls  Cicero  et  alii  oratores  ad 


THIRD   DECLENSION. 


49 


populum  orationes  habebant.  Undique  erant  altae 
columnae  et  deorum  simulacra  et  clarorum  viiorum 
statuae. 

166.  1.  (There)  were  statues  of  famous  consuls 
in  the  Forum.  2.  The  praetor  will  administer  jus- 
tice to  the  people.  3.  (There)  were  images  of  the 
gods  in  Roman  temples.  4.  The  emperor  is  build- 
ing a  lofty  temple.  5.  Cicero  will  deliver  an  ora- 
tion to  the  senators  in  the  Temple  of  Concord. 

Sight  Translation.     Forum   Komanum.  —  Concluded. 

167.  TogatT  Roman!  in  Forum  saepe  conveniebant. 
Hic  multa  comitia  habebant.  Hinc  Via  Sacra  con- 
sules  legiones  Romanas  ad  bellum  ediicebant.  Via 
Sacra  legiones  victores  praeda  onustae  in  Forum 
incedebant  magnis  clamoribus  populT.  Nunc  autem 
Forum  est  desertus  locus,  et  tantum-jiiodo  ruTnas 
ostendit.  Nihil  manet  nisi  pauca  vestigia  antiquae 
gloriae  Romanae. 

168.  1.  Ubi  erat  Forum  Romanum  ?  2.  Quae 
primo  undique  erant?       3.    Quae  postea  consules  im- 

de-sertus,  deserted. 
tantum-modo,  only, 
ruina,  ruin. 

os-tendo,  show.     (  Ostensible. ) . • 
nihil,  nothing.     (Nihilist.) 
nisi,  unless,  except. 
pa.uci,  few.  (Paucity.) 
vestigium,  trace,  vestige. 
antiquus,  ancient.     (Antique.) 
gloria,  GLORY. 


togatus,  wearing  the  toga. 
comitia,  elections. 
hinc,  lience. 
sacer,  sacred. 
e-duco,  lead  out.  3 
victor,  victor. 
praeda,  booty.     (Prey.) 
onustus,  laden. 
in-cedo,  advance.  : 
clamor,  shout,  clamor. 
nunc,  now. 


50 


LATIN  BEADER. 


LESSON  XIX. 


peratoresque  in  Foio  aedificabant  ?  4.  Ubi  seiia- 
tores  conveniebant  ?  5.  Qui  in  rostris  orationes 
habebant?  5.  Qua  via  consules  ad  bellum  legiones 
ediicebant?       6.    Quid  nunc  manet  in  Foro  Romano? 

QUESTIONS. 

169.  How  is  the  Third  Declension  divided  ?  Name  the 
liquids  (9,  b).  What  is  meant  by  liquid  stems?  Give  the  case 
endings  for  Masculine  and  Feminine  nouns;  for  Xeuters.  What 
cases  are  alike  in  Neuter  noims  ?  Decline  :  virgo,  pater,  genus, 
pastor,  legio,  exsul,  labor,  carmen,  corpus.  May  an  Adjec- 
tive of  the  First  or  Second  Declension  agree  with  a  noun  of  the 
Third  Declension  ? 


LESSON    XIX. 
Third  Declension — Mute  Stems. 


170. 


Stem 


princeps,  m. 

rex,  m. 

iudex,  m. 

chief. 

king. 

judge. 

n 

princip- 

reg- 

iudic- 

SINGULAli. 

N. 

princeps 

rex 

iudex 

G. 

principis 

regis 

iiidicis 

D. 

principi 

regi 

iiidici 

Ac. 

principem 

regem 

iudicem 

Ab. 

principe 

rege 

iudice 

PLURAL. 

N. 

principes 

reges 

iudices 

G. 

principum 

regum 

iudicum 

D. 

principibus 

regibus 

iudicibus 

Ac. 

principes 

regis 

iiidices 

Ab. 

principibus 

regibus 

iudicibus 

THIRD   DECLENSION  —  MUTE   STEMS. 


51 


miles,  m. 

custos,  m. 

caput,  n. 

soldier. 

guard. 

head. 

Stem 

mil  it- 

custod- 

SINGULAK. 

capit- 

N. 

miles 

custos 

caput 

G. 

militis 

custodis 

capitis 

D. 

militi 

custodi 

capiti 

Ac. 

militem 

custodem 

caput 

Ab. 

milite 

custode 

PLURAL. 

capite 

N. 

milites 

custddes 

capita 

G. 

militum 

custodum 

capitum 

D. 

militibus 

custodibus 

capitibus 

Ac. 

milites 

custodes 

capita 

Ab. 

militibus 

custodibus 

capitibus 

Observe  : 

a.  That  all  Masculines  and  Feminines  in  Mute  stems 
add  -s  to  the  stem  to  form  the  Nominative  (rex  =  reg-s  ; 
iudex  =  iudic-s). 

b.  That  the  Lingual  stems  drop  final  -d  and  -t  in 
forming  the  Nominative. 

c.  That  the  last  vowel  in  the  stem  is  often  changed 
in  the  Nominative. 

171.  Decline  the  following  nouns  :  vox,  vocis,/,  voice, 
virtus,  virtutis,/".,  bravery,  ops,  opis,y.,  help,  obses,  obsidis 
m.  and  /.,  hostage,  comes,  comitis,  m.  and  /.,  companion, 
grex,  gregis,  m.,  herd. 

GABII. 

172.  Dili  Tarquinius  Superbus  obsidebat  Gabios, 
sed  friistra.  Denique  fraudem  temptat.  Obsidione 
desistit  atque  ad  urbana  opera  animadvertit.     Brevi 


52  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  XIX. 

postea  Sextus,  filius  Tarquini,  ad  Gabinos  venit. 
''  Nonne  "  inquit  *'  filium  a  saevis  suppliciis  patris 
tegetis?  Regis  saevitia  est  intoleranda.  Exsul 
Latium  pererro.  Forsitan  populum  cupidum  belli 
adversus  superbum  legem  inveniam."  Statim  Gabini 
principem  in  oppidum  libenter  admittunt. 

173.  1.  The  kings  will  besiege  the  towns  of  La- 
tium in  vain.  2.  You  are  not  turning  your  atten- 
tion to  the  father's  frauds.  3.  I  protected  the  king's 
sons  from  punishment.  4.  Did  the  prince  admit 
the  Gabians  into  the  town  ?  5.  Will  he  protect  the 
exiles  from  the  people's  cruelty? 

Si(/ht  Translation.     GabiT.  —  Concluded. 

174.  Brevi  Sextus  favorem  et  plebis  et  militum 
conciliat.      Inde    nuntium   ad   j)atrem   mittit.      Rex 

favor,  FAVOR.  con-silium,  p/a??,  counsel. 

plebs,   common   people^   ple-  intel-lego,     understand.  ^  (In- 

BEiANS.  telligent.) 

con-cilio,  win^  conciliate.  inter-imo,  kill. 

nuntius,  messenger.  aut  .  .  .  aut,  either  .  .  .  or. 

fessus,  tired.  exsilium,  exile. 

mitto,  send.      (Trans-mit.)    ^  ago,  drive.     (Agent.)     3 

ibi,  there.  re-liquus,  remaining.     (Relic.) 

summus,  highest.  (Summit.)  oppidanus,  toionsman.  . 

papaver,  poppy.  ultro,  of  one's  own  accord. 

baculum,  stick.  cedo,  ijield.     (Cede.)      J 

de-cutio,  strike  off.     *3  ita-que,  and  so. 

dis-cedo,  depart.  iillus,  any. 

re-nuntio,     report.      (Re-  di-micsitio,  struggle. 

nounce.)  tra-do,  give  over,  hand  over.  S 
ambulo,  lualk.     i  (Trade.) 


THIRD  DECLENSION  —  I  STEMS.  53 

autem  nihil  respondet,  sed  in  hortum  ambulat,  et  ibi 
summa  capita  papaverum  baculo  deciitit.  Denique 
nuntius  fessus  discedit  et  Sexto  de  patre  reniintiat. 
Sextus  autem  consilium  patris  intellegit.  Mox  piin- 
cipes  oppidi  aut  interimit  aut  in  exsilium  agit.  Re- 
liqui  oppidan!  iiltro  cedunt.  Itaque  Sextus  patii  sine 
iilla  dimicatione  oppidum  tradit. 

175.  1.  Quis  diii  Gabios  obsidebat?  2.  Quid 
denique  rex  temptat  ?  3.  Quern  ad  Gabinos  mittit? 
4.  Quid  dicit  Sextus  oppidanis  ?  5.  Num  Gabini 
in  oppidum  Sextum  admittunt?  6.  Quorum  favo- 
rem  Sextus  conciliat  ?  7.  Quem  ad  patrem  mittit  ? 
8.  Quid  facit  rex?  9.  Intellegitne  Sextus  patris 
consilium  ?  10.  Quid  facit  Sextus  ?  11.  Quid 
faciunt  iiltro  reliquT  oppidan!  ? 

QUESTIONS. 

176.  Name  the  mutes  in  their  classes  (9,  a).  Decline:  vox, 
lumen,  virtus,  condicio,  pes,  honor,  comes,  onus,  salus. 
What  difference  in  gender  do  you  observe  between  nouns  in  -us, 
(Genitive  -eris  or  -oris),  and  those  in  -us,  (Genitive  -utis)  ? 


LESSON    XX. 
Third  Declension  —  I  Stems. 

MASCULINES    AND    FEMININES    IN    -IS    AND    -ES. 

177.     tussis,  /.     navis,  /.       ignis,  m.    hostis,  m.   nubes,/. 

cough.  ship.  fire.  enemy.  cloud. 

Stem      tussi-  navi-  igni-  hosti-  nubi- 


54 


LATIN  READER. 


LESSON  XX. 


N.  tussis 

G.  tussis 

D.  tussi 

Ac.  tussim 

Ab.  tussi 


navis 
navis 
navi 

iiuvem(-i: 
navi  (-e) 


SINGULAR. 

ignis 

hostis 

nubes 

ignis 

hostis 

nubis 

Igni 

hosti 

nubi 

tn)  ignem 

hostem 

nubem 

igni  (-e) 

hoste 

nube 

PLURAL. 

N".  tusses  naves 

G.  tussium        naviuni 

D.  tussibus       navibus 

Ac.  tussis  (-es)  navis  (-es) 

Ab.  tussibus       navibus 


ignes  hostes  nubes 

ignium        hostium        nubium 
ignibus       hostibus.      niibibus 
ignis  (-es)  hostis  (-es)  nubis  (-es) 
ignibus       hostibus       nubibus 


NEUTERS    IN    -E,    -AL,    AND    -AR. 

178.      mare,  ?i.,  sea.      animal,  n.,  animal,     calcar,  n.,  spur. 
Stem         marl-  animali-  calcari- 


SINGULAR. 

N. 

mare 

animal 

calcar 

G. 

maris 

animalis 

calcaris 

D. 

mari 

animali 

calcari 

Ac. 

mare 

animal 

calcar 

Ab. 

mari 

animali 

PLURAL. 

calcari 

N. 

maria 

animalia 

calcaria 

G. 

marium 

animalium 

calcarium 

D. 

maribus 

animalibus 

calcaribus 

Ac. 

maria 

animalia 

calcaria 

Ab. 

maribus 

animalibus' 

calcaribus 

Observe  that    -i  stems  have    the    following  peculiari- 
ties :  — 


a.    They  have  -ium  in  the  Genitive  Plural. 


THIRD  DECLENSION  —  I  STEMS.  55 

b.  Neuters  in  -e,  -al,  and  -ar  have  -I  in  the  Ablative 
Singular,  and  -ia  in  the  Nominative  and  Accusative 
Plural. 

c.  Steins  in  -is  and  -es  have  -Is  or  -es  in  the  Accusa- 
tive Plural. 

d.  The  Accusative  Singular  of  stems  in  -is  and  -es 
varies  between  -im  and  -em, 

e.  The  Ablative  Singular  of  stems  in  -is  and  -es  varies 
between  -I  and  -e. 

179.  Note. i  stems  in -is  and  -es  are  easily  distinguished 

from  consonant  stems  in  -is  and  -es;  for  -i  stems  have  the  same 
number  of  syllables  in  the  Genitive  as  in  the  Nominative  Singular, 
while  consonant  stems  increase  the  number  of  syllables;  thus, 
col-lis,  Genitive  col-lis,  is  an  -i  stem;  but  la-pis,  Genitive 
la-pi-dis,  is  a  consonant  stem.  So  also  cae-des,  Genitive  cae- 
dis,  is  an  -i  stem;  but  co-mes,  Genitive  co-mi-tis,  is  a  consonant 
stem. 

180.  To  -i  stems  belong : 

a.  Nouns  in  -is  and  -es  (not  increasing  in  the  Geni- 
tive). 

b.  Neuters  in  -e,  -al,  and  -ar. 

181.  Like  tussis,  decline  sitis,  thirst  (in  the  Singular 
only,  because  of  its  meaning). 

a.  Like  navis,  decline  turris,  tower,  and  securis,  axe. 

b.  Like  Ignis,  decline  amnis,  river,  avis,  bird,  classis, 
Jleet,  finis,  e7id,  messis,  harvest,  and  ovis,  sheep. 

G.  Most  other  -i  stems  in  -is  and  -es  are  declined  like 
hostis  and  nubes. 


56  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  XX. 

BRUTUS   ET   FTT.Tf   TARQUINI. 

182.  Maxima  opera  Tarquini  Superb!  erant  Tem- 
plum  lovis  et  Cloaca  Maxima.  In  labore  operum 
plebem  cliu  exercebat.  Subito  portentum  apparet. 
Anguis  ex  columna  lignea  emergit  atque  incolas 
regiae  perterret.  Inde  rex  suos  duos  filios  per  terras 
et  per  maria  ad  oraculum  Apollinis  mittit.  L.  luuius 
Briitus,  consobrinus,  erat  comes  prmcipibus.  Tres 
iuvenes  tandem  in  Graeciam  perveniunt.  Hic  primo 
pro  rege  oraculum  consulunt. 

183.  1.  The  greatest  work  of  tlie  people  was  a 
temple.  2.  Tlie  king  will  send  the  youths  over 
the  sea.  3.  The  princes  were  consulting  the  in- 
habitants of  tlie  land.  4.  The  companions  of  the 
youth  are  the  king's  cousins.  5.  We  shall  keep 
the  people  busy  on  the  works. 

Sight  Translation. 
Brutus    et    Filii    Tarquini.  —  Concluded. 

184.  Deinde  iuvenes  ab  oraculo  quaerunt :  "  Quis, 
post  mortem  Tarquini,  regnum  obtinebit  ?  "  Pythia 
sic  respondet :  "  Imperium  summum  Romae  habebit, 
qui  primus  matri  osculum  dabit."  Inde  duo  filii  Tar- 
quini de  regno  sortis  diicunt.  Sed  Brutus  consulto 
cadit,  atque  terrae  osculum  dat.  "Nam"  putat 
"  terra  est  mater  mortalium."  Inde  Romam  repe- 
tunt.  Brevi  postea  Roman!  c!ves,  laboribus  !rati, 
Tarquinium  regno  pellunt,  atque  Briitum  consulem 
creant. 


THIRD  DECLENSION  —  MIXED   STEMS.  57 

185.  1.  Quae  sunt  maxima  opera  Tarquini  Su- 
perb!? 2.  Quo  modo  rex  plebem  exercebat?  3. 
Quod  portentum  apparet  ?  4.  Quid  facit  rex  ?  5. 
Quis  erat  comes  filiis  Tarquini.  6.  Quid  primo 
faciunt  in  Graecia?  7.  Quid  postea  quaerunt  iu- 
venes  ?  8.  Quid  respondet  Pythia  ?  9.  Quid 
faciunt  prmcipes?  10.  Quid  facit  Briitus?  11. 
Quid  postea  regi  accidit? 

QUESTIONS. 

186.  What  are  the  peculiarities  of  -i  stems  ?  How  can  -i  stems 
in  -is  and  -es  be  distinguished  from  consonant  stems  in  -is  and 
-es?  What  nouns  belong  to -i  stems?  Decline:  avis,  lapis, 
cubile,  rupes,  eques,  ovis,  pax,  nectar,  clades,  vectigal, 
aedis,  nomen. 

de-inde,  then,  afterwards.  con-sulto,      on      purpose. 

post,  after.  (Consult.) 

mors,  death.     (Mortal.)  cado,/aZ^    •''' 

ob-tineo,  obtain.         i  .  puto,  tldnk.     (Com-pute.)/ 

regnum,  kincfdom.     (Reign.)  niortalis,  mortal. 

im-perium,  command.     (Empire.)  re-peto,  seek  again,  return 

mater,  mother.  to.     (Repeat.) 

osculum,  kiss.  civis,  citizen.     (Civic.) 

sors,  lot.     (Sort.)  pello,  ea^-PEL.                    3 

duco,  lead,  draw.     (Aque-duct.)  ..     creo,  elect.     (Create.)    I 
Pythia,  priestess  of  Apollo. 


-? 


LESSON    XXI. 

Third  Declension  —  Mixed  Stems  ;   Gender  Rules ; 
Ablative  of  Accompaniment. 

187.       urbs,/.  arx,/.  pons,  ?«.  aetas,/. 

city.  citadel.  bridge.  age. 

Stem      urb-  (i-)  arc-  (i-)  pont-  (i-)         aetat-  (i-) 


58 


LATIN  READER. —  LESSON  XXL 


SINGULAR. 

N. 

urbs 

arx 

pons 

aetas 

G. 

iirbis 

arcis 

pontis 

aetatis 

D. 

urbi 

arci 

ponti 

aetati 

Ac. 

urbem 

arcem 

pontem 

aetatem 

Ab. 

urbe 

arce 

ponte 

aetate 

PLURAL. 

N. 

urbes 

arces 

pontes 

aetates 

G. 

urbium 

arcium 

pontium 

aetfitium  (-um) 

D. 

urbibus 

arcibus 

l)ontibu8 

aetatibus 

Ac. 

urbis  (-es) 

arcis  (-es) 

pontis  (-es) 

aetatis  (-es) 

Ab. 

urbibus 

arcibus 

pontibus 

aetatibus 

a.  Notice  that  these  nouns  are  declined  like  Conso- 
nant stems  in  the  Singular,  and  like  -i  stems  in  the 
Plural.  Hence  they  are  called  Mixed  stems.  They 
were  originally  -i  stems. 

188.  To  Mixed  stems  belong : 

a.  Monosyllables  ending  in  -s  and  -x  following  a  con- 
sonant, as  :  urbs,  arx. 

b.  Nouns  ending  in  -tas,  as  :   aetas. 

189.  Decline :  pars,  partis,  ^:>rty'^,  mons,  montis,  moun- 
tain, civitas,  civitatis,  state. 


190.  THIRD    DECLENSION    GENDER   RULES. 

I.    Nouns  ending  in  -6  (except  those  in  -do,  -go,  -io), 
-or,  -OS,  -er,  -es  are  generally  Masculine. 

II.    Nouns  ending  in  -as,  -es,  -is,  -ys,  -x,  -s  (preceded  by 
a  consonant),  -do,  -go,  -io,  and  -us  are  generally  Feminine. 

III.    Nouns  ending  in  -a,  -e,  -i,  -y,  -c,  -1,  -n,  -t,  -ar,  -ur, 

and  -us   are  generally  Neuter. 


THIRD  DECLENSION  —  MIXED   STEMS.         59 

191.  ABLATIVE    OF    ACCOMPANIMENT. 

Puer  cum  amico  ambulat.  The  boy  is  walking  with  a 
friend. 

Observe  that  amico  is  in  the  Ablative  with  the  prepo- 
sition cum,  and  that  it  denotes  that  the  boy  is  accojyipa- 
nied  by  a  friend.  Hence  it  is  called  the  Ablative  of 
AccoTR'pmiiinent. 

192.  Rule  XV.  The  Ablative  with  the  preposition 
cum  is  used  to  denote  Accompaniment. 

HORATIUS    COCLES. 

\y  193.  Tarquinius  Superbus,  iam ,  exsul,  ab  Larte 
Porsena,  rege  CliisT,  auxilium  petit.  Mox  maximo 
in  periculo  erat  Roma.  Nam  Porsena  magnis  cum 
copiis  in  urbem  incedebat.  Ubique  rex  copias  Roma- 
norum  vincit.  Iam  montem  laniculum  occupat. 
Milites  Roman!  arma  ordinesque  relinqumit,  atque 
fuga  saluitem  petunt.  Tum  Pons  Subliciiis  solus 
flumen  Tiberim  iungebat.  Nisi  Roman!  pontem 
interscindent,  brevi  Porsena  in  urbem  copias  suas 
tradiicet.  Sed  Romanis  virtiis  non  omn!no  deest. 
Pro  ponte  Horatius  Codes  cum  Sp.  Lartio  et  T. 
Herminio  hostis  sustinet. 


7 


194.  1.  The  king's  forces  will  advance  upon  the 
"cities.  2.  Large  bridges  span  the  river  Tiber, 
3.  Will  a  Roman  soldier  leave  the  ranks,  and  seek 
safety  in  flight?  4.  Are  you  not  cutting  down  the 
bridges,  Romans?  5.  The  soldiers  of  Lars  Porsena 
were  holding  back  the  enemy's  forces. 


60  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  XXL 


Sight  Translation.     Hokatius  Cocles.  —  Concluded. 

195.  Interea  milites  civesque  Romaiii  pontem  in- 
terscindebant.  Mox,  ubi  exigua  pars  pontis  manet, 
Horatius  duos  comites  transmittit.  Nunc  solus  sed 
intrepidus  pontem  tenet.  Denique  magno  fragore 
pons  in  flumen  decidit.  Romani  magnum  clamorem 
tollunt.  Inde  Horatius,  etiam  armatus,  in  Tiberim 
desilit  atque  ad  suos  comites  tranat.  Tanta  virtiite 
civitatem  servat.  Grati  elves  statuam  Horati  in 
Comitio  ponunt. 

196.  1.  A  quo  Tarquinius  auxilium  petit?  2. 
Clir  mox  erat  Roma  maximo  in  periculo  ?  3.  Quem 
montem  Porsena  occupat?  4.  Nonne  Romani  re- 
gem  Cliisi  vincunt?  5.  Qui  pons  tum  flumen  Ti- 
berim iungebat?  6.  Quot  Romani  liostis  sustinent? 
7.  Dum  Horatius  hostis  sustinet,  quid  Romani  facie- 
bant  ?  8.  Deciditne  pons  in  fliimen  ?  9.  Quid 
deinde  facit  Horatius?  10.  Quod  praemium  elves 
Horatio  dant? 


inter-ea,  meanwhile.  de-silio,  leaj)  down.    , 

ex-iguus,   small.  tra-no,   swim  across,   f 

pars,  PART.  tantus,  so  great. 
trans-mitto,    send    across.*}  civitas,  state. 

(Transmit.)  gratus,  grate-/i<Z. 

fragor,  crash.       "*  Comitium,     the     comitium,    a 
Ae-cido,  fall  down.  "■  (Decid-  place  in  the  Forum. 

uous.)  ^  pono,  place.      (Position.)  J! 

tollo,  raise,     (Ex-tol.)  - 


VERB    SUM.  61 


QUESTIONS. 

197.  Why  are  the  Mixed  stems  so  called  ?  What  nouns  be- 
long to  Mixed  stems  ?  State  the  Gender  Rules  of  the  Third 
Declension.  Give  an  example  of  your  own  of  the  Ablative  of 
Accompaniment,  Ablative  of  Manner,  Ablative  of  Means.  De- 
cline :  aestas,  cliens,  volpes,  laus,  exemplar,  mens,  celeritas, 
sedes,  mors,  piscis. 


LESSON    XXII. 

Verb  Sum  —  Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Future  Per- 
fect Indicative ;  Imperative. 

198.  There  are  three  tenses  in  the  Indicative  mood 
besides  the  Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future ;  viz.,  the 
Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect. 

199.  The  Perfect  tense  denotes  either : 

a.  An  action  completed  in  the  past,  without  reference 
to  its  C07itinuance ;  as:   I  walked;  or, 

b.  An  action  completed  in  the  present,  as:  I  have 
walked. 

200.  The  Pluperfect  tense  denotes  an  action  completed 
in  the  past,  before  some  other  action  was  begun,  as :  / 
had  walked  a  mile,  when  I  met  a  stranger. 

201.  The  Future  Perfect  tense  denotes  an  action  com- 
pleted in  the  future,  as :  I  shall  have  ivalked. 

202.  The  Imperative  mood  has  but  two  tenses,  the 
Present  and  the  Future. 


62  LATIN  READER.  — LESSON  XXIL 

203.  VERB    SUM  INDICATIVE    MOOD. 

Perfect  stem,  fu-. 

PERFECT. 
SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

^    -               S  I  '^cis.  -    .  {  ive  were. 

fu-i,  <      ^  fu-imus, 


have  been.  (  we  have  been. 

m  were.  j-    ■  ^-  S  you  were. 

fu-istis,  <  , 

7J011  have  been.  (  you  have  been. 

he  was.  fu-erunt  (  they  were. 

he  has  been.  or  fu-ere,  (  they  have  been. 


fu-it. 


PLUPERFECT. 


fu-era-m,  /  had  been.  fu-era-mus,  loe  had  been. 

fu-era-s,  you  had  been.  fu-era-tis,  you  had  been. 

fu-era-t,  he  had  been.  fu-era-nt,  they  had  been. 


FUTURE    PERFECT. 


fu-er-6,  I  shall  have  been.  fu-eri-mus,  we  shall  have  been. 

fu-eri-s,  you  will  have  been.  fu-eri-tis,  you  will  have  been. 

fu-eri-t,  he  will  have  been.  fu-eri-nt,  they  will  have  been. 


IMPERATIVE  MOOD.      Prese7it  stem,  es-. 

PRESENT. 

es,  be  thou.  es-te,  be  ye. 

FUTURE. 

es-to,  thou  shalt  be.  es-tote,  ye  shall  be. 

es-to,  he  shall  be.  su-nto,  they  shall  be. 

a.  Notice  that  the  somewhat  irregular  personal  end- 
ings in  the  Perfect  are  added  directly  to  the  Perfect 
stem. 


VERB    SUM.  63 

b.  The  tense  sign  in  the  Pluperfect  is  -era-  =  had. 

c.  The  tense  sign  in  the  Future  Perfect  is  -eri-  =  shall 
or  will  have. 

Note.  — The  tense  signs  and  personal  endings  of  these  three 
tenses  are  the  same  in  all  Latin  verbs.  Master  them  and  their 
meanings  now,  and  they  will  present  no  further  difficulty. 

d.  Observe  that  -6  is  the  prevailing  vowel  in  the 
Future  Imperative. 

ATAIiANTA. 

204.  Atalanta  fuit  celerrima  mortalium.  Diii 
propter  oraculum  .cpniugium  vitabat.  ,^  Sclioeneus, 
virginis  pater,  pr'ocos  filiae  sTc  monebat :  "  ST  victor 
certamine  pedum  eris,  turn  filiam  meam  in  matri- 
monium  diices.  Sed  mors  esto  pretium  tarditatis." 
Nihilo  minus  Atalantae  multl  prod  fuerunt.  Nam 
fuit  pulcherrima  virgo.  Itaque  multi  ex  foedere 
poenam  pendebant.  Denique  Hippomenes  virginem 
in  matrimonium  petit.  Ante  certamen  autem  a 
Venere  auxilium  orat.  Inde  dea  iuveni  tria  aurea 
poma  dat. 

205.  1.  Notwithstanding,  the  maidens  had  many 
suitors.  2.  Had  you  been  a  victor  in  the  races? 
3.  Many  of  the  maidens  were  most  beautiful.  4. 
Hippomenes  will  be  the  victor  in  the  foot-race. 
5.  The  father  of  the  maidens, had  been  the  swiftest 
of  mortals.  6.  You  shall  pay  the  penalty  unless 
you  are  Qlt.  shall  have  bee^n)  tlie  victor. 


64  LATIN  READER. — LESSON  XXIL 


3i 


# 


Sight  Translation.     Atalanta.  —  Concluded. 

y  206.     Interea    undique    ad    certamen    conveniunt. 

Mt)x  tubae  signiim  dant.  Una  cursores  carcere 
emicant  et  clamoribiis  multitudinis  pariter  volant. 
Turn  Ilippomenes,  dum  meta  longe  abest,  unum  de 
tribus  pomis  mittit.  Virgo  cupidine  ami  declinat,  tol- 
litque  nitidum  pomum.  Interea  Hippomenes  primum 
locum  tenet.     Mox  tamen  Atalanta  moram  corrigit. 

o 

Inde  iuvenis  secundum  pomum  mittit,  sed  nequiquam. 
lam  ad  metam  appropinquabant.  "  Nunc  "  inquit 
Hippomenes  "ades,  o  dea."  Inde  tertium  pomum 
mittit.  Atalanta  dubitat,  declinat,  atque  Hippo- 
\menes  victor  emicat,  habetque  praemium. 

J*  207.  1.  Ciir  Atalanta  coniugium  vitabat?  2. 
Quo  modo  Sclioeneus  procos  filiae  monebat?  3. 
Num  multi  ^)oenam  pendebant?  4.  Quis  denique 
virginem  in  matrimonium  petit?  5.  Quid  Venus 
iuveni  dat?  6.  Dum  meta  longe  abest,  quid  facit 
Hippomenes?  7.  Num  virgo  cupidine  pomi  de- 
clinat? 8.  Corrigitne  moram?  9.  Quid  deinde 
facit  Hippomenes  ?  10.  Ubi  tertium  pomum  mittit  ? 
11.    Quis  fuit  victor? 

tuba,  trumpet.  absum,  he  distant.     (Absent.) 

signum,  signal.  cupido,  desire.     (Cupidity.) 

una,  together.     (Unit.)  aurum,  gold. 

cursor,  runner.     (Cursory.)  de-clino,  turn  aside.  (^Decline.) 

career,  starting  point.  tollo,  pick  up.      ^ 

emico,  dart  forth.      I  nitidus,  shining. 

pariter,  side  by  side.  (Parity.)  corrigo,  7nake  up.     (Correct.) 

meta,  ^oa^  dubito,    hesitate.     (Dubita- 

longe,  afar.  tive.) 


THIRD   DECLENSION  ADJECTIVES. 


65 


QUESTIONS. 

208.  What  time  does  the  Perfect  denote  ?  Distinguish  be- 
tween the  Imperfect  and  Perfect.  What  time  does  the  Pluper- 
fect denote  ?  The  Future  Perfect  ?  Of  what  does  the  Perfect  of 
sum  consist  ?  What  is  the  tense  sign  of  the  Pluperfect  ?  Of 
the  Future  Perfect  ?  What  are  the  EnglisU  equivalents  of  these 
tense  signs  ?  Conjugate  all  the  tenses  of  the  Indicative  and 
Imperative  of  sum,  Latin  and  English.  Translate  :  fueritis, 
fui,  fueramus,  fuere,  fuistis,  fuerint ;  we  have  been,  I  had  been, 
he  will  have  been,  they  had  been.  Give  an  example  of  the  Dative 
of  Possessor. 


LESSON    XXIII. 

Third    Declension    Adjectives  —  I     stems;     First 
Conjugation  —  Indicative  and  Imperative. 


209.    acer,  sharp.  Stem  acri- 


celer,  swift.     Stem  celeri- 


SINGULAR. 

MASC. 

FEM. 

NKUT.       MASC. 

FEM. 

NEUT. 

N. 
G. 

acer 

acris 
acris 

acre     celer 

celeris 
celeris 

celere 

D. 

acri 

celeri 

Ac 

Ab 

.   acrem 

acremi 
acri 

acre    celerem 

PLURAL. 

celerem 
celeri 

celere 

N. 

acres 

acres 

acria  celeres 

celeres 

celeria 

G.  acrium  celerium 

D.  acribus  celeribus 

Ac.  acris  (-es)  acris  (-es)  acria  celeris  (-es)  celeris  (-es)  celeria 

Ab.  acribus  celeribus 


66  LATIN   READER.  —  LESSON  XXIIL 

210.  fortis,  brave.     Stem  forti-. 


SINGULAR. 

PLUKAL. 

MASC.  and  fkm. 

NKUT. 

MASC.  and  fem. 

NEUT. 

N. 

fortis 

forte 

fortes 

fortia 

G. 

fortis 

fortium 

D. 

forti 

• 

fortibus 

Ac. 

fortem 

forte 

fortis  (-es)^ 

fortia 

Ab. 

forti 

fortibus 

211.  All  stems  in  -ri  are  declined  like  acer,  except 
celer,  which  keeps  -e  throughout. 

a.  Like  acer,  decline  equester,  equestrian,  andpedester, 
pedestrian.  Like  fortis,  decline  brevis,  short,  and  gravis, 
heavy.  Decline  together:  fortis  vir;  acris  pugna;  breve 
tempus. 

212.  FIRST     CONJUGATION INDICATIVE     MOOD. 

Perfect  stem,  amav-. 

PERFECT. 

orv.--,,  ?         {  I  loved.  '    _    .  ( we  loved. 

amav-i,        )  amuv-imus,     S         ,         ,       , 

(  I  have  loved.  {  we  have  loved. 

^-    ;„*.;    ( you  loved.  .     .  ^.  ( you  loved. 

amav-isti,  <  ^       ,         ,       ,  amuv-istis,      <  , 

I  you  nave  loved.  L  you  have  loved. 

...        j  he  loved.  amfiv-erunt,    r  they  loved. 

I  he  has  loved.  or  amfiv-ere,  \  they  have  loved. 

PLUPERFECT. 

amav-era-m,  7  had  loved.  amav-era-mus,  ive  had  loved. 

amiiv-era-s,  you  had  loved.  amav-era-tis,  you  had  loved. 

amilv-era-t,  he  had  loved.  amav-era-nt,  they  had  loved. 

FUTURE    PEKFECT. 

amav-er-o,  /  shall  have  loved.      amav-eri-mus,    we    shall    have 

loved. 
amav-eri-s,  you  will  have  loved,  amav-eri-tis,  you  will  have  loved. 
amav-eri-t^  he  will  have  loved.      amav-eri-nt,  they  will  have  loved. 


THIRD   DECLENSION  ADJECTIVES.  61 

IMPERATIVE  MOOD.  — Present  stem,  ama-. 

PRESENT. 

ama,  love  thou.  ama-te,  love  ye. 

FUTURE. 

ama-to,  tliou  shalt  love.  ama-tote,  ye  shall  love. 

ama-to,  he  shall  love.  ama-nto,  they  shall  love. 

a.  Observe  that,  in  the  First  Conjugation,  the  Perfect 
stem  is  formed  by  adding  -v  to  the  Present  stem,  thus : 
ama  +  v  =  amav-. 

Note.  —  The  student  should  hereafter  learn  the  Principal 
Parts  of  all  the  verbs  in  each  Lesson,  so  that  he  may  know  their 
different  stems.  ^ 

DEUCALION    ET    PYRRHA. 

213.  Omnibus  in  locis  terrae  olim  fuerunt  impie- 
tas  et  scelus.  Numquam  antehac  homines  tarn 
turpes  cmdelesque  fuerant.  Denioue  luppiter  terri- 
bilem  poenam  paravit.  Ex  omni  caelo  densos  nim-' 
bos  convocat  et  adsidiios  imbiis  demittit.  Neptiinus 
quoque  fratrem  iuvat.  Ubique  fliimina  agros  inun- 
dant.  lam  altum  mare  etiam  summos  montis  tegebat. 
Parnasus  solus  ex  undis  eminebat.  Hic  pius  Deuca- 
lion cum  coniuge  Pyrrha  parva  rate  adhaerebat. 
Nee  iam  Ira  deorum  manet. 

214.  1.  We  had  called  pious  men  together  from 
every  land.  2.  The  highest  mountains  alone  will 
project  from  the  deep  sea.  3.  The  gods  have  pre- 
pared cruel  punishments  for  base  men.  4.  The 
river  will  have  inundated  the  land  before  this.  5. 
Jupiter  and  Neptune  assisted  Deucalion  and  Pyrrha. 


68  LATIN  READER.  — LESSON  XXIIL 

Sight    Translation. 
Deucalion    et  Pyrrha.  —  Concluded. 

215.  Statim  Neptunus  nubis  fugavit  et  flumina 
mariaque  revocavit.  Sed  ex  omnibus  mortalibus 
modo  duo  supererant.  Maesti  Deucalion  et  Pyrrha 
in  templo  a  dea  auxilium  orabant.  Inde  Themis  sic 
responsum  dedit :  "  Velate  capita,  et  post  tergum 
ossa  magnae  parentis  iactate."  Diii  stupebant.  Deu- 
calion tandem  sic  dicit :  "  Terra  est  magna  parens 
omnium.  Forsitan  lapides  sunt  ossa  magnae  paren- 
tis.^^  Inde  ii  templo  discedunt,  capita  velant,  et  saxa 
post  tergum  mittunt.  Mox  respiciunt.  lam  saxa 
sunt  viri  et  feminae.  Sic  dei  terrae  homines  resti- 
tuerunt. 

216.  1.  Ciir  olim  luppiter  terribilem  poenam  ho- 
minibus  paravit?  2.  Quid  facit  luppiter?  3.  Quo 
modo  Neptiinus  lovem  iuvat?  4.  Qui  mons  solus 
ex  undis  eminebat?  5.  Qui  monti  adhaerebant? 
6.  Quid  postea  facit  Neptiinus  ?  7.  Quot  ex  omni- 
bus mortalibus  supererant?  8.  Quid  faciunt  Deu- 
calion et  Pyrrha?  9.  Quod  responsum  dedit  dea? 
10.  Quid  de  response  dicit  Deucalion?  11.  Quid 
faciunt  Deucalion  et  Pyrrha?       12.    Quid  evenit? 

re-voc6,  recall.     (Revoke.)  parens,  parent. 

modo,  onli/.  re-spicio,   look   back.      (Re- 
Themis,  Goddess  of  Justice.  spect.) 

re-sp6nsum,  response.  femina,  woman.     (Feminine.) 

vel5,  VEIL.  re-stitu6,  restore.    (Restitu- 
os,  bone.     (Ossi-fy.)  tion.) 


} 

THIRD  DECLENSION  ADJECTIVES.  69 

QUESTIONS. 

217.  What  is  the  difference  in  declension  between  acer  and 
celer  ?  Why  does  f ortis  have  but  two  endings  in  the  Nomina- 
tive ?  Conjugate  the  whole  of  the  Indicative  and  Imperative  of 
paro  and  do.  What  is  the  use  of  learning  the  Principal  Parts 
of  verbs  ? 


LESSON    XXIV. 

^   Third  Declension  Adjectives  —  Consonant  Stems ; 
r-i  Second  Conjugation  —  Indicative  and 

\  Imperative. 

218.    audax,  daring.  prudens,  prudent. 

Stem  audac-.  Stem  prudent-. 

SINGULAR. 
M.,  F.  N.  M.,  F.  N- 

N.  audax  prudens 

G.  audiicis  prudentis 

D.  audaci  prudenti 

Ac.  audacem  audax  prudentem  prudens 

Ab.  audaci  (-e)  prudenti  (-e) 

PLURAL. 

N.  audaces  audacia  prudentes  prudentia 

G.  audiicium  prudentium 

D.  audacibus  prudentibus 

Ac.  audacis  (-es)    audacia  priidentis  (-es)      prudentia 

Ab.  audacibus  prudentibus 

a.  Almost  all  adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension  with 
Consonant  stems  are  declined,  like  audax  and  prudens, 
with  the  case  endings  of  -i  stems.  Decline  atrox,  fierce, 
and  diligens,  diligent.  Decline  together :  ferox  aper ; 
ingens  templum  ;  vetus  Roma. 


70  LATIN  READER  —  LESSON  XXIV. 

219.     SECOND      CONJUGATION  — INDICATIVE       MOOD. 

Perfect  stem  monu-. 

PERFECT.  PLUPERFECT. 

I  warned  or  /  have  warned.  I  had  warned. 

monu-i  monu-imus  monu-era-m     monu-era-mus 

monu-isti  inonu-istis  inonu-era-s       monu-era-tis 

monu-it  monu-erunt  monu-era-t       monu-era-nt 


or  iiionu-ere 

FUTURE    PERFECT. 

/  shall  hare  warned. 


IMPERATIVE  MOOD. 

Present  stem  mone-. 


PRESENT. 

mone  mone-te 


monu-er-o       monu-eri-mus  future. 

monu-eri-s      monii-eri-tis  mone-to  mone-tote 

monu-eri-t      monu-eri-nt  mone-to  mone-nto 

a.  Most  verbs  of  the  Second  Conjugation  form  the 
Perfect  stem  by  changing  final  -e  of  the  Present  stem  to 
-u,  thus  mone-  becomes  monu- ;  but  there  are  many  ex- 
ceptions which  shouhl  be  carefully  studied.  Notice  the 
stems  of  sedeo  and  video  in  the  following  paragraph. 

C.    MUCIUS   SCAEVOLA. 

220.  Diu  Porsena  Roniam  obsederat.  Maxima 
inopia  cibT  in  iirbe  erat.  Denique  C.  Miicius,  adu- 
lescens  nobilis,  in  castra  hostium  penetravit.  Ibi 
prope  regium  tribiinal  ingentem  turbam  vidit.  Scrlba 
cum  rege  sedebat,  atque  stTpendium  militibus  dabat. 
Dili  Miicius  dubitabat ;  nam  figiirae  regis  inscius 
erat.  Denique  sciibam  pro  rege  obtruncat.  Satel- 
lites regis  audacem  iuvenem  comprehendunt  retra- 
huntque  ante  tribiinal.  liissis  regis,  iTgna  Miicio 
circumdant,  atque  ignis  parant. 


THIRD   DECLENSION  ADJECTIVES. 


71 


X 


221.  1.  Porsena's  soldiers  were  besieging  the  ene- 
my's camp.  2.  The  daring  youths  will  slay  the 
king's  attendants.  3.  The  soldiers  penetrated  the 
vast  crowd.  4.  The  enemies  of  Mucins  will  have 
besieged  the  cities.  5.  Is  not  the  crowd  of  daring 
soldiers  sitting  before  the  tribunal  ? 


Sight    Translation. 
C.    Mucius    ScAEVOLA.  —  Concluded. 

222.  Miicius  autem  interritus,  "  Romanus  civis  " 
inquit  "sum,  neque  mortem  timeo."  Inde  dextram 
in  ignem  imponit.  Porsena,  attonitus  miraculo,  tan- 
tam  virtiitem  laudat,  atque  Miicium  liberum  dimittit. 
Inde  Mucius  regem  sic  monuit :  "  Trecenti  Romani 
iuvenes,  magne  rex,  in  te  coniiiraverunt.  Mea  prima 
sors  fuit.  Ceteri  singuli  aderunt,  utcumque  occasio 
erit."  Rex,  de  sua  saliite  commotus,  copias  dediicit, 
et  agro  Romano  excedit.  Postea  Miicius,  a  clade 
dextrae,  cognomen  Scaevola  habuit. 

223.  1.  Ciir  olim  erat  maxima  inopia  cibi  in  urbe 
Roma?        2.     Quis    in    castra    hostium    penetravit? 


in-territus,  unterrified. 

timeo,  fear.     ( Timid. ) 

dextra,  right  hand.  (Dex- 
terous.) 

ivci-Tpono,  put  into  or  on.  j^ 
(Imposition.) 

at-tonitus,  astonished. 

miraculum,  startling  act. 

di-mitto,  DISMISS. 

tre-oenti,  three  hundred. 


con-iuro,  conspire.    (Conjure.) 

ut-oumque,  whenever. 

oc-casio,  opportunity,  occa- 
sion. 

com-motus,  alarmed.  (Com- 
motion.) 

ceteri,  the  others. 

singuli,  one  bij  one.  (Singular.) 

de-duco,  lead  away.  (Deduce.) 

cog-nomen,  surname. 


72  LATIN  EEADEli.—  LESSON  XXV. 

3.  Quid  prope  regium  tribunal  vtdit?  4.  Ciir  Mii- 
cius  scribam  pro  rege  obtruncavit  ?  5.  Quid  audaci 
iuveni  accidit?  6.  Noiine  Miicius  ignis  timuit? 
7.  Quid  facit  Miioius?  8.  Quid  facit  Porsena? 
9.  Quid  Mucius  regem  nionuit?  10.  Quid  facit 
rex  ?       11.    Quod  cognomen  postea  Miicius  liabuit  ? 

QUESTIONS. 

224,  Wliat  -i  stem  endings  are  found  in  the  declension  of 
most  Third  Declension  adjectives  with  consonant  stems  ?  Con- 
jugate the  whole  of  the  Indicative  and  Imperative  of  habeo  and 
sedeo.     What  is  the  Genitive  Singular  of  Mucius  ? 


LESSON    XXV. 

Fourth    Declension;    Third    Conjugation  —  Indica- 
tive and  Imperative. 

225.    exercitus,  ?».,  r/rm?/.     cornu,  n., //o?h.      domus,/., /<oitse. 
Stem    exercitu-  cornu-        domu- 

SINGULAK.  CASE   ENDINGS. 

N.  exercitus          cornu  domus  -us          -u 

G.  exercitus          cornus  domus  (domi)  -us 

D.  exercitui  (-u)  cornu  domui  (domo)  -ui(-u)-u 

Ac.  exercitum        cornu  domum  -um        -u 

Ab.  exercitu           cornu  domo  (domu)  -u 

PLURAL. 

N.  exercitus  cornua       domus  -us        -ua 

G.  exercituum  cornuum   domuum  (domorum)       -uum 

D.  exercitibus  cornibus  domibus  -ibus 

Ac.  exercitus  cornua       domos  (domus)  -us       -ua 

Ab.  exercitibus  cornibus  domibus  -ibus 


FOURTH  DECLENSION.  73 

a.  Notice  that  tir%-stem  ends  in  -u;  hence  this  is 
sometimes  called  the  -u  Declension. 

b.  Observe  that  domus  has  several  forms  of  the 
Second  Declension,  and  that  the  Second  Declension  form 
is  preferred  to  the  Fourth  in  the  Ablative  Singula^'  and 
in  the  Accusative  Plural. 

226.  Gender  Rule.  Most  nouns  of  the  Fourth  Declen- 
sion ending  in  -us  are  Masculine ;  those  ending  in  -u  are 
Neuter. 

Exc.    Manus  and  domus  are  feminine. 

227.  Like  exercitus  decline  magistratus,  m.,  magis- 
trate, and  manus,  /.,  hand,  band;  like  cornu  decline 
genu,  n.,  knee. 

228.  THIRD    CONJUGATION INDICATIVE    MOOD. 

Perfect  stem  rex- 


PERFECT. 

PLUPERFECT. 

I  ruled  or 

/  have  ruled. 

Ihad 

ruled. 

rex-i 

rex-imus 

rex-era-m 

rex-era-mus 

rex-isti 

rex-istis 

rex-era-s 

rex-era-tis 

rex-it 

rex-erunt 
or  rex-ere 

rex-era-t 

rex-era-nt 

IMPERATIVE    MOOD. 

Present  stem  rege-. 

FUTURE  PERFECT.  PRESENT. 

/  shall  have  ruled.  rege  regi-te 

rex-er-o  rex-eri-mus  future. 

rex-eri-s  rex-eri-tis  regi-to  regi-tote 

rex-eri-t  rex-eri-nt  regi-to  regu-nto 

a.  The  formation  of  the  Perfect  stem  in  the  Third 
Conjugation  is  very  irregular.  Notice  the  following 
ways  of  forming  the  Perfect  stem  : 


74  LATIN    READER. — LESSON    XXV. 

1.  Adding  s  to  the  root :  reg-  +  s  =  rex-,  due-  +  s  = 
dux-,  lud-  +  s  =  lus-. 

2.  Reduplication  (prefixing  the  first  two  letters  to 
the  root)  :    cu  +  curr-  =  cucurr-,  pe  -f  pell-  =  pepul-. 

3.  Lengthening  the  vowel  of  the  root :  em-,  em- ;  ag- 
eg- ;  vine-,  vie-. 

4.  Adding  -u  to  the  root :  al-  +  u  =  alu-,  eol-  +-u=  eolu-. 

5.  By  adding  -Iv  to  the  root :  pet-  +  iv  -  petiv-,  quaer- 
-f  IV  =  quaesiv-. 

6.  Retaining  the  root :   ru-,  ru- :    vert-,  vert-. 

DUO    EQUITES.  ^ 

229.  Postquam  Porsena  cum  suo  exercitu  finibus 
Romanis  excesserat,  Tarquinius  a1b  Octavio  Mamilio, 
rege  Latinoruui,  auxilium  petTvit.  Brevi  postea  Ro- 
mauT  et  Latin!  ad  lacum  Regillum  dimicaverunt. 
Grave  et  atrox  erat  proelium.  Denique  a-  sinistro 
cornii  RomanT  impetum  LatTuorum  non  sustinuerunt. 
lude  Aulus  Postumius  dictator,  "  Tem2:)lum  "  incla- 
mat  "  geminis  fratribus  voveo,  si  hodie  hostis  vTceri- 
mus."  Ecce  autem,  statim  duo  Tgnoti  iuvenes  in  albis 
equTs  clelectam  manum  dictatoris  in  hostis  ducebant. 

230.  1.  The  two  armies  have  withdrawn  from  the 
Latin  territory.  2.  Mamilius  had  led  the  cavalry 
against  the  left  wing.  3.  The  dictator,  with  a 
picked  band  of  young  men,  was  sustaining  the  ene- 
my's attacks.  4.  Postumius  will  lead  the  left  wing 
of  the  Roman  army.  5.  Will  not  tlie  king  have 
souQfht  aid  from  the   Latins? 


FOURTH  DECLENSION.  75 

Sight  Translation.     Duo  Equites.  - —  Concluded. 

231.  Omnibus  in  locTs  magna  caedes  erat.  lam 
Mamilius  atque  filius  TarquinT  occidunt.  Denique 
Latmi  terga  vertunt  et  fuga  saliitem  petunt.  In- 
terea  in  urbe  cTves  in  magno  metii  erant.  Subito, 
occasii  solis,  duo  equites  in  Foro  apparent.  Prope 
templum  Vestae  ex  equTs  descendunt.  Dum  hic 
fessTs  equis  aquam  dant,  civibus  vTctoriam  praecla- 
ram  niintiant.  Inde  ex  Foro  equitant,  neque  iterum 
Romanis  apparent.  Sed  Aulus  "  Duo  equites  "  in- 
quit  "gemini  fratres,  Castor  et  Polliix,  fuerunt." 
In  Foro  igitur  templum  magnificum  aedificavit  dica- 
vitque  geminls  dels. 

232.  1.  Num  Porsena  Romam  expiignavit?  2. 
A  quo  postea  Tarquinius  auxilium  petivit?  8. 
Ubi  duo  exercitiis  dimicaverunt  ?  4.  Nonne  Ro- 
man! impetum  Latinorum  sustinuerunt?  5.  Quid 
inclamavit  dictator?  6.  Quid  accidit?  7.  Qui 
denique  terga  verterunt?  8.  Qui  in  Foro,  occasii 
solis,  apparuerunt  ?  9.  Quid  prope  templum  Vestae 
fecerunt?       10.    Qui  erant  duo  equites  ? 

oc-cido, /a^/,  _pem^.  fessus,  tired. 

verto,  turn.     (Re-vert.)  victoria,  victory. 

metus,  anxiety.  prae-clarus,  .splendid.,  glorious. 

oc-casus,  setting.  iiuntio,  an-NOUNCE. 

sol,  sun.     (Solar.)  iterum,  again. 

Vesta,  Goddess  of  the  Hearth.     Castor,  Castor. 

de-scendo,     descend,  dis-    Pollux,  Pollux. 

mount.  magni-ficus,  magnificent. 


76 


LATIN  READER. 


LESSON  XX  VL 


QUESTIONS. 

233.  Why  is  the  Fourth  Declension  sometimes  called  the  -u 
Declension  ?  Decline  domus.  In  what  cases  of  domus  are  the 
Second  Declension  forms  preferred  to  the  Fourth  ?  State  the 
Gender  Rule.  What  nouns  in  -us  are  Feminine  ?  Conjugate 
the  whole  of  the  Indicative  and  Imperative  of  duco.  Give  a 
synopsis  in  the  Indicative  and  Imperative  of  do  and  sustineo. 
(A  synopsis  is  an  outline  of  a  verb,  giving  but  one  form  in  each 
tense,  as:  amat,  amabat,  amabit,  etc.) 


LESSON    XXVI. 

Fifth   Declension  ;    Fourth    Conjugation  —  Indica- 
tive and  Imperative  ;  Accusative  of  Time. 


234 

.    dies,  m. 

,  day. 

TBS,  J 

'.,  thing. 

stem 

die- 

re- 

CASE 

ENDINGS. 

SING. 

PLUR. 

SING. 

PLUR. 

SING. 

PLUR. 

N. 

dies 

dies 

res 

res 

-es 

-es 

G. 

diei 

dierum 

-  rei 

rerum 

-ei 

-erum 

D. 

diei 

diebus 

-  rei 

rebus 

-ei 

-ebus 

Ac. 

diem 

dies 

rem 

res 

-em 

-is 

Ab. 

die 

diebus 

re 

rebus 

-e 

-ebus 

a.  The  stem  ends  in  -e. 

b.  Only  dies  and  res  have  all  the  cases  in  the  Plural. 
Most  nouns  of  this  declension  are  declined  in  the  Sin- 
gular only,  but  a  few  have  also  the  Nominative  and 
Accusative  Plural. 

c.  Contrary  to  the  rule,  in  the  Genitive  and  Dative 
Singular  the  vowel  -e  is  long  before  -i,  except  in  res,  spgs, 
and  fides.     See  §  8,  b. 


FIFTH  DECLENSION.  11 

235.  Gender  Rule.  Nouns  of  the  Fifth  Declension 
are  Femininej  except  dies,  which  is  usually  Masculine  in 
the  Singular,  and  always  in  the  Plural. 

236.  FOURTH    CONJUGATION INDICATIVE    MOOD. 

Perfect  stem  audiv-. 


PERFECT. 

PLUPERFECT. 

I  heard  or 

■  I  have  heard. 

/  had  heard. 

audiv-i 

audiv-imus 

audiv-era-m       audlv-era-mus 

audiv-isti 

audiv-istis 

audiv-era-s        audlv-era-tis 

audiv-it 

audiv-erunt 
or  audiv-ere 

audiv-era-t         audlv-era-nt 

IMPERATIVE    MOOD. 

Present  stem  audi-. 

FUTURE 

PERFECT. 

PRESENT. 

I  shall  have  heard. 

audi                    audi-te 

audIv-er-6 

audiv-eri-mus 

FUTURE. 

audiv-eri-s 

audiv-eri-tis 

audi-to                audi-tote 

audiv-eri-t 

audlv-eri-nt 

audi-to                audiu-nto 

a.  The  Perfect  stem  in  the  Fourth  Conjugation  is 
regularly  formed  by  adding  -v  to  the  Present  stem  as, 
audi-  +  V  =  audiv-. 

237.  ACCUSATIVE    OF    TIME    HOW    LONG. 

Multos  annos  caecus  fuit.     He  was  blind  many  years. 

Observe  that  annos  is  in  the  Accusative,  and  that  it 
answers  the  question,  IIoiv  long?  It  is  therefore  called 
the  Accusative  of  time  liow  long. 

238.  Rule  XVI.  The  Accusative  is  used  to  denote 
time  how  long. 


78  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  XX VL 

PROSERPLNA. 

239.  In  Sicilia  quondam  Proserpina,  filia  Cereris, 
in  liico  flores  carpebat.  Subito  Pliiionis  currus  ad 
lucum  celeriter  appropinquat.  Deus  pulchram  deam 
videt  atque  statim  diligit.  Nee  iilla  mora  est.  lam 
Proserpina  captiva  in  currii  terribilis  del  per  agros 
laciisque  volat.  NequTquam  dea  territa  matrem  et 
comites  clamat.  Mox  Pliiton  sceptrum  in  altum 
fontem  condit  et  viam  in  Tartara  aperit. 

Interea  Ceres  flliam  dies  noctisque  quaesiverat 
sed  non  reppererat.  Denique  fessa  dea  omnem  spem 
deposuit.  Valde  Trata  friiges  terris  negabat.  Ubique 
dira  inopia  erat. 

240.  1.  At  length  the  mother  and  companions  of 
Proserpina  gave  up  all  their  hopes.  2.  Have  you 
searched  for  the  maiden  during  the  night?  3.  He 
had  opened  a  way  through  the  earth  with  Pluto's 
sceptre.  4.  Did  not  the  maidens  pluck  flowers  in 
the  fields  during  the  day?  5.  You  will  not  find 
the  god's  chariot  in  the  grove. 

Sight  Translation.     Proserpina.  —  Concluded. 

241.  Sed  fliimen  Alpheus,  dum  subter  Sicilian! 
fluit,  Proserpinam  viderat,  et  nunc  tandem  Cereri 
totam  rem  narravit.  Inde  dea  ad  lovem  venit,  et 
auxilium  oravit.  Pater  hominum  atque  deorum 
preces  Cereris  benlgne  audivit.  Tum  sTc  respondit: 
"  Proserpina  repetet  terram,  sed  certa  lege,  sT  nullum 
cibum   contigit."     At   infelix    Proserpina,  dum   per 


FIFTH  DECLENSION.  79 

hortum  errat,  Puniceuin  pomum  gustaverat.  Iteruin 
Ceres  omiiem  spem  deposuit.  Turn  luppiter,  plenus 
misericordiae  annum  inter  Plutonem  et  Cererem 
dividit.  Qua  re  postea  Proserpina  cum  matre  sex 
mensis,  cum  coniuge  totidem  mensis  semper  manebat. 

242.  1.  Ubi  quondam  Proserpina  flores  carpebat? 
2.  Quis  ad  lucum  celeriter  appropTnquat?  3.  Vi- 
detne  Pluton  Proserpinam  ?  4.  Quid  statim  accidit  ? 
5.  Quo  modo  Pluton  viam  in  Tartara  aperuit?  6. 
Quid  interea  Ceres  fecerat?  7.  Quo  modo  Ceres 
terras  piinivit?  8.  Quis  tandem  Cereri  totam  rem 
'narravit?       9.    A   quo  Ceres  auxilium  oravit?       10. 

Quid  respondit  luppiter?  11.  Contigeratne  Pro- 
serpina ullum  cibum?  12.  Quid  tandem  fecit 
luppiter  ? 

QUESTIONS. 

243.  Decline  together  festus  dies ;  res  publica ;  inanis 
currus.  State  the  Gender  Rule  for  the  Fifth  Declension.  Inflect 
the  Indicative  and  Imperative  of  repeiio.  (xive  a  synopsis  of 
divido  and  maneo. 

Alpheus,  a  river  in  Greece.  in-ieli:^,  unfortunate.  (Infelici- 
subter,  underneath.  tous.) 

fluo,  FLOW.  Puniceus,  funic,  reddish  ;  with 
totns,  whole.     (Total.)  ■pomwcQ.  =  jpomegranate. 

prex,  prayer.,  entreaty.  gusto,  taste.      (Dis-gust. ) 

benigue,  in  a  kindly  manner,  miseri-cordia,  pity. 

BENIGNLY.  dlvido,  DIVIDE. 

lex,  law.     (Legal.)  sex,  six. 

cextvLS,  fixed,  certain.  mensis,  mon^^. 

nullus,  no.     (Null.)  con-iunx,     husband.      (Conju- 

con-tingo,  touch.    (Contact.)  gal.) 


80  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  XXVIL 


LESSON    XXVIL 

Personal    and  Reflexive    Pronouns ;    Double 
Accusative. 

244.  "     FIIiST    PEKSON. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

N.     ego,  I.  nos,  we. 

G.     mei,  of  me.  nostrum  or  nostri,  of  us. 

D.    mihi  (mi),  to  or  for  me.  nbhia,  to  or  for  us. 

Ac.  me,  me.  nos,  us. 

Ab.  me,/ro>/i,  with,  or  by  me.  nobis, /rom,  with,  or  by  us. 

SECOND   PERSON. 

N.     til,  you.  vos,  you. 

G.    tui,  of  you.  vestrum  or  vestri,  of  you. 

D.     tibi,  to  or  for  you.  vobis,  to  or  for  you. 

Ac.  te,  you.  vos,  you. 

Ab.  te,from,  with,  or  by  you.  vobis, yVom,  with,  or  by  you. 

REFLEXIVE    PRONOUN. 

N.    

G.    Bui,  of  himself  ,  herself  ,  itself  .  sui,  of  themselves. 
D.     sibi,  to  or  for  himself,  etc.     sibi,  to  or  for  themselves. 
Ac.  se  or  sese,  himself,  etc.  se  or  sese,  themselves. 

Ah.  Be  or  sese,  from,  ivith,  or     se  or   sese,  /row,  with,   or   by 
by  himself,  etc.  themselves. 

a.  The  Reflexive  pronoun  refers  to  the  subject  of  the 
sentence,  as  :  Imperator  se  culpat,  The  geMeral  hlmnes 
himself.  The  pronouns  of  the  first  and  second  person 
may  also  be  used  refiexively,  asj  Ego  me  culpo,  I  blame 
myself ;  vos  vos  oulpatis,  You  hlame  yourselves. 

b.  The  preposition  cum  becomes  an  enclitic  when 
used  with  the  Personal  and  Reflexive  pronouns,  as : 
tecum,  nobiscum. 


PERSONAL  AND  REFLEXIVE  PRONOUNS.      81 

245.  DOUBLE    ACCUSATIVE. 

Romulus  urbem  Rdmam  vocavit,  Romulus  called  the 
city  Rome. 

246.  Rule  XVII.  Verbs  of  naming,  making,  choosing, 
sJioiaing,  and  the  like,  may  have  two  Accusatives  of  the 
same  person  or  thing. 

PERSEUS    ET    MEDUSA. 

247.  Polydectes,  rex  Seriphi,  Danaen,  matrem 
Persei,  in  matrimonium  sibi  petebat.  At  Perseus 
obstabat.  Rex  tandem  iuvenem  ad  se  vocavit. 
"  Quot  annos"  inquit  "hic  ignavus  manebis?  Tii  es 
non  iam  infans.  A  latere  matris  discede,  et  apud 
externas  gentis  gloriam  pete.  Ubi  Gorgonis  Medii- 
sae  caput  abscTderis,  turn  fortem  virum  te  praebebis." 
Sine  mora  Perseus  ad  iter  paravit.  Mediisa  autem 
cum  duabus  sororibus  in  Libya  habitabat.  Dira  mon- 
stra  erant  Gorgones ;  nam  aureas  alas  et  aeneos  un- 
guis habebant.  Mediisa  olim  pulcherrima  virgo 
fuerat.  Sed  Minervam  laeserat.  Qua  re  Trata,  dea 
crinis  Mediisae  in  turpTs  serpentis  mutaverat. 

248.  1.  Show  yourselves  brave  heroes,  young  men. 
2.  The  maiden  will  remain  abroad  two  years.  3. 
I  had  sought  glory  for  myself  in  Africa.  4.  We 
called  the  young  men  to  us.  5.  The  monster  has 
brazen  claws  (^use  the  Dative  of  Possessor^. 

Sight    Translation. 
Perseus    et    Medusa.  —  Cojitinued. 

249.  Exinde,  sT  quis  ora  Mediisae  aspexit,  proti- 
nus  in  saxum  se  vertit.     Perseus   autem   Gorgones 


82  LATIN  HEADER.— LESSON  XXVIl. 

non  temere  petivit,  sed  pnmum  ab  immortalibus  dels 
auxilium  oravit.  Inde  Minerva  iuveni  nitidum  cli- 
peuni  dedit.  Harpen,  teluni  curvo  hamo,  atque  talaria 
ab  Mercurio  Perseus  accepit.  Sic  arniatus  ad  oras 
Libycas  tendit.  Mox  ad  locum  venit,  ubi  Graeae 
sedebant.  Tribus  soioribus  erant  omnino  unus  ocu- 
lus  unusque  dens.  Ab  GraeTs  viam  ad  Hesperidas 
quaesivit  Perseus,  sed  asperum  responsum  recepit. 
Dum  auteui  unum  oculum  inter  se  tradunt,  Perseus 
suam  manum  supposuit  et  oculum  subripuit.  Tum 
denique  necessitate,  sorores  iuveni  viam  monstrave- 
runt. 

250.  1.  Quis  matrem  Persei  in  matrimonium  sibi 
frustra  petebat  ?  2.  Quid  tandem  fecit  rex  ?  3. 
Quid  Perseo  dixit?  4.  Qualia  monstra  erant  Gor- 
gones?  5.  Quo  modo  olim  Minerva  Medusam 
piiniverat  ?  6.  Quid  accidit,  si  quis  ora  Medusae 
aspexit?  7.  Quid  Perseus  ab  Minerva  accepit? 
8.  Quid  ab  Mercurio?  9.  Quae  erant  Graeae? 
10.    Quo  modo  Perseus  Graearum  oculum  cepit? 

ex-inde,  thereafter.  ac-cipio,  receive.     (Accept.) 

OS,  face.,  feature.     (Oral.)  ora,  .s7<ore. 

a-spicio,  look  at.     (Aspect.)  Libycus,  Libyan^  African. 

prb-tinvLS,  forthwith.  tendo,  hold  one's  course,  tend. 

temeie,  rashly.     (Temerity.)  Graeae,  the  gkaeae.    (SeeYo- 
immortalis,  immortal.  cab.) 

clipeus,  (a  round)  shield.  dens,  tooth.     (Dentist.) 

Harpe,  a  sickle-shaped  sword.  Hesperides,  guardians  of  the 
hamus,  hook.  golden  apples. 

curvus,  CURVED,  bent.  sup-pono,  place  under. 

talaria,  winged  sandals.  sub-ripio,  steal  away.  (Sur-  ■ 
Mercurius,   Mercury,   mes-  reptitious.) 

senger  of  the  gods.  necessitas,  necessity. 


PASSIVE  OF  FIBST   CONJUGATION.  83 

QUESTIONS. 

251.  Decline  the  Personal  Pronouns.  Decline  the  Reflexive. 
Translate:  We  blame  ourselves ;  they  blame  tJiemselves ;  will  not 
your  mother  come  with  you  f 


LESSON    XXVIII. 

Voice ;  Passive  of  First  Conjugation ;  Ablative  of 
Agent. 

252.  There  are  two  voices  : 

a.  The  Active  voice  represents  the  subject  as  acting, 
as  :  The  dog  hit  the  hoy. 

h.  The  Passive  voice  represents  the  subject  as  acted 
upon,  as  :  The  boy  u'cis  hitten  hy  the  dog. 

Heretofore,  verbs  have  been  given  in  the  Active  voice 
only. 

253.  The  Personal  endings  in  the  Passive  voice  are 
as  follows  :  — 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

-r  =  I.  -mur  =  we. 

-ris  or  -re  =  you.  -mini  =  you. 

-tur  =  /je,  she^  it.  -ntur  =  they. 

254.       FIRST   CONJUGATION PASSIVE    VOICE. 

INDICATIVE    MOOD  —  PRESENT    TENSE. 

amo-r,  I  am  loved.  ama-mur,  we  are  loved. 

ama-ris  or  -re,  you  are  loved.  ama-mini,  you  are  loved. 

ama-tur,  he  is  loved.  ama-ntur,  they  are  loved. 

IMPERFECT   TENSE. 

ama-ba-r,  I  was  loved.  ama-ba-mur,  we  were  loved. 

ama-ba-ris  or  -re,  you  icere  loved,  amfi-ba-mini,  you  were  loved. 
ama-ba-tur,  he  was  loved.  ama-ba-ntur,  they  were  loved. 


amatus 


84  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  XXV IIL 

FUTURE   TENSE. 

ama-bo-r,  /  shall  he  loved. 
ama-be-ris  or  -re,  you  will  he  loved. 
ama-bi-tur,  lie  will  he  loved. 
amfi-bi-niur,  we  shall  he  loved. 
ama-bi-mini,  you  will  he  loved. 
ama-bu-ntur,  they  will  be  loved. 

PERFECT   TENSE. 

„ f  /  ivas  loved. 

sum,       < 

(.  I  have  heen  loved. 

J  r  you  were  loved. 

(-a, -um)   j  '           \  you  have  been  loved. 

I  ^         j  he  was  loved. 

I  '         ^  he  has  been  loved. 

o,.».»o  i  w)e  were  loved. 
sumus,  < 

(  we  have  been  loved. 

amati  '       . .  j  you  were  loved. 

(-ae,  -a)     I  '  }  you  have  heen  loved. 

I  _„„4.  j  they  were  loved. 

I  '  I  they  have  been  loved. 

PLUPERFECT    TENSE. 

Teram,  I  had  heen  loved. 
d  us     ^  eras,  ijou  had  heen  loved. 
{-  ,  -um;   j^gj-at,  he  had  been  loved. 

f  eramus,  we  had  been  loved. 
J  eratis,  t/ou  had  been  loved. 
^'     '  '  ^     [erant,  they  had  heen  loved. 

FUTURE    PERFECT   TENSE. 

C  ero,  I  shall  have  been  loved. 
.    "^    ^      -{  eris,  you  will  have  been  loved. 
^~  '  ""™^    [erit,  he  will  have  been  loved. 

ferimus,  we  shall  have  been  loved. 
■^  eritis,  you  will  have  been  loved. 
^'     '  '^^     [erunt,  they  will  have  been  loved. 


ABLATIVE  OF  AGENT.  85 

IMPERATIVE   MOOD  —  PRESENT   TENSE. 

amu-re,  be  thou  loved.  ama-mim,  be  ye  loved. 


FUTURE   TENSE. 


ama-tor,  thou  shalt  be  loved.  

ama-tor,  he  shall  be  loved.  ama-ntor,  they  shall  be  loved. 

a.  Observe  that  the  te7ise  signs  in  the  Present,  Imper- 
fect, and  Future  are  the  same  as  in  the  Active  voice. 

h.  In  the  Perfect,  Phiperfect,  and  Future  Perfect 
tenses,  the  participle  amatus  must  agree  with  the  sub- 
ject of  the  verb  in  gender,  number,  and  case,  as :  pater 
amatus  est,  mater  amata  est,  etc. 

c.  Notice -that  the  Present  Imperative  Passive  is  the 
same  as  the  Present  Infinitive  Active. 

d.  Notice  the  irregularities  in  the  First  Singular  of 
the  Present  Indicative,  and  in  the  First  and  Second 
Singular  of  the  Future  Indicative. 

255.  ABLATIVE    OF    AGENT. 

Oppidum  a  Caesare  expugnatum  est.  The  town  was 
taken  by  Caesar. 

Observe  that  Caesare  is  in  the  Ablative  with  the 
preposition  a,  and  that  it  denotes  the  agent  or  j^ei^son  by 
whom  the  action  was  done.  Hence  it  is  called  the 
Ablative  of  Agent. 

256.  Rule  XVIII.  The  Ablative  with  the  preposition 
a  or  ab  is  used  to  denote  the  Agent  after  Passive  verbs. 

Note.  —  a  may  be  used  on??/before  words  beginning  with  a  con- 
sonant; ab  before  words  beginning  with  a  vowel  or  a  consonant. 
(Compare  the  use  of  a  and  an  in  English.) 


86  LATIN  BEADEE.  —  LESSON   XXVIIL 

^^^  ^^SEUS  ET^EDUSA.  —  Continued. 

257.  Haucl  ita  multo  post  Perseus  ad  pomaria 
Hesperidum  perveiiit.  Pulclirae  virgines  cum  iii- 
somni  dracone  arborem  auieis  pomis  custodiebant. 
IIic  quoque  Perseus  felTx  fuit.  Nam  nh  virginibus 
mira  galea,  ddiialus  est.  QuTcumque  galeam  induit, 
statim  ex  oculis  evaiiuit.  Nunc  dcnicpie  Perseus  ad 
certameu  cum  Gorgonibus  paratus  est.  Mox  ad 
domos  Gorgoiium  appropiiiqual)at.  Passim  per 
agros  et  per  vias  saxea  simulacra  hominum  fera- 
rumque  videbat.  Nam  omnes  res  a  jNIedusa  in  saxa 
miitatae  erant.  Perseus  autem  in  nitidum  clipeum 
inspiciebat.    Subito  horribilem  formam  monstri  cernit. 

258.  1.  Be  thou  changed,  friglitful  monster,  into 
a  stone.  2.  The  maiden  is  presented  by  Perseus 
with  a  golden  apple.  3.  Will  the  men  have  been 
prepared  for  tlie  contests  with  Avild  beasts?  4. 
The  sleepless  dragon  will  Avatch  the  golden  apples 
in  the  gardens.  5.  Men  and  beasts  were  every- 
where being  changed  into  stones. 

Siffht   Translatio7i. 
Pekseus  et  Medusa. —  Concluded. 

259.  Dum  gravis  somnus  tris  sorores  tenet,  Perseus 
Medusae  caput  fido  telo  abscidit.  Inde  celeribus 
talaribus  avolat.  Interea  duae  reliquae  Gorgones 
e  sonino  excitantur,  atque  caedem  suae  sororis  senti- 
unt.  Omnis  in  partis  circumspectant  et  mox  hostem 
cernunt.  Sine  mora  instant.  At  Perseus  miram 
galeam    induit,    atque    ita   magno    periculo    statim 


ABLATIVE  OF  AGENT.  87 

liberatur.  Denique  cum  capite  Gorgonis  ad  insulam 
Seriphon  pervenit.  Hic  matrem  in  templo  invenit, 
quo  indignitatibus  Polydectae  fugerat.  Inde  ad  re- 
giam  Perseus  pergit,  atque  sine  mora  malum  regem 
in  saxum  miitat.  Brevi  postea  Harpen  et  talaria 
Mercurio,  galeam  Hesperidibus  reddidit.  Mediisae 
caput  Minervae  dedit.  Semper  postea  dea  Gorgonis 
caput  in  medio  clipeo  gerebat. 

260.  1.  Quid  insonmis  draco  in  pomariis  Hesperi- 
dum  custodiebat?  2.  Quid  Hesperides  Perseo 
dederunt?  3.  Quam  ob  rem  mira  fuit  galea?  4. 
Quid  videbat  Perseus,  ubi  ad  domos  Gorgonum  appro- 
pTnquabat?  5.  Ciir  Perseus  in  saxum  non  mutatus 
est?  6.  Quo  modo  Perseus  Mediisam  caedit?  7. 
Quid  faciunt  duae  reliquae  Gorgones  ?  8.  Quo 
modo  Perseus  periculo  liberatur?  9.  Ubi  matrem 
invenit?  10.  Quo  modo  malum  regem  piinivit  ? 
11.  Quibus  Perseus  arma  dedit?  12.  Ubi  semper 
postea  erat  caput  Gorgonis  ? 

QUESTIONS. 

261.  Distinguish  between  the  Active  and  Passive  voice. 
What  are  the  Personal  endings  in  the  Passive  ?  What  stems  are 
used  in  the  Passive  ?  Give  an  example  of  your  own  of  the  Abla- 
tive of  Agent.     How  does  it  differ  from  the  Ablative  of  Means  ? 

somnus,  sleep.    (In-somnia.)  insula,  island.     (Insular.) 

fidus,  trusty.     (Fidelity.)  quo,  whither. 

B.-vo\b,fiy  away.  in-dignitas,  indignity. 

ex-cito,  awake.     (Excite.)  fugio./ee.     (Fugitive.) 

sentio,  perceive.     (Sense.)  pergo,  proceecZ. 

circum-specto,  iooA:  arowncZ.  medius,  muW^e  o/.  (Medium.) 
insto,  pursue.     (Instant.) 


88  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  XXIX. 

Inflect  paro  in  all  tenses  of  the  Indicative  and  Imperative  Pas- 
sive. Translate:  mutaberis,  mutantor,  mutatus  eram,  miita- 
mini,  mutata  est,  mutabaris,  mutati  erimus;  you  (plural) 
had  been  changed,  lam  changed,  itwill  have  been  changed,  we  were 
being  changed,  you  (singular)  will  be  changed,  be  ye  changed. 


LESSON    XXIX. 

Demonstrative  Pronouns,  Hic,  Ille,  and  Iste ;    Pas- 
sive of  the  Second  Conjugation. 

262.  The  Demonstrative  pronouns  are  used  to  point 
out  or  emphasize  an  object.  They  are  hIc;  iste,  ille,  is, 
idem,  and  ipse.  They  may  be  used  alone  as  pronouns ; 
or,  like  adjectives,  they  may  agree  with  their  nouns  in 
gender,  number,  and  case. 


2 

63.        hie,  this. 

ille,  that. 

SINGULAR. 

N. 

hic 

haec 

hoc 

ille 

ilia 

illud 

G. 

huius 

illius 

D. 

huic 

illi 

Ac. 

hunc 

hanc 

hoc 

ilium 

illam 

illud 

Ab. 

hoc 

hac 

hoc 

illo 

ilia 

illo 

PLURAL. 

N.  . 

hi 

hae 

haec 

illi 

illae 

ilia 

G. 

horum 

harum 

horum 

illorum 

illarum 

illorum 

D. 

his 

illis 

Ac. 

Ab. 

hos 

has 
his 

haec 

illos 

illas 
illis 

ilia 

Note. — iste,  ista,  istud  is  declined  like  ille,  ilia,  illud. 

a.    hIc,  this  (iiear  me),  is  called  the  Demonstrative  of 


the  First  person,  as  :   hic  liber,  this  book. 


DEMONSTRATIVE  PRONOUNS.  89 

b.  iste,  that  (of  yours),  is  called  the  Demonstrative  of 
the  Second  person,  as  :  iste  liber,  that  book  of  yours.  It 
often  implies  contempt. 

c.  ille,  that  (jjonder,  near  him),  is  called  the  Demon- 
strative of  the  Third  person,  as :  ille  liber,  that  book 
yonder. 

d.  AVhen  hie  and  ille  are  contrasted,  ille  usually  de- 
notes the  former,  and  hic  the  latter. 

264.  SECOXD    CONJUGATION  PASSIVE    VOICE. 

INDICATIVE    MOOD. 
PRESENT.  IMPERFECT. 

I  am  warned.  I  was  warned. 

moneo-r  mone-mur  mone-ba-r  mone-ba-mur 

mone-ris  or  -re    mone-mini  mone-ba-ris  or  -re  mone-ba-niini 

mone-tur  mone-ntur  moiie-ba-tur  mone-ba-ntur 

FUTURE. 

I  shall  be  warned. 
mone-bo-r  mone-bi-mur 

mone-be-ris  or  -re     mone-bi-niini 
mone-bi-tur  mone-bu-ntur 

PERFECT. 

I  was  warned  or  I  have  been  warned. 

(  sum  (  sumus 

monitus        )^         moniti        )  ^^^^^ 

(-a,-um)    1^^^  (-^6'-^)  (sunt 

PLUPERFECT. 

I  had  been  warned. 

'  eramus 


(  eram  ( 

\  eras  "^^"^^^       \  .....= 

(-a'-^°^)(erat  ^^^' -^)  (  erant 


monitus         ,       -  ^^^..^..^         , 

eras  ~(  eratis 


90  LATIN   READER.  —  LESSON  XXIX. 

FUTURE    PERFECT. 

I  shall  have  been  warned. 


inonitus 
(-a,  -um 

f  ero 

}  eris 

)|erit 

moniti 

(-ae,  -a) 

erimus 

eritis 

erunt 

IMPERATIVE    MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

.^;^; 

F 

mone-tor 

UTURE. 

mone-re            ...^.^.. 

LUUllC-JLlXiilX 

raone-tor 

mone-ntor 

ARION    ET    DELPHINUS. 

265.  Clarissimi  vates  anliquitatis  fuerunt  Orpheus 
et  A  lion.  Ex  his,  ille  Thracius,  hic  Lesbius  fuit. 
De  Aiione  haeo  res  adliuc  memoria  teiietur:  Apud 
Periandrum,  regem  Coriuthi,  ArTon  multos  annos 
habitabat.  Aliquaiido  in  Siciliam  transmisit.  Ubique 
reges  prlncipesque  dulcedine  carminum  Arionis  de- 
lectabantur.  Denique  multis  pretiosls  donis  onustus 
navem  conscendit,  et  Graeciam  repetebat.  Nautae 
aiitem  avari  erant,  atque  Arioni  mortem  struebant. 
Vates  illorum  mala  consilia  sentit  et  misericordiam 
implorat  sed  frustra.  Denique  extremam  veniam 
orat  atque  impetrat.  Protinus  splendidam  vestem 
induit,  et  lyram  sumit. 

266.  1.  These  things  will  be  remembered  by  the 
wicked  princes  many  years.  2.  The  avaricious 
king  will  have  been  delighted  with  that  costly  gift 
(of  yours).  3.  I  will  embark  immediately  and 
return  to  Sicily.  4.  The  former  implored  pity  in 
vain,  the  latter  obtained  his  request.  5.  Are  the 
songs  of  Arion  still  remembered  in  Greece? 


DEMONSTRATIVE  PBONOUNS. 


91 


tV 


Sight  Translation.    Arion  et  Delphinus.  —  Concluded. 

267.  Inde  Aiion  in  puppi  navis  lyra  canit.  Totum 
mare  cantu  vatis  sonat.  Mox  multi  delphiiii  circum 
navem  congregantur.  Protinus  Arlon  ornatus  in 
medias  undas  desilit.  Turn  unus  ex  delphinis  Aiioni 
curvum  tergum  supponit  atque  novum  onus  vehit. 
Vates  autem  incolumis  in  illius  tergo  sedet,  tenetque 
lyram,  et  cantii  undas  mulcet.  Sic  magna  cum  cele- 
ritate  delphinus  Aiionem  ad  Taenarum  vehit.  Inde 
Arion  ad  Periandrum  contendit  et  omnis  res  narravit. 
Brevi  postea  mail  nautae  ad  urbem  Corinthum  perve- 
nerunt.  Sine  mora  ad  regem  vocati  sunt.  Primum 
de  Arione  mendacia  dixerunt.  Sed  ubi  rex  vatem 
advocavit  perturbati  sunt,  atque  mox  poenam  iiistam 
solverunt. 


268.  1.  Qui  fuerunt  clarissimT  vates  antiquitatis  ? 
2.  Ubi  habitabat  Arion?  3.  A  quibus  multa  dona 
aliquando  accepit?  4.  Qui  Arioni  mortem  strue- 
bant?       5.    Quid     fecit     vates?        6.    Qui     circum 


puppis,  stern. 
cano,  play. 

cantus,  singing.      (Chant.) 
sono,  re-souND. 
circum,  around. 
con-grego,  assemble.      (Con- 
gregation. ) 
ornatus,   ad-ORNED,  dressed. 
novus,  strange.,  new. 
veho,  carry.     (Vehicle.) 
in-columis,  safe,  unharmed. 
mulceo,  soothe. 


Taenarus,  a  promontory  of 
Greece. 

con-tendo,  hasten.  (Con- 
tend.) 

mendacium,  falsehood,  lie. 
(Mendacity.) 

ad-voco,  call  to.  (Advo- 
cate.) 

per-turbo,  confuse.  (Per- 
turbation. ) 

iustus,  JUST,  deserved. 

solvo,  pay.     (Solve.) 


92 


LATIN  HEADER. 


LESSON  XXX. 


navem  congregaiitur  ?  7.  Quo  modo  unus  ex  del- 
phinis  Aiioiii  auxilium  dedit?  8.  Quo  delphinus 
vatem  vehit  ?  9.  Ad  quern  Aiion  contendit  ?  10. 
legem  vocati  sunt,  quid  de  Arione 
Quid    accidit     ubi    Arionem    vide- 


ad 
11, 


Ubi   nautae 

dixerunt? 

runt? 

QUESTIONS. 

269.  In  what  two  ways  may  Demonstrative  pronouns  be 
used?  Decline  together:  hie  vir;  haec  res;  hoc  donum;  ille 
rex;  ista  civitas;  illud  mare.  Distinguish  between  hie,  ille, 
and  iste.  Inllect  doee5  in  all  tenses  of  the  Indicative  and  Im- 
perative Passive.  Translate :  doetae  eritis.  doeeor,  doeebitur, 
doeti  erant,  doeemini,  doeebamur,  doeere,  doetus  es  ;  we 
are  taught,  they  shall  he  taught,  you  (singular)  had  been  taught, 
I  was  being  taught,  she  has  been  taught. 


i  LESSON     XXX. 

'  Demonstrative     Pronouns  —  Is,    Idem    and   Ipse 
Passive  of  the  Third  Conjugation. 


270. 

SINGULAR. 

X.    is  ea 

G.  eius 

D.  ei 

Ac.  eum  earn 

Ab.  eo  ea 


id 


id 
eo 


is,  this,  that. 

e^(ii) 
eorum 


PLURAL. 

eae 
earum 

eis  (iis) 
eas 
eis  (iis) 


ea 
eorum 


eaedem       eadem 


idem,  the  same. 
N.    idem       eadem    idem     eidem 

(iidem) 
G.  eiusdem  eorundem  earundem  eorundem 

D.  eidem  eisdem  (iisdem) 

Ac.  eundemeaudemidem     eosdem      easdem      eadem 
Ab.  eodem    eadem    eodem  eisdem  (iisdem) 


DEMONSTRATIVE  PRONOUNS.  93 

>  ipse,  self. 

N.  ipse        ipsa  ipsum  ipsi  ipsae  ipsa 

G.  ipsius  ipsorum     ipsarum     ipsorum 

D.  ipsi  ipsis 

Ac.  ipsum    ipsam  ipsum  ipsos  ipsas  ipsa 

Ab.  ipso        ipsa  ipso  ipsis 

a.  Is  is  not  as  forcible  as  hie  or  ille.  It  is  frequently 
used  as  a  pronoun  of  the  Third  person,  meaning  he, 
she,  it. 

b.  Notice  that  idem  =  is  +  dem  (a  demonstrative 
suffix). 

Observe  the  change  of  m  to  n  before  d. 
G.    Ipse    adds   emphasis   to  a  noun    or  pronoun,   as : 
vir  ipse,  the  man  himself. 

271.  THIRD    CONJUGATION  PASSIVE    VOICE. 

INDICATIVE    MOOD. 
PRESENT.  IMPERFECT. 

I  am  ruled.  I  was  ruled. 

rego-r                    regi-mur  rege-ba-r                    rege-ba-mur 

rege-ris  or  re       regi-mini  rege-ba-ris  or  re       rege-ba-mini 

regi-tur                 regu-ntur  rege-ba-tur                rege-ba-ntur 

FUTURE.  PERFECT. 

I  shall  be  ruled.  I  was  ruled  or  I  have  been  ruled. 

reg-a-r  reg-e-mur  _  ^  (  sum  (  sumus 

_    .  _      .    _  rectus         )  ^„  recti  ) 

reg-e-ris  or  re  reg-e-mini  ,  x  K  ®^  ,  x  i  estis 

-  ^  ..  (-a,  -um)  j  ^.  (-ae,  -a)  j 

reg-e-tur  reg-e-ntur  ^    '         '  { est  ^  ( sunt 

PLUPERFECT. 

I  had  been  ruled. 

(  eram  _  ^ .  (  eramus 

rectus        y      _  recti  } 

^  ■{  eras  ^  ^  >  eratis 

(-a,  -um)  )        ^  (-ae,  -a)  )  . 

^    '         ^  (  erat  ^  (  e^^nt 


94  LATIN  READER. — LESSON  XXX. 

FUTURE    PERFECT. 

1  shall  have  been  ruled. 

_  ,  (  ero  _    .         C  erimus 

rectus        )       .  recti         A 

J  ens  J  eritis 

(-a,-um)|^^.^  ^-^^'-^)(erunt 

IMPERATIVE    MOOD. 
PRESENT.  FUTURE. 

rege-re        regi-mini  regi-tor  

regi-tor  regu-ntor 


DOMUS    ROMANA. 

272.  Vestibulum  domus  Komanae  erat  vacuus  locus 
ante  ianuam.  Per  id  vestibulum  erat  aditus  a  via  ad 
domum.  lanua  ipsa  erat  iTgnea ;  at  postes  saepe 
erant  e  marmore.  In  limine  plerumque  erat  verbum 
"Salve  "  in  pavimento  tessellato.  Interior  domus  in 
tris  partis  dividebatur.  Earum  prima  pars  appellata 
est  atrium.  In  medio  tecto  eius  partis,  liicis  et  aeris 
causa,  apertum  spatium  relTctum  est.  Pluvia  per 
eundem  locum  in  impluvium  descendit.  Supellex 
erat  exigua ;  at  parietes  pulchiis  statuis  plcturisque 
ornabantur.  In  atrio,  dominus  amicis  et  clientibus 
aditum  dabat. 

273.  1.  That  space  had  been  left  in  the  wall  on 
account  of  a  door.  2.  The  atrium  will  be  in  the 
same  part  of  the  house.  3.  Roman  houses  are 
divided  into  these  three  parts.  4.  Have  not  the 
doors  themselves  been  left  open?  5.  The  roofs  of 
Roman  houses  were  divided  into  the  same  parts. 


DEMONSTRATIVE  PRONOUNS.  95 

Sight  Translation.        Domus  Romana.  —  Concluded. 

274.  Ab  utroqiie  latere  atii  erant  nocturna  et 
diurna  cubicula  familiae  hospitibusque.  Locus  prox- 
imus  atrio  appellatus  est  tablinum.  Hic  tabulae 
familiares  condebantur ;  et  in  eodem  loco  dominus 
pecuniam  servabat  atque  suum  opus  faciebat.  Utrim- 
que  fauces  ab  atrio  ad  peristylum,  tertiam  partem 
domus,  ducebant.  In  peristylo  pulcher  liortus  atque 
fons  columnis  marmoreis  includebantur.  Ubi  vela 
pro  tablino  reducta  sunt,  tota  domus,  —  atrium, 
deinde  tablinum,  mox  pulchrum  peristylum,  —  iinum 
in  conspectum  venit.  Peristylo  adiacebant  triclinia, 
cubicula,  et  celiac  omnis  generis.  Superior  domus 
servorum  et  libertorum  iisibus  detinebatur. 

275.  1.  Ubi  erat  vestibulum  domiis  Romanae? 
2.    Quid   plerumque  in    limine    erat?       3.    In   quot 

uter-que,  each  (of  two).  tertius,  third.     (Tertiary.) 

nocturnus,    for     the     night.  marmoreus,  of  marble. 

(Nocturnal.)  in-cludo,  enclose.,  include. 

diurnus, /or  the  day.    (Diur-  velum,  curtain.     (Veil.) 

nal.)  re-diico,    draio    back.       (Re- 
familia,  family.  duce.) 

hospes,  guest.    (Hospitality.)  unus,  one.     (Unit.) 

proximus,     nearest.  (Ap-  con-spectus,  vieio. 

proximate.)  ad-iaceo,  adjoin,  be  adjacent. 

tablinum,  the  tablinum.  triclinium,  dining-room,. 

tabulae,  records.     (Tables.)  cella,  store-room.     (Cellar.) 

familiaris,    of   the    family.  SMTperior,  upper  part  of .    (Su- 

( Familiar.)  perior.) 

pecunia,  mone?/.  (Pecuniary.)  libertus, /reecZ-man.   (Liberty.) 

utrimque,  on  both  sides.  usus,  use. 

fauces,  passages.  de-tineo,  reserve.     (Detain.) 
peri-stylum,  the  peristyle. 


96  LATIN  HEADER.  —  LESSON   XXXL 

partis  interior  domus  dividebatur  ?  4.  Quid  prima 
pars  appellata  est?  5.  Ubi  erat  impluvium?  6. 
Quo  modo  atrium  ornabatur  ?  7.  Ubi  erant  cubi- 
cula  familiae  liospitibusque  ?  8.  Ubi  erat  tablT- 
num?  9.  Quid  erat  tertia  pars  domus?  10. 
Quibus  superior  domus  detinebatur? 

QUESTIONS. 

276.  In  what  two  ways  may  thU  thing  be  translated  ?  {Ans. 
[1]  Ea  res,  [2]  id.)  Decline  together:  ea  res ;  idem  consilium  ; 
tu  ipse.  Inflect  divido  in  all  tenses  of  the  Indicative  and  Im- 
perative Passive.  Translate:  relinquemini,  relinquitur,  relicti 
sumus,  relinquuntur,  relicta  eram,  relinquebaris  ;  it  has  been 
left,  I  Hliall  be  left,  you  (plural)  will  have  been  left,  these  things 
were  being  left,  you  (singular)  are  left. 


LESSON    XXXI. 

Relative,  Interrogative,  and  Indefinite  Pronouns; 
Passive  of  Fourth  Conjugation. 


f 

577. 

qui,  loho. 

loldch. 

SINGULAR. 

FLU  UAL. 

N. 

qui 

quae   quod 

qui           quae        quae 

G. 

cuius 

quorum  quarum  quorum 

D. 

cui 

quibus 

Ac. 

quem 

quam  quod 

quos        quas        quae 

Ab. 

quo 

qua      quo 

quibus 

278.  INTERROGATIVE    PRONOUX. 

quis,  who  f  which  f  what  ? 
N.     quis  (qui)  quae   quid  (quod)  qui  quae        quae 

G.  cuius  quorum  quarum  quorum 

D.  cui  quibus 

Ac.  quem  quam  quid  (quod)  quos        quas        quae 

Ab.  quo  qua      quo  quibus 


RELATIVE  AND  INDEFINITE  PRONOUNS.      97 

279.  INDEFINITE    PRONOUNS. 

1.  aliquis  (-qui),  aliqua,  aliquid  (-quod),  some  one,  any 
one,  some,  any. 

2.  quis  (qui),  quae,  quid  (quod),  some  one,  any  one, 
some,  any. 

3.  quidam,  quaedam,  quiddam  (quoddam),  certain  one, 
certain. 

4.  quisque,  quaeque,  quidque  (quodque),  each  one,  every. 

5.  quisquam, ,  quidquam  (no  plural),  any  one. 

a.  In  the  Interrogative  and  Indefinite  pronouns,  the 
forms  quis  and  quid  are  generally  used  as  nouns,  the 
forms  qui  and  quod  as  adjectives,  thus:  Quis  soribit? 
Who  is  writing  ?  Qui  puer  scribit  ?  What  hoy  is  writ- 
i7uj  ?     This  is  also  true  of  compounds  of  quis. 

h.  The  compounds  are  declined  like  the  simple  pro- 
nouns, except  that  in  quidam,  m  changes  to  n  before  d, 
as  :  quendam.  Aliquis  has  aliqua  in  the  Feminine  Nomi- 
native Singular,  and  also  in  the  Neuter  Nominative  and 
Accusative  Plural. 

c.  The  Indefinite  pronoun  quis  is  chiefly  used  with  si, 
nisi,  ne,  and  num,  and  then  means  any  one,  a,ny. 

280.  USE    OF    THE    RELATIVE    PRONOUN. 

1.  Tu,  qui  epistulam  scripsisti,  poenas  solves.  You, 
who  wrote  the  letter,  shall  i^ay  the  'penalty. 

2.  Mulier,  quam  defenderam,  mea  mater  fuit.  The 
woman,  -whom  /  had  defended,  ivas  my  mother. 

In  the  first  example,  observe  that  the  Eelative  pro- 
noun qui  agrees  with  its  antecedent  (the  word  to  which 
it  refers)  in  gender,  number,   and  person.     For  qui  is 


98  LATIN  READER. —  LESSON  XXXI. 

Masculine  in  form,  and  it  is  followed  by  its  verb  scrip- 
sisti  in  the  Second  person  and  Singular  number. 

In  like  manner,  observe  that  quam  in  the  second  ex- 
ample agrees  Avith  mulier  in  being  Feminine  Third  Singu- 
lar. But  notice  that  in  both  examples  the  case  of  the 
pronoun  is  not  determined  by  the  case  of  its  antece- 
dent, but  by  its  relation  to  the  other  words  in  the  clause 
in  which  it  stands.  For  qui,iXfi  the  subject  of  scripsisti, 
is  in  the  Nominative  case  ;  Avhile  quam,  as  the  object  of 
defenderam,  is  in  the  Accusative  case. 

281.  Rule  XIX.  A  Relative  pronoun  agrees  with  its 
antecedent  in  gender,  number,  and  person;  but  its  case 
depends  on  the  construction  of  the  clause  in  which  it 
stands. 

282.  FOURTH    CONJUGATION PASSIVE    VOICE. 

INDICATIVE    MOOD. 
PKESENT.  IMPERFECT. 

I  am  heard.  I  was  heard. 

audio-r  audi-mur  audie-ba-r  audie-ba-mur 

audi-ris  or  re     audl-mini  audie-ba-ris  or  re     audie-ba-mini 

audi-tur  audiu-ntur  audie-ba-tur  audie-ba-ntur 

FUTURE.  PERFECT. 

I  shall  be  heard.  I  was  heard  or  I  have  been  heard. 

audi-a-r  audi-e-mur  (  sum  (  sumus 

,.  -    .  T  ;;  _i    ;   auditus      1  audit!       ) 

audi-e-ris  or  re  audi-e-mim  -(  es  ■<  estis 

audi-e-tur  audi-e-ntur   '^'^'  '^'"^^  (  est     ^'^'''  "^^  (  sunt 

PLUPERFECT. 

I  had  been  heard. 

(  eram  (  eramus 

auditus     \    ^5^      aud,ti      ) 

(-'->"")  I  erat      (-.-)(  erant 


BELATIVE  AND  INDEFINITE  PRONOUNS.      99 


FUTURE    PERFECT. 

I  shall  have  been  heard. 


(  er< 


.  ero  i  erimus 

auditus      )  auditi 


eris        .  .  <  eritis 


(-a,-um)|—       C-^^' -^)  (  erunt 


IMPERATIVE    MOOD. 
PRESENT.  FUTURE. 

audi-re     audi-mini  audi-tor 


audi-tor     audiu-ntor 
OBSIDlS   VEIORUM. 

283.  Post  proelium  ad  lacum  Regillum,  Romani 
cum  finitimis  oppidTs  nuilta  bella  gerebant ;  quorum 
claiissimum  est  obsidio  Veiorum.  Id  oppidum  et 
iiatiira  loci  et  manu  egregie  munitum  est."  Decern 
annos  liomaiiT  eius  moenia  obsidebant,  sed  fmstra. 
Denique  mirum  prodigium  evenit,  quod  animos  om- 
nium magnopere  perturbavit.  Nam  aqua  in  lacii 
Albano  in  altitiidinem  Tnsolitam  crevit,  atque  finiti- 
mos  agros  inundavit.  Deinde  vates  quid  am  Veiens 
sTc  cecinit :  "  Numquam  Romani  Veios  expugnabunt, 
priusquam  aqua  ex  Jacii  Albano  emissa  erit."  Le- 
gati  ab  Romanis  ad  oraculum  Delplucum  missT  sunt. 
Quibus  a  deo  sic  responsum  est :  "  Si  aqua  ex  lacu 
Albano  in  mare  infiuet,  Veios  non  occupabitis." 

284.  1.  The  Romans  have  taken  the  town,  whose 
walls  they  have  besieged  for  ten  years.  2.  If  any 
water  is  (shall  have  been)'  let  out  of  the  Alban  Lake, 
Veil  will  never  be  captured.  3.  Some  of  the  neigh- 
boring towns  are  admirably  fortified.       4.    What  god 


100  LATIN  READER. —  LESSON  XXXI. 

responded  thus  to  the  ambassadors  ?  5.  Wonderful 
prodigies  had  happened,  which  disturbed  the  minds 
of  certain  Roman  seers. 

Sight  Translation.     Obsidio  Veiorum.  —  Concluded. 

285.  Haud  ita  multo  post  ex  lacii  in  agros  aqua 
emissa  est.  Deinde  M.  Furius  Camillus  dictator 
creatus  est  atque  mox  magno  cum  exercitu  in  castra 
Romanoium  venit.  Protinus  milites  ad  magnum 
opus  ducti  sunt.  Nam  cunTculus  ab  castris  in  arcem 
hostium  inceptus  est.  Neque  nocte  neque  die  opus 
intermissum  est.  Denique  paene  peractum  est  in 
templum  lunonis,  quod  in  arce  Veientana  erat.  Quo 
in  templo  forte  rex  Veientium  hostiam  immolabat. 
Cui  haruspex  sic  dicit :  "  Qui  eius  hostiae  exta  in 
aras  imponet,  ei  Victoria  dabitur."  Quam  vocem 
Roman!  in  cuniculo  exaudiunt.  Sine  mora  cunicu- 
lum  adaperiunt,  in  templum  erumpunt,  exta  rapiunt 
feruntque  ad  dictatorem.  Mox  urbs  Romanis  militi- 
bus  impletur.  Magna  est  caedes  omnibus  in  locis. 
Sic  Roman!  Veios  occupaverunt. 

cimiculus,  mine.  im-molo,  sacrifice.     (Immo- 

in-cipio,  hecjin.    (Inception.)  late.) 

inter-raitto,  interrupt.     (In-  haruspex,  soothsayer^  diviner. 

termittent.)  exta,  entrails. 

paene,  almost.   (Pen-insula.)  ara,  altar. 

per-ago,  carry  through.  ad-aperio,  throw  open. 

luno,  Juno,  wife  and  sister  of  e-rumpo,  hurst  out.     (Erup- 

Jupiter.  '        tion.) 

Veientanus,   Yeientian,    of  rapio,  seize.     (Rapine.) 

Veii.  fero,  hear.,  carry. 

hostia,  victim.  im-pleo,  fill,  fill  up. 


BEGULAR    COMPARISON.  101 

286.  1.  Quot  annos  llomaiiT  Veios  obsidebant? 
2.  Delude  quod  prodigium  evenit?  3.  Quid  vates 
quidam  Veiens  cecinit?  4.  Quo  Roman!  legatos 
miserunt?  5.  Quid  deus  legatis  respondit?  6. 
Quis  dictator  creatus  est?  7.  Quod  magnum  opus 
dictator  incepit?  8.  Ubi  erat  templum  lunonis  ? 
9.  Quis  in  hoc  templo  hostiam  immolabat  ?  10. 
Quid  dicit  hamspex  legi  ?  11.  Qui  haruspicis  vocem 
exaudiunt?     12.    Quid  Roman!  milites  faciunt  .-^ 

QUESTIONS. 

287.  Decline  qui ;  quis.  What  is  the  meaning  of  quidam, 
quisquam,  aliquis,  quisque,  quis  ?  Illustrate  the  use  of  the 
two  forms  found  in  quis  and  its  compounds.  What  irregularity 
occurs  in  the  declension  of  quidam  ?  of  aliquis  ?  How  is  quis 
chiefly  used  ?  Illustrate  the  rule  for  the  use  of  the  Relative  pro- 
noun. Inflect  muni5  in  all  tenses  of  the  Indicative  and  Impera- 
tive Passive.  Translate:  audita  erant,  audior,  audimini, 
audita  est,  auditor,  auditi  sumus ;  I  was  heard,  you  have  been 
heard,  he  thou  heard,  we  have  been  heard,  he  will  be  heard. 


LESSON    XXXII. 

Regular  Comparison ;  Declension  of  Comparatives  ; 
Ablative  with  Comparatives. 

288.  Adjectives  undergo  a  change  in  form  in  order 
to  express  different  degrees  of  quality.  Thus  in  Eng- 
lish we  say :  a  tall  tree,  a  taller  tree,  the  tallest  tree ; 
i.e.,  starting  with  the  simple  adjective,  —  which  is  said 
to  be  in  the  positive  degree,  —  we  add  -er  to  form  the 
comparative  degree,  and  -est  to  form  the  superlative  de- 
gree, as : 


102  LATIN  READER.  —LESSON  XXXIL 

rOSlTIVK.  COMPARATIVE.  SUPERLATIVE. 

tall,  taller^  tallest. 

Now  observe  the  Latin : 

289.  REGULAR    COMrARISON. 
POSITIVE.  COMPAUATIVE.  SUPERLATIVE. 

latus  {stem  Ifito-),  latior,  -ius,  latissimus,  -a,  -um, 

imde.  wider.  widest. 

fortis  (stem  forti-),  fortior,  -ius,  fortissimus,  -a,  -um, 

brave.  braver.  bravest. 

audfix  (stem  audfic-),  audricior,  -ius,  audficissimus,  -a,  -um, 

bold.  bolder.  boldest. 

sapiens  (s^em  sapient-),  sapientior,  -ius,  sapientissimus, -a, -um, 

wise.  wiser.  wisest. 

a.  Observe  that  the  comparative  is  formed  by  adding 
-ior,  -ius,  to  the  stem  of  the  adjective,  and  the  superla- 
tive by  adding  -issimus,  -a,  -um,  dropping  the  final  vowel 
of  the  stem,  if  there  is  any. 

h.  Compare  gravis,  heavy,  atrox,  fierce,  longus,  long, 
prudens,  idrudent,  felix,  hapj^y,  altus,  high,  levis,  light. 

290.  In  English,  when  it  would  not  sound  well  to 
compare  the  adjective  by  adding  -er  and  -est,  we  prefix 
the  adverbs  more  and  inost,  as:  beautiful,  more  beauti- 
ful, most  beautiful.  Likewise  in  Latin  some  adjectives 
are  compared  by  prefixing  the  adverbs  magis,  more,  and 
maxime,  uiost,  as  :  idoiieus,  suitable,  magis  idoneus,  more 
suitable,  maxime  idoneus,  most  suitable. 

29L  DECLEXSION    OF    COMPARATIVES. 

latior,  wider.  plus,  more. 

Stem  latior-.  Stem  pliir-. 


REGULAR    COMPARISON. 


103 


^. 

SINGULAK. 

MAsc.  and  fem.    neuter. 
latior                 latius 

latioris 

latiori 
latiorem           latius 

latiore  or-i 

MASC. 

and  FEM. 

NEUTER. 

plus 

G. 

pluris 

T). 

Ac. 

plus 

Ab. 

plure 

PLURAL. 


N.     latiores  latiora 

G.  latiorum 

D.  latioribus 

Ac.  latiores  (-is)    latiora 
Ab.  latioribus 


plures  plura 

plurium 

pluribus 
pluris  (-es)    plura 

pluribus 


a.  Comparatives  are  declined  like  latior.  Notice  how 
closely  the  declension  of  comparatives  resembles  that  of 
consonant  stems,  differing  in  this  respect  from  other 
adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension.     See  §  218,  a. 

h.    Superlatives  are  declined  like  bonus. 

c.  The  comparative  may  sometimes  be  translated 
rather,  as  :  Durior  iudex  erat,  He  was  a  rather  severe 
judge. 

d.  The  superlative  may  sometimes  be  translated  very, 
as  :  Durissimus  iudex  erat,  He  was  a  very  severe  judge. 


292. 


ABLATIVE    WITH    COMPARATIVES. 


1.  Caesar  erat  fortior    quam    Cicero.       Caesar    loas 
braver  than   Cicero. 

2.  Caesar  erat  fortior   Cicerone.      Caesar  was  braver 
than  Cicero. 


104  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON   XXXIL 

Notice  that  in  the  first  example,  where  quam  (than)  is 
used,  Cicero  is  in  the  same  case  as  Caesar,  the  word  with 
which  it  is  compared.  But  in  the  second  example,  where 
quam  is  omitted,  Cicerone  is  in  the  Ablative  case. 

293.  Rule  XX.  The  comparative  degree  is  followed 
by  the  Ablative  when  quam  is  omitted. 

Note.  —  Quam  may  be  omitted  only  when  the  first  of  the  com- 
pared words  is  either  in  the  Nominative  or  Accusative  case. 

THESEUS. 

294.  Theseus  a  sua  matre  in  urbe  Troezene  educa- 
tus  est.  Nam,  ubi  etiam  parvolus  erat,  eius  pater 
Aegeus,  qui  imperium  Atheiiarum  habuit,  uxorem 
deseruerat  et  suum  regnum  repetiverat.  Primo  The- 
seus ludicris  certaminibus  vires  auxit.  Mox  erat 
validior  ceteris  iuveuibus  eiusdem  aetatis.  Deinde 
in  venatione  saltus  peragrabat.  Semper  princeps  in 
peiiculo  erat  atque  fortissimus  armis.  Nemo  ex  om- 
nibus Argolicis  iuvenibus  iaculo  levibusque  sagittis 
celerior  erat.  Compliiris  feras  occidit,  sed  maxime 
saevissimam  suem,  quae  agros  diii  vastabat.  lam  no- 
men  These!  per  totam  terram  Argolicam  clarissimum 
erat. 

295.  1.  This  young  man  will  be  braver  than  his 
father.  2.  Sevei'al  very  fierce  wild  beasts  had  been 
slain  by  Theseus.  3.  Are  not  the  young  man's  ar- 
rows rather  light  ?  4.  These  young  men  were  most 
famous  throughout  the  kingdom.  5.  Was  there  any 
one  braver  in  danger  than  Theseus  ? 


BEGULAE   COMPARISON.  105 

Sight  Translation.     Theseus.  —  Continued. 

296.  Tandem  mater  Tliesei  eum  ad  se  vocavit,  atque 
patris  gladium  soleasqiie  ei  ostendit.  "  Sume,  mi  fill," 
inquit  '*  haec  monumenta,  et  tuum  patrem  pete,  quem 
ill  urbe  AthenTs  reperies.  Peiiculosa  et  a  latronibus 
Tnfesta  est  via.  Tamen  del  te  incolumem  per  omnia 
pericula  ad  tuum  patrem  diicent."  Iiide  Theseus 
maestus  matrem  suam  reliquit,  atque  mox  ad  Atti- 
cam  contendebat.  Quo  in  itinere  prope  Epidaurum 
obviam  venit  cuTdam  saevissimo  latroni,  Periphetae 
nomine,  qui  ferrea  clava  viatores  occidebat.  At  The- 
seus de  eius  manibus  clavam  extorsit,  et  ipsius  telo 
eum  occTdit. 

297.  1.  Ciir  Theseus  a  sua  matre  educatus  est? 
2.  Quo  modo  vires  auxit?  3.  Num  quis  fuit  ex 
Argolicis  iuvenibus  fortior  quam  Theseus?  4.  Quid 
in  venatione  occTdit  Theseus  ?  5.  Quae  monumenta 
pater  eius  reliquerat?  6.  Ubi  habitabat  pater 
These!  ?  7.  Quam  ob  rem  erat  via  ad  Atticam 
peiiculosa  ?  8.  Cui  Theseus  obviam  venit  prope 
Epidaurum  ?  9.  Quo  modo  Theseus  latronem  oc- 
cTdit? 

solea,  sandal.     (Sole.)  ob-viam,  in  the  loay  (to).  (Ob- 
monumentum,  remembrance.  vious.) 

periculosus,  dangerous,  per-  Periphetes,  a  robber. 

ILOUS.  ferreus,  iron. 

latro,  robber.  clava,  club. 

in-festus,    made    unsafe,    in-  viator,  traveller. 

TESTED.  ex-torqueo,  twist  out.     (Ex- 
Attica,  a  province  of  Greece.  tort.) 
Epidaurus,  a  city  of  Argolis. 


106 


LA  TIN  HEADER.  —  LESSON  XXXIIL 


QUESTIONS. 

298.  How  are  adjectives  regularly  compared  in  Latin  ?  De- 
cline plus.  Decline  together  audacior  servus ;  f ortior  femina ; 
gravius  bellum  ;  saevissimus  leo.  How  may  the  Comparative 
sometimes  be  translated  ?  The  Superlative  ?  State  and  illustrate 
the  rule  for  the  Ablative  with  Comparatives.  Translate  in  two 
ways  :  "  Who  was  braver  than  Caesar  f  "  When  may  quam  be 
omitted  ? 


LESSON     XXXIII. 

Irregular  Comparison ;    Ablative  of  Degree  of 
Difference. 


299. 

POSITIVE. 

miser  {stem  misero-), 

wretched. 

acer  {stem  acri-), 

sharp. 


ADJECTIVPIS    IN    -ER. 


COMPAKATIVE. 

miserior,  -ius, 
more  lo retched. 
acrior,  -ius, 
sharper. 


SUPERLATIVE. 

miserrimus,  -a,  -um, 

most  IV retched. 
acerrimus,  -a,  -um, 
sharpest. 


Observe  that  adjectives  in  -er  form  the  Superlative  by 
adding  -rimus,  -a,  -um  to  the  Masculine  Nominative  Sin- 
gular. Compare  celer,  swift,  pulcher,  beautiful,  asper, 
rough. 


300. 

POSITIVE. 

facilis,  easy. 
difficilis,  difficult. 
similis,  like. 
dissimilis,  unlike. 
gracilis,  slender. 
humilis,  low. 


ADJECTIVES    IN    -LIS. 


COMPAKATIVE. 

facilior,  -ius. 
difficilior,  -ius. 
similior,  -ius. 
dissimilior,  -ius. 
gracilior,  -ius. 
humilior,  -ius. 


SUPERLATIVE. 

facillimus,  -a,  -um. 
difficillimus,  -a,  -um. 
simillimus,  -a,  -um. 
dissimillimus,  -a,  -um. 
gracillimus,  -a,  -um. 
humillimus,  -a,  -um. 


lEBEG  ULA R   COMPARISON. 


107 


Observe  that  these  six  adjectives  in  -lis  form  the  su- 
perlative by  adding  -limus,  -a,  -um,  to  the  stem  minus  the 
stem  vowel. 

301.     ADJECTIVES    WITH    DOUBLE    SUPERLATIVE. 


POSITIVE. 

COMPAKATIVK. 

SUPKKI.ATIVE. 

exterus, 

exterior, 

extremus,  extimus, 

outward. 

outer. 

outmost. 

inferus, 

inferior, 

inflmus,  imus, 

loiv. 

lower. 

lowest. 

posterus, 

posterior. 

postremus,  postumus, 

following. 

later. 

last. 

superus, 

superior, 

supremus,  summus, 

upper. 

higher. 

top  of,  highest. 

302. 


ADJECTIVES    WITH    NO    POSITIVE. 


[cis,  citra. 

citerior. 

citimus, 

adv.,  on  this  side.] 

hither. 

hithermost. 

[in,  intra. 

interior. 

intimus. 

prep.,  in,  within.] 

inner. 

inmost. 

[prae,  pro. 

prior, 

primus. 

prep.,  before.] 

former. 

first. 

[prope, 

propior. 

proximus, 

adv.,  near.] 

nearer. 

next. 

[ultra. 

ulterior, 

ultimus, 

adv.,  beyond.] 

farther. 

farthest. 

303.       ADJECTIVES    IRREGULAR    THROUGHOUT. 


bonus,  good. 
malus,  bad. 
magnus,  great. 
parvus,  small. 
multus,  much. 
multi,  many. 


melior,  better. 
peior,  loor.ne. 
maior,  greater. 
minor,  smaller. 

,  plus,  more. 

plures,  more. 


optimus,  best. 
pessimus,  worst. 
maximus,  greatest. 
minimus,  smallest. 
plurimus,  most. 
plurimi,  most. 


108  LATIN  READER, — LESSON  XXXIIL 

304.  ABLATIVE    OF    DEGREE    OF    DIFFERENCE. 

1.  Arbor  sex  pedibus  altior  est   quam   turris.      The 

tree  is  (by)  six  feet  h'ujlier  than  flie  tower. 

2.  Crassus  multo  divitior  erat  Caesare.  Crassus  was 
(by)  much  richer  than  Caesar. 

In  the  first  example,  the  Ablative  sex  pedibus  Qx^idHy 
expresses  the  difference  between  the  height  of  the  tree 
and  that  of  the  tower.  In  the  second  example,  the 
Ablative  multo  is  an  indefinite  expression  of  the  differ- 
ence between  the  wealth  of  Crassus  and  that  of  Caesar. 
Such  ablatives  are  called  Ablatives  of  Degree  of  Dif- 
ference. 

305.  Rule  XXI.  The  Ablative  is  used  to  express  the 
Degree  of  Difference. 

THESEUS    ET    LATRONES. 

306.  Paucis  post  diebus  Theseus  in  extremum  peiT- 
culum  venit.  lam  ad  Istlimum  appropinquabat.  Hic 
propter  angustias  difficillimum  eifit  iter.  Utraque  ex 
parte  erant  riipes  altissiniae  et  asperrimae.  Mox  The- 
seus ante  vastum  specum  latronem,  Sinim  nomine, 
vTdit,  de  quo  incolae  terrae  eum  saepe  numero  prae- 
monuerant.  Hic  multo  gravior  hostis  erat  quam 
Periphetes.  Hic  enim  duas  proceras  jjinus  ad  terram 
curvabat,  ad  quas  incautos  viatores  adligabat.  De- 
lude, ubi  subito  arbores  solvit,  corpora  lufe Ileum 
liominum  divellebantur.  Hoc  modo  iam  pliirimos 
viatores  necaverat. 

307.  1.  You  will  not  see  a  much  more  formidable 
robber  than    Sinis.       2.    Are    not    the    roads  to  the 


IRliEGULAR    COMPARISON.  109 

Isthmus  very  rough  and  difficult?  3.  A  few  days 
afterwards,  the  unfortunate  traveller  approached  the 
robbers'  cave,  and  was  killed.  4.  Are  these  trees 
taller  than  the  pine  ?  5.  This  road  to  the  caves  is 
much  more  difficult  than  that. 

SigJit  Translation.     Theseus  et  Latrones.  —  Con- 
tiniied. 

308.  Ubi  Sinis  procul  Thesea  vTdit,  primo  iuve- 
nem  inrisit.  Interritus  autem  Theseus  in  hostem 
invasit.  Acerrima  erat  piigna.  Denique  Sinis  defes- 
sus  occidit.  Tum  Theseus  ad  duas  piniis  monstrum 
ipsum  adligavit.  Mox  divolsum  est  Sinis  corpus 
eodem  modo,  quo  tot  viatores  ab  eo  ipso  necati  erani?. 
Inde  Theseus  ad  urbem  Megaram  contendit.  Quo 
in  itinere  angusta  semita  in  altum  montem  diicebat. 
A  dextra  erat  abrupta  riipes  magna  altitiidine.  IlTc 
latebat  latro,  ScTron  nomine,  qui  primum  viatores 
spoliabat ;  deinde,  dum  hi  eius  pedes  lavabant,  ipsos 
praecipites  ad  imam  rrlpem  deiciebat.  Infra  ingens 
testiido  eorum  corpora  devorabat. 

in-rideo,  laugh  at.  (De-ride.)  ab-ruptus,  precipitous.  ( Ab- 
in-vado,  advance  upon.      (In-  rupt.) 

vade.)  lateo,  lurk.     (Latent.) 

de-fessus,     tired      out,      ex-  spolib,  rob.     (De-spoil.) 

hausted.  lavo,   wash.     (Lave.) 

tot,  so  many.  prae-ceps,  headlong.  (Pre- 
Megara,  a  town  in  Megaris.  cipitous.) 

angustus,  narrow.  de-icio,  hurl  down.     (Deject.) 

semita,  foot-path.  infra,  below. 

altus,  high.     (Altitude.)  testudo,  tortoise. 


110  LATIN  HEADER. — LESSON  XXXIV. 

309.  1.  Ubi  Theseus  in  ex tremum  peiiculum  venit? 
2.  Quam  ob  rem  emt  iter  difficillimum  ?  3.  Ubi 
Theseus  hitronem  vTdit?  4.  Quo  moclo  Sinis  via- 
tores  necabat  ?  5.  Nonne  Theseus  latronem  timuit? 
6.  Quo  modo  Theseus  Sinim  uecavit  ?  7.  Ubi  hite- 
batSciron?  7.  Quo  modo  viatores  necabat?  9. 
Quae  eorum  corpora  devorabat? 

QUESTIONS. 

310.  Compare  in  Latin  and  Englisli  :  imus,  maior,  primus, 
multus,  miser,  summus,  citerior,  bonus,  proximus,  similis, 
minor,  extremus,  acer,  postremus,  interior,  malus,  iilterior, 
plurimi.  Wliat  adjectives  have  -limus  in  the  superlative  ?  Give 
an  example  of  your  own  of  the  Ablative  of  Degree  of  Difference. 
Give  a  synopsis,  Active  and  Passive,  of  duco. 


LESSON    XXXIV. 

Formation  and  Comparison  of  Adverbs ;    Genitive 
and  Ablative  of  Characteristic. 
311. 

a.  latus  {stem  lato-),  wide.  lilte,  widely. 
pulcher  {stem  pulchro-),  beautiful.         pulchre,  beautifully. 

Observe  that  adverbs  are  formed  from  adjectives  of 
the  Second  Declension  by  changing  the  final  -o  of  the 
stem  to  -e. 

b.  gravis  {stem  gravi-),  heavy.  graviter,  heavily. 
acer  {stem  fieri-),  sharp.  acriter,  sharply. 
prudens  {stein  prudent-),  prudent,    prudenter,  prudently. 

Observe  that  adverbs  are  formed  from  adjectives  of 
the  Third  Declension  by  adding  -ter  to  the  stem.  Stems 
in  -nt  drop  -t  before  adding  -ter. 


FORMATION  AND   COMPARISON   OF  ADVERBS.  Ill 


c.    (1).    multus,    much. 
(2).    facilis,  easy. 
(3).    subitus,  sudden. 


multum,  much. 
facile,  easily. 
subito,  suddenly. 


The  Neuter  Accusative  Singular  of  the  adjective  is 
sometimes  used  as  an  adverb,  as  in  examples  (1)  and 
(2).     Likewise  the  Ablative,  as  in  example  (3). 


312. 


POSITIVE. 


late,  widely. 
graviter,  heavily. 


COMPARISON    OF    ADVERBS. 
COMPARATIVE. 

Ifitius,  more  widely. 

gravius,  more  heav- 
ily. 


SUPERLATIVE. 

latissime,      most 

widely. 
gravissime,  most 

heavily. 


Notice  that  the  comparative  of  the  adverb  is  the  same 
as  the  Neuter  comparative  of  the  adjective.  The  super- 
lative of  the  adverb  is  formed  from  the  superlative  of 
the  adjective  by  changing  the  final  -o  of  the  stem  to  -e. 
If  the  adjective  is  irregular,  the  adverb  will  show  the 
same  irregularities.     Learn  the  following  : 


313. 


COMPARISON    OF    IRREGULAR    ADVERBS. 


bene,  well. 
male,  ill. 
multum,  much. 


melius,  better. 
peius,  worse. 
plus,  more. 
magis,  more. 


parum,  not  enough,    minus,  less. 


optime,  best. 
pessime,  worst. 
plurimum,  most. 
maxime,  most. 
minime,  least. 


314. 


GENITIVE    AND    ABLATIVE    OF    CHARACTERISTIC. 


1.  Vir  magnae  virtutis.      A  man  of  great  valor. 

2.  Vir  fuit  humili  statura.     He    was    a    man  of    short 
stature. 

Observe  that,  in  the  first  example,  virtutis  is  in  the 
Genitive,  and   that,  in   connection    with   the    adjective 


112  LATIN  READER. —LESSON  XXXIV. 

magnae,  it  expresses  a  characteristic  or  quality  of  the 
man.  But  notice  that,  in  the  second  example,  2i  physi- 
cal characteristic  or  quality  is  expressed  by  staturU,  with 
an  accompanying  adjective,  in  the  Ablative  case.  Physi- 
cal characteristics  are  always  thus  expressed  by  the 
Ablative.  Other  qualities  by  either  the  Genitive  or 
Ablative. 

315.  Rule  XXII.  The  Genitive  and  Ablative  are 
used,  with  a  modifying  adjective,  to  denote  a  charac- 
teristic or  quality. 

THESEUS    ET   LATRONES. 

316.  Scirou  erat  ingenti  magnitudine  corporis 
atque  terribili  aspectii.  In  quern  tamen  Theseus 
cum  ferro  audacissime  invasit.  Diu  atque  acriter 
piignatum  est.  Denique  Scirou  supplex  misericor- 
diam  iniplorat.  Sed  Theseus  latronem  ad  Imam 
rupem  demittit  eodem  modo,  quo  ille  multos  viatores 
tam  crudeliter  necaverat.  Qua  ex  re  nomeu  Sci- 
ronis  erat  scopulls. 

Haud  ita  multo  post  Theseus  in  Atticam  pervenit, 
atque  ibi  Cercyonem  liictamine  vicit  necavitque.  Sic 
Theseus  perditis  hominibus  latronibusque  omnis 
generis  llberabat  omnIs  terras,  per  quas  in  itinere 
contendebat. 

317.  1.  The  travellers  had  been  hurled  down  to 
the  bottom  of  the  cliffs.  2.  Sciron  killed  travellers 
much  more  cruelly  than  Cercyon.  3.  Theseus 
used  to  attack  robbers  of  every  kind  most  fiercely. 


FORMATION  AND   COMPARISON  OF  ADVERBS.  113 

4.  Are    not   robbers    men  of   frightful   appearance? 

5.  The  land,  through  which  Theseus  is  hastening, 
wm  be  freed  fromM^ffiny  desperate  robbers. 


Sight  Translation.    Thp^seus  et  Latronp:s.  —  Concluded. 

318.  lam  Theseus  ad  ipsam  urbem  A  then  as  appro- 
pinquabat,  ubi  in  ripa  Cephisi  in  magnum  perTculum 
capitis  venit.  Hic  enim  Procriistes  habitabat,  qui  in 
suam  regiam  turrim  incautos  viatores  diicebat,  atque 
eos  primo  magnifice  accipiebat.  Ubi  autem  nox  ve- 
nit, in  mirum  lectum  infelicem  hospitem  imponebat. 
Turn,  SI  hospes  longior  erat  quam  lectus,  illius  mem- 
bra satis  praecidebat.  Si  viator  brevior  erat  lecto, 
tum  Procrustes  eius  corpus  in  longitiidinem  lecti  dis- 
tendebat.  Hoc  modo  multos  annos  viatores  necaverat. 
Sed  Theseus  victor  latronem  in  ipsius  lectum  impo- 
suit,  atque  eius  caput  praecTdit.  Brevi  postea  The- 
seus incolumis  ad  portam  Athenarum  pervenit. 

319.  1.  Num  ScTron  erat  vir  humili  statiira?  2. 
Quo  modo  Theseus  Scironem  necavit?  3.  Quem 
deinde  Theseus  in  Attica  necavit  ?  4.  Ubi  in  mag- 
num perTculum  capitis  venit  ?  5.  Quo  modo  Pro- 
criistes piimo  incautum  viatorem  accipiebat?  6. 
Ubi  nox  venit,  quid  faciebat  Procriistes  ?       7.    Neca- 

ripa,  hank.  satis,  sufficiently.   (Satis-fy.) 

Cephisus,  a  river  near  Athens,  longitude,  length.      (Longi- 
refeius,  royal.     (Regal.)  tude.) 

lectus,  bed.  dis-tendo,  stretch,  distend. 

membrum,  limb,  member. 


114 


LATIN  READER.  — LESSON  XXXV. 


vitne    Theseus   Procrusten  ? 
incolumis  pervenit? 


8.    Ubi   brevi   postea 


QUESTIONS. 

320.  How  are  adverbs  formed  from  adjectives  of  the  Second 
Declension  ?  Of  the  Third  Declension  ?  What  cases  of  adjec- 
tives are  sometimes  used  as  adverbs  ?  How  are  adverbs  com- 
yjared  ?  Form  and  compare  adverbs  from  the  following  adjectives: 
acer,  facilis,  malus,  latus,  multus,  gravis,  parvus,  pulche/, 
bonus,  prudens.  Explain  the  use  of  the  Genitive  and  Ablative 
of  Characteristic.     Decline  is.     Give  a  synopsis  of  moveo. 


LESSON    XXXV. 


Numerals;   Partitive  Genitive 
Adjectives. 

321. 


Nine  Irregular 


CARDINALS. 

ORDINALS. 

1. 

unus,  una,  iinum,  one. 

primus,  first. 

2. 

duo,  duae,  duo,  two. 

secundus,  second. 

3. 

tres,  tria,  tliree. 

tertius,  third. 

4. 

quattuor 

quartus 

5. 

quinque 

quintus 

6. 

sex 

sextus 

7. 

septem 

Septimus 

8. 

octo 

octavus 

9. 

novem 

nonus 

10. 

decern 

decimus 

11. 

undecim 

undecimus 

12. 

duodecim 

duodecimus 

13. 

tredecim 

tertius  decimus 

14. 

quaUuordecim 

quartus  decimus 

1.5. 

quindecim 

quintus  decimus 

16. 

sedecim 

sextus  decimus 

17. 

septendecim 

Septimus  decimus 

18. 

duodeviginti 

duodevicesimus 

NUMERALS.                                     lit 

19. 

undeviginti 

iindevicesimus 

20. 

viginti 

vicesimus 

21. 

viginti  unus  or 

vicesimus  primus  or 

unus  et  viginti 

unus  et  vicesimus 

28. 

duodetriginta 

duodetricesimus 

29. 

undetriginta 

undetricesimus 

30. 

triginta 

tricesimus 

40. 

quadraginta 

quadragesimus 

50. 

quinquaginta 

quinquagesimus 

60. 

sexaginta 

sexagesimus 

70. 

septuaginta 

septuagesimus 

80. 

octoginta 

octogesimus 

90. 

nonaginta 

nonagesimus 

100. 

centum 

centesimus 

101. 

centum  unus  or 

centesimus  primus  or 

centum  et  unus 

unus  et  centesimus 

200. 

ducenti,  -ae,  -a 

ducentesimus 

300. 

trecenti,  -ae,  -a 

trecentesimus 

400. 

quadringenti,  -ae,  -a 

quadringentesimus 

500. 

quingenti,  -ae,  -a 

quingentesimus 

600. 

sescenti,  -ae,  -a 

sescentesimus 

700. 

septingenti,  -ae,  -a 

septingentesimus 

800. 

octingenti,  -ae,  -a 

octingentesimus 

900. 

nongenti,  -ae,  -a 

nongentesimus 

1,000. 

mille 

millesimus 

2,000. 

duo  milia 

bis  millesimus 

100,000. 

centum  milia 

c  en  ties  millesimus 

1,000,000. 

decies  centena  milia 

decies  centies  millesimus 

a.  The  cardinals  from  quattuor  to  centum  are  inde- 
clinable. The  hundreds  are  declined  like  the  plural  of 
bonus.     The  ordinals  are  declined  throughout  like  bonus. 


22. 

duo,  two. 

tres,  three. 

MASC. 

FKM. 

NEUT. 

M.  and  F.      N. 

N. 

duo 

duae 

duo 

tres            tria 

G. 

duorum 

duaruhi 

duorum 

trium 

D. 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

tribus 

Ac. 

duos,  duo 

duas 

duo 

tris  (tres)  tria 

Ab. 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

tribus 

IIG  LATIN   READER.  —  LESSON  XXXV. 

a.  In  the  Singular,  mille  is  generally  an  adjective  ;  but 
the  Plural  milia  is  a  Neuter  noun,  and  is  followed  by 
the  Partitive  Genitive,  as  :  mille  homines,  a  thousand 
men,  but  duo  milia  hominum,  two  thousand  men  (lit.  two 
thousands  of  men). 

NINE    IRREGULAR    ADJECTIVES. 

323.  The  following  nine  adjectives  end  in  -lus  in  the 
Genitive  Singular  and  in  -I  in  the  Dative  in  all  genders. 
They  are  regular  in  the  Plural. 


alius,  another. 

linus,  one. 

alter,  the  other. 

solus,  alone. 

ullus,  any. 

uter,  which 

{of  two). 

totus,  whole. 

niillus,  none. 

neuter,  neither. 

a.    Alius 

and  unus  are  thus  declined  in  the  Singular. 

MASC. 

KKM. 

NKUT. 

MASC. 

FKM. 

NEUT. 

N.     alius 

alia 

aliud    ^ 

finus 

una 

unum 

I     ^ 

alius 

unius 

alii 

uni 

Ac.   alium 

aliam 

aliud 

iinum 

unam 

unum 

Ab.  alio 

alia 

alio 

uno 

lina 

uno 

Note.  — Alius  is  the  only  one  of  these  adjectives  that  ends  in 
-ud  in  the  Neuter. 

324.  PARTITIVE    GENITIVE. 

Tres  militum.     Three  of  the  soldiers. 

a.  Observe  that  militum  is  in  the  Genitive,  and  de- 
notes the  entire  number  of  which  a  part  is  taken.  It  is 
called  the  Partitive  Genitive. 

325.  Rule  XXIII.  The  Genitive  is  used  to  denote 
the  whole  of  which  a  part  is  taken. 


NUMERALS.  117 

SUPELLEX    DOMUS   ROMANAE. 

326.  Et  in  atrio  clomus  Romanae  et  in  peristyle,  de 
quibus  supra  scripsinius,  exigiia  erat  supellex.  In 
triclTnio  autem  semper  erat  mensa,  aut  quadra  aut 
orbis.  Harum  mensarum  multae  erant  pulcherriniae 
et  magni  pre  IT.  Plinius  maior  de  duabus  mensis 
scripsit,  quarum  alter!  pretium  fuit  decies  centena 
milia  sestertium,  alter!  paulo  minus.  Conv!vae  cir- 
cum  mensam  in  sell!s  non  cons!debant.  Sed  ex  tri- 
bus  mensae  lateribus  erant  lect!,  in  quibus  novem 
convivae  accumbebant,  tres  in  quoque  lecto.  L!gnea 
aut  aenea  erat  sponda  lect!  in  quam  torus  et  cerv!cal 
et  vestes  stragulae  impositae  sunt. 

327.  1.  Six  guests  are  reclining  on  two  of  the  couches. 
2.  Is  not  the  furniture  in  the  dining-room  very  ex- 
pensive ?  3.  He  is  writing  of  two  chairs,  of  which 
the  price  of  one  is  five  hundred  sesterces,  of  the  other, 
seven  hundred  and  fifty.  4.  (There)  were  twelve 
chairs  in  each  dining-room.  5.  The  price  of  this 
table  is  one  hundred  thousand  sesterces. 

Sight  Tra7islatio7i. 
Supellex  Domus  Romanae.  — Concluded. 

328.  Lectus  cubicularis  erat  altior  quam  lectus 
tr!cl!niaris  et  scamno  ascendebatur. 

Varia  erant  genera  sellarum  in  domibus  Roman!s  ; 
sed  cathedra,  in  qua  feminae  plerumque  sedebant, 
erat  simillima  nostr!s  sell!s.  Omnium  sellarum  !n- 
signissima  erat  eburnea  sella  curuUs  curv!s  pedibus, 
in  qua  qmdam  magistratiis  sol!  sedebant. 


118  LATIN  READER. — LESSON  XXXV. 

Pulcherriraae  erant  lucernae  llomanorum,  quarum 
multa  exempla  adhuc  exstant.  Aliae  lictiles,  aliae 
erant  aeneae,  sed  omnes  summa  arte  perfectae.  Lu- 
cernae, aut  in  mensas  aut  in  alta  candelabra  impo- 
nebantur,  aut  etiam  laquearibus  dependebant.  Non 
autem  claram  lucem  praebebant. 

329.  1.  Eratne  niulta  siipellex  in  atrio  domiis 
Romanae  ?  2.  Qualis  mensa  erat  in  triclinio  ?  3. 
Quae  erant  ex  tribus  mensae  lateribus?  4.  Quot 
convivae  in  quoque  lecto  accumbebant?  5.  Erantne 
lectT  Romanorum  similes  nostris  lectis  ?  6.  Qualis 
erat  lectus  cubicularis  ?  T.  Quid  erat  nomen  sel- 
lae,  in  qua  feminae  sedebant  ?  8.  Qualis  erat  sella 
curiilis  ?  9.  Quales  lucernae  erant  Romanis?  10. 
Ubi  iniponebantur?  11.  Nonne  claram  liicem  prae- 
bebant? 

QUESTIONS. 

330.  Count  from  1-100  in  Latin.  Give  the  Latin  for  the 
following:  463,  58,  3,723,  938,365.  Give  the  hundreds  and  the 
thousands  in  Latin.  Give  the  Latin  ordinals  from  1-20.  De- 
cline unus,  duo,  tres.  Mention  the  nine  irregular  adjectives. 
In  what  does  their  irregularity  consist  ?     Decline  alius.     Which 

cubicularis,  of  a  bedroom.  lucerna,  lamp. 

tricliniaris,  of  a  dining-room,  ex-sto,  exists  be  extant. 

scamnum,  stool,  stex).  fictilis,  of  clay,  ijottery. 

varius,  vakious.  per-fectus,^ms/ied,  pekfect. 

C3it\ie€iX3.,  an  arm-chair.  (Ca-  ars,  art,  .sH/L 

thedral.)  candelabrum,  a  lamp  stand. 
insignis,  remarkable.  (Candelabrum.) 

eburneus,  of  ivory.  laquearia,  a  panelled  ceiling. 

curulis,  CURULE.  de-pendeo,  hang  down.   (De- 
pend.) 


INFINITIVES. 


119 


of  the  cardinals  are  indeclinable  ?  How  are  the  ordinals  de- 
clined ?  What  of  mille  in  the  Singular,  and  in  the  Plural  ? 
Give  an  example  of  the  Partitive  Genitive,  the  Ablative  of  Com- 
parison, and  the  Ablative  of  Degree  of  Difference. 


LESSON    XXXVI. 

Infinitives ;    Complementary   Infinitive ;    Expres- 
sions of  Place. 


331.  The  Infinitive  mood  has  neither  person  nor  num- 
ber, and  has  but  three  tenses,  the  Present,  Perfect,  and 
Future.     The  sign  of  the  Infinitive  in  English  is  to. 


332. 


ACTIVE    INFINITIVES. 


VERB  SUM. 

PRES. 

es-se,  to  he. 

PERF. 

fu-isse,  to  have  been. 

FUT. 

fut-urus,  -a,  -um  ^ 

esse  (or  fore)  1'^^^^"^^^^^^^^^' 

CONJ.   I. 

PRES. 

ama-re,  to  love. 

PERF. 

amfiv-isse,  to  have  loved. 

FUT. 

amfit-urus,     ^ 

-a,  -um  esse  /  '  ^^  ^^  ^^^^^  ^^  ^o^^- 

CONJ.  II. 

CONJ.  III.                                CONJ.  IV. 

PRES. 

mone-re 

rege-re.                       audi-re. 

PERF. 

monu-isse.                  rex-isse.                     audlv-isse. 

FUT. 

inonit-urus,                rect-urus,                   audit-urus, 

-a,  -um  esse.            -a,  -um  esse.            -a,  -um  esse. 

Observe : 

a.  That  in  the  Active  voice  the  Present  Infinitive  is 
formed  by  adding  -re  to  the  Present  stem.  (Note  the 
irregularity  in  the  verb  sum.) 


120  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  XXXVL 

b.  That  the  Perfect  is  formed  by  adding  -isse  to  the 
Perfect  stem. 

c.  That  the  Future  is  formed  by  adding  -urus,  -a,  -um 
esse  to  the  Participial  stem. 

333.  COMPLEMENTARY    INFINITIVE. 

Cupit  die  ere,  He  desires  to  speak. 

Notice  that  the  Infinitive  die  ere  completes  the  mean- 
ing of  cupit.  Hence  it  is  called  the  Complementary 
Infinitive. 

334.  PLACE    WHERE.  LOCATIVE    CASE. 

In  oppido.     In  the  town.  Romae.    At  Rome. 

In  Italia.     In  Italy.  Athenis.     At  Athens. 

In  Africa.     In  Africa.  Curibus.     At  Cures. 

Observe  that  oppido,  Italia,  and  Africa  are  in  the  Ab- 
lative with  the  preposition  in,  and  that  they  denote  the 
place  ivhere.  But  notice  that  the  7iavies  of  toivns  denot- 
ing ^/ctce  where  omit  the  preposition,  and  are  put  in  the 
Locative  Case.  This  in  the  Singular  of  nouns  of  the 
First  and  Second  Declension  is  like  the  Genitive ;  else- 
where, it  is  like  the  Ablative.  Account  for  the  form 
of  Romae,  Athenis,  and  Curibus. 

335.  Rule  XXIV.  Place  where  is  expressed  by  the 
Ablative  with  the  preposition  in.  Names  of  towns  are 
put  in  the  Locative. 

336.  PLACE    TO    WHICH. 

In  Italiam.     To  Italy.  Romam.     To  Rome. 

Ad  flumen.     To  the  river.  Delphos.     To  Delphi. 


INFINITIVES.  121 

337.  Rule  XXV.  Place  to  which  is  expressed  by  the 
Accusative  with  ad  or  in.  Names  of  towns  omit  the 
preposition. 

338.  PLACE    FROM    WHICH. 

Ex  oppido.     From  the  town.      Roma.     From  Rome. 
Ab  Italia.     Fro?n  Italy.  Corintho.     From  Corinth. 

339.  Rule  XXVI.  Place  from  which  is  expressed  by 
the  Ablative  with  ab  or  ex.  Names  of  towns  omit  the 
preposition. 

Note.  — Names  of  small  islands,  domus,  Jiome,  and  rus,  coun- 
try, are  used  like  names  of  towns,  as  :  Cypri  est,  He  is  at 
Cyprus;  Mox  domum  ^/eniet,  He  will  soon  come  home;  Rus 
ibo,  I  shall  go  into  the  country. 

THESEUS   ET    AEGEUS. 

340.  Interea  rex  Aegeus  veneficam  Medeam,  quae 
Athenas  nuper  venerat,  in  matrimonium  diixerat. 
Ex  ea  autem  niillos  liberos  habuit.  Quam  ob  rem 
viginti  filii  Pallantis,  fratris  Aegei,  regnum  sibi 
occupare  constituerunt.  His  hominibus  ea  coniiiratio 
prospere  evenit.  Nam  regem  cum  Medea  in  regiam 
se  recipere  cogunt,  atque  ipsT  civitatem  regunt. 
Athenis  in  hoc  statii  erant  res,  ubi  Theseus  in 
urbem  venit.  Sine  mora  iuvenis  ad  Aegei  regiam 
contendit,  atque  tandem  aditum  ad  patrem  habuit. 
Sed  Aegeus  hunc  iuvenem,  qui  Troezene  venerat, 
non  agnovit.  Quin  etiam  eum  pro  hoste  habuit, 
atque  consilio  uxoris  ei  vinum  dedit,  quo  Medea 
venenum  miscuerat. 


122  LATIN  HEADER.  —LESSON  XXXV L 

341.  1.  The  king's  palace  was  at  Athens.  2. 
Was  Aegeus  compelled  to  many  a  sorceress?  3. 
Affairs  were  in  this  condition  at  Troezen  when  he 
determined  to  seize  the  kingdom.  4.  Theseus 
hastened  from  Troezen  to  Athens.  5.  The  king 
will  compel  Medea  to  mix  the  poison  with  the  wine. 

Sight  Translation.     Theseus  et  Aegeus.  —  Concluded. 

342.  Theseus  poculum  dextra  sumpserat,  ubi  pater 
in  eburneo  capulo  gladi  agnovit  sTgna  sui  generis, 
atque  poculum  ab  ore  excussit.  Inde  Medea  per  sua 
carmina  effugit.  At  Aegeus  ingenti  gaudio  comple- 
batur,  quod  suus  filius  incolumis  erat,  atque  eum  in 
regiam  laetissimus  accepit.  Postquam  Theseus  de 
omnibus  periculis  itineris  narravit,  et  pater  et  filius 
dels  immortalibus  gratias  agunt,  et  aras  donis  cumu- 
lant.  Interea  vigintT  f  ilii  Pallantis  de  adventii  The- 
se! audiverant,  atque  piignare  parabant.  Acerrime 
Theseus  impetum  in  eos  fecit,  ciinctosque  ex  urbe 
expulit.  Brevi  postea  Aegeus  palam  Thesea  suum 
f  ilium  agnovit.  Quam  ob  rem  magna  laetitia  erat  per 
to  tarn  urbem. 

343.  1.  Quam  Aegeus  Athenis  in  matrimonium 
diixit?      2.   Qui  regnum  sibi  occupare  constituerunt  ? 

poculum,  cup.  gratia,  thanks.     (Grace.) 

capulus,  hilt.  cumulo,  load.    (Ac-cumulate.) 

ex-cutio,  strike  away.  ad-ventus,  arrival.    (Advent.) 

gaudium,  jo?/.  cunctus,  all. 

com-pleo,  Jill.  (Complete.)     ex-pello,  drive  out,  expel. 

quod,  because.  palam,  openly. 

laetus,  glad.  laetitia,  gladness. 


PASSIVE  INFINITIVES.  123 

3.  Quid  regem  facere  coegerunt?  4.  Ubi  Theseus 
Athenas  venit,  quo  piimum  contendit?  5.  Nonne 
Aegeus  suum  filium  agnovit?  6.  Quid  ei  dedit? 
7.  Quid  accidit?  8.  Quid  deinde  fecit  Medea? 
9.  Quo  modo  rex  Thesea  accepit?  10.  Num  filii 
Pallantis  laeti  erant,  ubi  de  adventii  Thesel  audive- 
runt?  11.  Vicitne  Theseus  eos?  12.  Cur  brevi 
postea  magna  erat  laetitia  Athenis? 

QUESTIONS. 

344.  How  does  the  Infinitive  differ  from  other  moods  ?  How 
are  the  tenses  of  the  Active  Infinitive  formed  in  Latin  ?  Give 
the  Active  Infinitives,  Latin  and  English,  of  paro,  doceo,  scribo, 
munio.  Give  tlie  Infinitives  of  sum.  Wliat  is  meant  by  the 
Complementary  Infinitive  ?  State  the  rules  for  pZace  where, 
place  to  wldch,  and  place  from  which.  What  is  the  Locative 
case?  Translate:  At  Delphi ;  from  Rome  to  Corinth  ;  at  home  ; 
from  Greece  to  Cyprus;  we  were  hastemnr/  into  the  country. 
Compare  the  following  :  summus,  melior,  inius,  multus,  prox- 
imus,  similis,  miser,  primus. 


LESSON     XXXVIL 

Passive  Infinitives ;  Infinitive  as  a  Noun ;  Simple 

Indirect  Discourse  ;  Dative  with  Special 

Verbs  ;  Ablative  of  Specification. 


345. 


CONJ.    I. 


Pres.    ama-ri,  to  he  loved. 

Pekf.    amfit-us,  -a,  -um  esse,  to  have  been  loved. 

FuT.      amfit-um  iri,  to  be  about  to  be  loved. 


124         LATIN  HEADER.  —  LESSON  XXXVIL 

CONJ.   II.  CONJ.   III.  CONJ.    IV. 

Pkes.    mone-ri.  reg-i.  audi-ri. 

Pekf.    monit-us,  rect-us,  audit-us, 

-a,  -um  esse.  -a,  -ura  esse.  -a,  -um  esse. 

FuT.      monit-um  iri.  rect-um  iri.  audit-um  iri. 

In  the  Passive  voice  : 

a.  The  Present  Infinitive  is  formed  by  adding  -ri  to 
the  Present  stem.  ]^)ut  notice  that  in  the  Third  Conju- 
gation -1  (not  -ri)  is  added  to  the  stem  minus  the  final 
vowel. 

h.  The  Perfect  is  formed  by  adding  -us,  -a,  -um  esse 
to  the  Participial  stem. 

c.  The  Future  is  formed  by  adding  -um  iri  to  the 
Participial  stem. 

346.  INFINITIVE    USED    AS    A    NOUN. 

1.  Videre  est  credere.    To  see  is  to  believe. 

2.  Pueri  nare  discunt.     Jioys  learn  to  svirim. 

Observe  that  the  Infinitive  may  be  used  as  a  noun. 
Thus  in  example  (1)  videre  is  the  subject  of  est,  while 
credere  is  a  Predicate  Nominative.  In  example  (2) 
nare  is  the  object  of  discunt. 

347.  SIMPLE    INDIRECT    DISCOURSE. 

In  English,  verbs  of  saying.,  thinking,  knowing,  and 
perceiving  are  sometimes  followed  by  an  Infinitive  with 
its  subject  in  the  Accusative,  as  :  We  supposed  him  to 
be  a  friend.     He  found  it  to  be  inqyossible. 


PASSIVE  INFINITIVES.  125 

Compare  tKe  following : 

Direct.       Urbs  incolumis  est.     21ie  city  is  safe. 

Indikect.  Putamus  urbem  incolumem  esse.  We  think 
that  the  city  is  safe  (lit.  the  city  to  be  safe). 

Direct.        Hostes  discesserunt.     The  enemy  have  departed. 

Indirect.  Cognoverunt  hostis  discessisse.  They  ascer- 
tained that  the  enemy  had  departed  (lit.  the 
enemy  to  have  departed). 

Direct.       Veniam.     I  shall  come. 

Indirect.  Dicit  se  venturum  esse.  He  says  that  he  will 
come  (lit.  himself  to  be  about  to  come). 

a.  Observe  that  where  a  Direct  statement  is  made  to 
depend  upon  a  verb  of  saying,  thinking,  knowing,  and 
'perceiving,  it  becomes  Indirect,  the  verb  in  Latin  being 
put  in  the  Infinitive  with  its  subject  in  the  Accusative. 

h.  Observe  that,  in  English,  the  Indirect  statement  is 
generally  introduced  by  the  conjunction  that,  and  that 
the  verb  is  in  the  Indicative  Mood. 

348.  Rule  XXVII.  Verbs  of  saying,  knowing,  think- 
ing, and  perceiving  are  followed  by  the  Infinitive  with 
its  subject  in  the  Accusative. 

349.  Examine  the  following  : 

„_    .,    [  venire.  ^^  *,    ^  ^,  C  «^^  coming. 

Dicit    \     _    .  He  says  that  the  \  , 

-,.,_      <  venisse.  ,^.  <  have  come. 

milites    I         ,-  -  soldiers  f     .„ 

^  ventures  esse.  ^  will  come. 

^_     .^    /'Venire.  ^^        .-,,,,,,  (  vvere  coming. 

Dixit    S     -    •  He  said  that  the  \ ,     , 

_,,._      <  venisse.  ,,,  {hsLci  come. 

milites    /         .  -  -  soldiers  i 

'  ventures  esse.  ^  "would  come. 

Observe  that  the  tense  changes  in  the  English,  when 
the  verb  of  saying,  etc.,  is  in  a  past  tense,  while  the 
tense  of  the  Latin  Infinitive  remains  the  same. 


126         LATIN  READER. —  LESSON  XXX VIL 

The  tense  of  the  Infinitive  depends  on  the  time  of 
the  principal  verb.     If  the  Infinitive  denotes  : 

a.  The  same  time  as  the  principal  verb,  it  will  be  in 
the  Present. 

b.  Time  before  that  of  the  principal  verb,  it  will  be  in 
the  Perfect. 

c.  Time  afte?'  that  of  the  principal  verb,  it  will  be  in 
the  Future. 

350.  DATIVE    WITH    SPECIAL    VERBS. 

Servo  parcit.     He  spares  the  slave. 

Legibus  non  parent.      They  do  not  obey  the  la-ws. 

Notice  that  servo  and  legibus,  apparently  the  objects 
of  parcit  and  parent,  are  in  the  Dative  case,  and  not  in 
the  Accusative,  as  we  should  expect  them  to  be. 

Of  the  verbs  thus  followed  by  the  Dative,  the  most 

common  are : 

Parco,   pareo,   placeo, 
Faveo,   noceo,   servio, 
Invideo,   nubo,   ignosco, 
Resisto,   persuadeo, 
Maledico,   indulgeo. 

351.  Rule  XXVIII.  Many  verbs  meaning  to  favor, 
help,  please,  trust,  and  their  opposites ;  also  to  believe, 
persuade,  command,  obey,  serve,  resist,  envy,  threaten, 
pardon,  spare,  and  the  like,  are  followed  by  the  Dative. 

352.  ABLATIVE    OF    SPECIFICATION. 

Virtute  praecedunt.     They  excel  in  courage. 

Virtute  is  in  the  Ablative,  and  specifies  what  they 
excel  in.  Hence  it  is  called  the  Ablative  of  Specifi- 
cation. 


PASSIVE  INFINITIVES.  127 

353.  Rule  XXIX.  The  Ablative  of  Specification  is 
used  to  denote  that  in  respect  to  which  anything  is  or  is 
done. 

DAEDALUS. 

354.  Daedalus,  natii  Atheniensis,  vir  summo  in- 
genio,  multas  iitilTs  artis  invenit.  Sed  PerdTx,  eius 
sororis  filius,  qui  a  Daedalo  docebatur,  etiam  puer, 
celeriter  praeceptori  antecellit.  Cui  Daedalus  invi- 
det  et  denique  eum  ex  alta  riipe  praecipitem  demittit. 
Deinde  puerum  decidisse  niintiat.  Cui  autem  Atlie- 
nienses  non  crediderunt.  Quam  ob  rem  Daedalus 
cum  filio  Icaro  ad  Mlnoem,  regem  Cretae,  effiigit. 
El  Daedalus  dixit  se  Athenis  iniuste  expulsum  esse ; 
se  autem  paratum  esse  regl  multis  rebus  servire. 
Nee  difficile  erat  id  regi  persuadere.  Nam  dirum 
monstrum,  nomine  Minotaurus,  niiper  in  Creta  appa- 
ruerat,  cui  corpus  hominis  erat,  sed  caput  tauri. 

355.  1.  They  say  that  an  Athenian,  Daedalus  by 
name,  envied  his  sister's  son.  2.  The  boys  declared 
that  Perdix  had  been  hurled  from  a  very  high  cliff. 

3.  It  is  very  difficult  to  believe  this  man  in  all  things. 

4.  I  say  that  Perdix  excels  his  instructors  in  genius. 

5.  The  Athenians  said  that  Minos  would  expel  Dae- 
dalus from  Crete. 

Sight   Translation!.      Daedalus.  —  Coticliided. 

356.  Itaque  Minos  Daedalum  benigne  accepit, 
atque  eum  iussit  in  potestatem  suam  monstrum  redi- 
gere.  Inde  Daedalus  mirabilem  labyrinthum  aedi- 
ficavit,    qui    miUe   vias    et    innumerabilis    ambages 


128 


LATIN  READER. — LESSON  XXX VIL 


habuisse  dicitur.  HTc  Minotaurum  clausit.  Tamen 
necesse  erat  monstro  corpora  hominum  ad  cibum 
praebere.  Panels  post  annis  Daedalus  nuntiat  se 
Athenas  rediturum  esse.  Id  autem  a  rege  non  con- 
ceditur.  Inde  ille  novam  viam  fugae  repent.  Nam 
pennas  avium  in  ordine  ponit,  quas  lino  et  cera  in 
formam  rdarum  adligat.  Has  Tgnotas  alas  umeris 
suis  et  fill  accommodat.  Inde  iter  peiiculosum  in- 
ceperunt.  Sed  Icarus  iussTs  patris  non  paret  et 
celsior  volat.  Mox  sol  cerain  pennarum  mollit,  et 
Icarus  in  mare  decidit  quod  nomen  ab  illo  traxit. 
Daedalus  autem  incolumis  in  Siciliam  pervenit  et 
multis  rebus  regi  Siciliae  serviebat. 

357.  1.  Quis  erat  Daedalus?  2.  Ciir  Daedalus 
Perdici  invidet?  3.  Quid  PerdTcT  accidit?  4. 
Ad  quem  Daedalus  effugit?  5.  Quid  Minoi  dixit? 
6.  Cur  non  difficile  erat  id  regl  persuadere  ?  7.  In 
quo  Daedalus  monstrum  clausit?  8.  Quid  erat 
cibus  inonstrT?  9.  Quam  viam  fugae  a  Creta  Dae- 
dalus reperit?  10.  Quid  accidit  Tcaro?  11.  Num 
Daedalus  in  mare  decidit  ?  12.  Cul  regi  postea 
serviebat? 


iubeo,  order. 
potestas,  power. 
red-igo,  reduce. 
mirabilis,  wonderful. 
ambages,    wind'mgs.      (Am- 
biguous.) 
claudo,  shut  up.,  in-CLOSE. 
red-eo,  return. 
cou-cedo,  permit,  concede. 


penna,  feather.     (Pen.) 
linum,  thread.     (Linen.) 
cera,  wax. 
forma,  form. 
umerus,  shoulder. 
ac-commodo,  fit   to.      (Ac- 
commodate.) 
celsus,  high.     (Ex-celsior.) 
mollio,  soften.      (MoUi-fy.) 


PARTICIPLES:    ABLATIVE  ABSOLUTE.       129 


QUESTIONS. 

358.  How  are  the  tenses  of  the  Passive  Infinitive  formed  ? 
Give  the  Passive  Infinitives,  Latin  and  English,  of  nuntio,  video, 
mitto,  venio.  Illustrate  the  use  of  the  Infinitive  as  a  noun. 
What  is  the  difference  between  Direct  and  Indirect  Discourse  ? 
In  what  case  is  the  subject  of  the  Infinitive  put  ?  On  what  does 
the  tense  of  the  Infinitive  depend  ?  When  will  it  be  Present  ? 
Perfect  ?  Future  ?  Mention  the  most  common  of  the  special 
verbs  which  are  followed  by  the  Dative.  State  the  rule  for  Dative 
with  special  verbs.  Distinguish  between  the  Ablative  of  Specifi- 
cation and  Ablative  of  Characteristic,  giving  an  example  of  each. 
Compare  the  Adverbs  formed  from  multus,  parvus,  acer,  gravis, 
facilis. 


LESSON     XXXVIII. 
Participles ;  Ablative  Absolute. 

359.  A  Participle  is  a  Verbal  Adjective  ;  as  a  verb  it 
may  be  followed  by  an  object ;  as  an  adjective  it  must 
agree  with  its  noun  in  gender,  number,  and  case. 

360.  In  Latin  there  are  two  participles  in  each  voice, 
as  follows : 

ACTIVE  participlp:s. 

NAME.  ENDING.  MEANING. 

Present.  -ns,  gen.  -litis.        -ing. 

FuTUKE.  -urus,  -a,  -um.       about  to. 

passivp:  participles. 

Perfect.  -us,  -a,  -um.  having  been. 

Gerundive.  -ndus,  -a,  -um.      necessary  to  be., 

or  -ing. 


130        LATIN  READER. — LESSON  XXXVIIL 


CONJ.   I. 

Pres.    ania-ns,  loving. 
FuT.      amat-urus, ") 

-a,  -um,      J 
Pekf.    amfit-us,     ) 

-a,  -um, 
G'v'e.   ama-ndus,  ^  necessary  to  be  loved, 

-a,  -um,       S  or  loving. 


about  to  love. 
) 

|-  having  been  loved. 


CON  J.    11. 

CON.I.   III. 

CON  J.  IV. 

PitES. 

mone-ns. 

rege-ns. 

audie-ns. 

FUT. 

monit-urus, 

rect-urus, 

audit-urus. 

-a,  -um. 

-a,  -um. 

-a,  -um. 

Perf. 

monit-us. 

rect-us, 

audit-US, 

-a,  -um. 

-a,  -um. 

-a,  -um. 

G'v'e. 

mone-ndus, 

rege-ndus. 

audie-ndus 

-a,  -um. 

-a,  -um. 

-a,  -um. 

a.  Observe  that  the  Present  particifjle  and  the  Gerun- 
dive are  formed  by  adding  the  endings  to  the  Present 
stem,  while  the  Future  and  the  Perfect  have  the  Parti- 
cipial stem. 

b.  Notice  that  -e  is  added  to  the  Present  stem  in  the 
Fourth  Conjugation. 

c.  Form  the  participles,  both  Latin  and  English,  of 
ports,  doceo,  scribo,  munio. 


361. 


ABLATIVE    ABSOLUTE. 


1.  Bello  contecto, 
in  italiam  con- 
tendit. 


The  war  having  been  fin- 
ished, 

Since   the    tear    was  fin- 
ished, 

When    the  war  loas  fin- 
ished, 
{^Having  finished  the  war^  J 


he  hastened 
into  Italy. 


PARTICIPLES ;    ABLATIVE  ABSOLUTE.       131 


Si^no  dato,  mi- 
lites  impetum  f  e- 
cerunt. 


Eorum  vicis  in- 
censis,  Caesar 
exercitum  re- 
duxit. 


4.   A  castris,  te 
insciente, 
discessit. 


The   signal    having    been 

given^ 
When   the   signal  was 

given, 
At  the  signal, 

f  Their  villages  having  been'" 
burned, 

When  he  had  buryied  their 
villages, 

After    burning    their  vil- 
lages, 

Having    burned  their  vil- 
lages. 

You  not  knowing. 
Without  your  knowledge, 


\ 


^  ,  (Caesar   (being)   our 

Caesareduce.    \     ,^„^^^ 

nihil  timemus. 


the  soldiers 
charged. 


Caesar 
led  back 
his  army. 


he  departed 
from  camp. 

we  fear 
nothing. 


Vento  secundo, 
classis  redibit. 


the  fleet  imll 
return. 


With  Caesar  as  leader, 

'The  wind  (being)  favor a-^ 

ble. 
When  the  wind  is  favora- 
ble, 

If  the  wind  is  favorable, 

a.  Notice  that  in  the  first  three  examples,  there  is 
a  noun  (in  the  fourth,  a  pronoun)  in  the  Ablative,  and  a 
participle  agreeing  with  it,  and  that  they  define  the 
time  or  circumstances  of  the  action  expressed  in  the 
main  clause  of  the  sentence.  Notice  also  that  they  are 
independent  of  the  rest  of  the  sentence.  Hence  this 
construction  is  called  the  Ablative  Absolute. 

Rule  XXX.  A  noun  or  pronoun,  with  a  participle, 
may  be  put  in  the  Ablative  to  define  the  time  or  circurri- 
stances  of  an  action. 


132        LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  XXXVIIL 

h.  Observe  that  in  the  5th  example  a  noun,  and  in  the 
6th  an  adjective,  is  used  instead  of  the  participle.  In 
both  cases,  '^  being  ^^  is  supplied  in  English. 

c.  Observe  that  the  literal  translation  of  the  Ablative 
Absolute  is  apt  to  be  awkward.  A  smoother  translation 
is  obtained  by  using  the  Active  participle  with  a  direct 
object,  or  a  clause  introduced  by  a  suitable  conjunction. 

d.  In  translating  English  into  Latin,  do  not  imagine 
that  all  participles  will  have  the  Ablative  Absolute  con- 
struction. For  example,  if  a  participle  belongs  to  the 
subject  of  a  verb  in  the  Indicative  mood,  it  will,  of 
course,  be  in  the  Nominative  case,  as :  Caesar,  influenced 
by  their  entreaties^  undertook  the  war.  Caesar,  eorum 
precibus  adductus,  bellum  suscepit. 

362.  usp:  of  the  pkesknt  participle. 

In  Latin,  the  Present  i)articiple  can  only  be  used 
when  it  denotes  the  same,  time  as  the  principal  verb,  as  : 
Vidi  eum  ridentem.  I  saw  him  laughing.  When,  there- 
fore, the  Present  participle  is  used  loosely  in  English  to 
denote  time  before  that  of  the  principal  verb,  a  Perfect 
participle  or  a  clause  must  be  substituted,  as : 

Ascertaining  these  facts,  they  departed. 
His  rebus  cognitis,  discesserunt. 

THESEUS    ET    MINOTAURUS. 

363.  Olim,  regnante  Aegeo,  Androgeus  Minois  fi- 
lius  Athenas  venit,  atque  liidorum,  qui  ibi  quotannis 
celebrabantur,  victor  appellatus  est.  Haud  ita  multo 
post,  casii  nescio  quo  necatus  est.  Quam  ob  rem 
Minos  inceiisus  ira  bellum  cum  Atheniensibus  gessit. 


PARTICIPLES  ;    ABLATIVE  ABSOLUTE.       133 

Quibus  victis  terribile  tributum  imposuit.  Eos  enim 
quotannis  septem  iuvenis  septemque  virgines  ad  ci- 
bum  Minotauro  mittere  iussit.  Ea  re  cognita,  The- 
seus ad  Cretam  navigare  et  cum  monstro  pugiiare 
constituit.  Nee  lacrimis  patris  nee  precibus  populT 
motus  est.  Deiiique  sortes  ducuiitur  et  omnia  pa- 
rata  sunt.  Infelices  iuvenes  cum  Theseo  navem  atris 
veils  aptatam,  signum  luctus,  conscendunt.  Quam 
navem  Theseus  patri  promittit  albis  veils  aptatam, 
sTgnum  victoriae,  Athenas  redituram  esse. 

364.  1.  In  the  reign  of  Minos  king  of  Crete,  An- 
drogeus,  his  son,  was  murdered  at  Athens.  2.  When 
everything  was  ready,  Ave  embarked  on  a  ship  with 
black  sails.  3.  Theseus  said  that  he  would  kill 
the  Minotaur  and  return  to  Athens  a  victor.  4. 
After  the  lots  had  been  drawn,  seven  unfortunate 
youths  were  ordered  to  sail  to.  Crete.  5.  On  ascer- 
taining these  facts,  Minos  determined  to  wage  war 
with  Aegeus. 

Sight    Translation. 
Theseus  et  Minotaurus.  —  Concluded. 

365.  Mox  nautae  navem  solvunt,  et  altum  mare 
petunt.  Panels  post  diebus  navis  ad  Cretam  ap- 
pulsa  est.  CaptivT  expositi  ad  regem  ddcuntur.  Tum 
primum  Ariadne,  pulchra  filia  Minois,  Thesea  videt. 
Statim  admiratione  et  misericordia  mota  nobilem 
iuvenem  servare  constituit.  Itaque  virgo,  captTvTs  in 
carcerem  ductis,  custodes  auro  corrmnpit,  ac  ipsa  The- 
se! gladium  et  filum  dat.     Vesper!  custodes  Thesea 


134        LATIN  HEADER.  —  LESSON  XXXVIIL 

in  labyrinthum  ducunt.  Prope  introitum  autem  iu- 
venis  custodibus  mscientibus  filum  adnectit.  Subito 
terribilem  mugitum  exaudiunt.  Iiide  custodes  ex 
labyrintlio  discedunt  et  Tlieseus  solus  relinqiiitur. 
Mox  Miiiotaiirum  videt.  Turn  acerrima  erat  pugna. 
Nam  MTiiotauro  erant  et  vires  tauri  et  dolus  celeri- 
tasque  hominis.  Denique  volneribus  confeutum  mon- 
strum  cadit. 

366.  1.  Cur  MTiids  bellum  cum  Atlieniensibus 
gessit?  2.  Quod  terribile  tributum  Atbeniensibus 
victis  imposuit  ?  3.  Qufde  monstrum  erat  Mino- 
taurus?  4.  Quis  cum  Minotauro  pugnare  cdnsti- 
tuit?  5.  Qualem  navem  lufelices  iuvenes  conscen- 
dunt  ?  6.  Quid  Theseus  patri  promittit  ?  7.  Ubi 
piimum  Ariadne  Tliesea  vldit  ?  8.  Quid  fecit 
virgo?  9.  Quando  Tlieseus  in  labyrinthum  ductus 
est?  10.  Quid  prope  introitum  fecit?  11.  Ciir 
acerrima  erat  piigna  cum  Minotauro?  12.  Quis 
vicit  ? 

QUESTIONS. 

367.  What  is  a  participle  ?  Give  the  names,  endings,  and 
meanings  of  the  four  participles.  Which  are  formed  from  the 
Present  stem  ?  From  what  stem  are  the  others  formed  ?  Form 
the  participles  of  duco,  moveo,  custodio,  laudo.  What  is  an 
Ablative  Absolute  ?  What  may  be  used  instead  of  the  participle  ? 
Is  there  an  Ablative  Absolute  in  the  sentence:  The  Gauls  having 
been  conquered  sent  hostages  to  Caesar?  Why?  Where  only 
may  the  Present  participle  be  used  in  Latin  ?  Rule  for  place 
where.     Give  the  Infinitives,  Active  and  Passive,  of  pono. 

ap-pell6,  land.  filum,  thread. 

ex-pono,  disembark.  introitum,  entrance. 

ad-miratio,  admikation.  ad-necto,  fasten. 

moveo,  MOVE.  mugitus,  bellowing, 

career,  2Jr ISO n.     (In-carcerate.)  dolus,  cunning. 


GERUND  :    GERUNDIVE. 


135 


LESSON     XXXIX. 
Gerund ;    Gerundive ;    Supine ;    Ablative   of   Time. 
368. 

CONJ.  I.  CONJ.  II.       CONJ.  III.     CONJ.  IV. 

G.      amandi,  of  loving.  monendi  regendi  audiendi 

D.      amando, /or  loving,  monendo  regendo  audiendo 

Ac.    amandum,  loving,  monendum  regendum  audiendum 

Ab.    amando,  by  loving,  monendo  regendo  audiendo 

a.  The  Gerund  is  a  verbal  noun  of  the  Second  De- 
clension ;  it  lacks  the  Nominative  case,  which  is  sup- 
plied by  the  Infinitive.  Following  are  examples  of  its 
use. 

369. 

G.  His  potestatem  discedendi  fecit.  lie  gave  these  the 
opportunity  of  departing. 

D.  Aqua  iitilis  est  bibendo.  Water  is  useful  for  drink- 
ing. 

Ac.  Naves  erant  inutiles  ad  navigandum.  The  ships 
were  useless  for  sailing. 

Ab.  Milites  in  metendo  occupati  sunt.  The  soldiers  were 
occupied  in  reaping. 


a.  Observe  that  the  gerund  is  governed  precisely  like 
any  other  noun.  As  it  has  the  force  of  a  verb,  it  mat/ 
take  an  object  in  the  proper  case.  But,  as  a  general 
rule,  instead  of  the  gerund  with  a  direct  object  the 
gerundive  is  used.  The  gerundive  then  agrees  with  its 
noun,  which  is  put  in  the  case  in  ivhich  the  gerund  luould 
have  been.  The  following  examples  illustrate  the  use  of 
the  gerundive  instead  of  the  gerund. 


136 


LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  XXXIX. 


D. 


Ac. 


Ab. 


370. 

Consilium 
ceperuut 

Vix  erat 
tempus 

In  Italiam 
contendit 

Mobiles 
sunt 


legionem  opprimendi. 
legionis  opprimendae. 


They  formed  the 
plan  of  crushimj 
the  legion. 


(  res  conlocando. 

^  rebus  conlocandis. 


There  was  scarcely 
time  for  arranging 
matters. 


ad  agendum  con- 
ventus. 

adc  on  v_entus 
agendas. 


lie  hastened  into  Italy  for 
the  purpose  of  holding 
{to  hold)  courts. 


^  in  capiendo  consilia.         ) 
)  in  consiliis  capiendis.  V 


They  are  changea- 
ble in  forming 
plans. 


a.    Notice  that  the  Accusative  of  the  gerundive  with 
ad  is  used  to  express  i^urpose. 


37 

1. 

HUriNK. 

CON.T.   I. 

CONJ.   II. 

CONJ.    III. 

CONJ.    IV. 

Ac. 

amfitum,  to  love. 

monitum 

rectum 

auditum 

Ab. 

amfitu,  to  love. 

monitu 

rectu 

auditii 

a.  The  Supine  is  a  verbal  noun  of  the  Fourth  Declen- 
sion, used  only  in  the  Accusative  and  Ablative  as  fol- 
lows : 

1.  Legates  miserunt  rogatum  auxilium.  They  sent  am- 
bassadors to  ask  assistance. 

2.  Perfacile  factu  est.     It  is  very  easy  to  do. 

h.  The  Accusative  of  the  supine  —  called  the  supine 
in  -um  —  is  used,  as  in  example  (1),  with  verbs  of  mo- 
tion to  express  purpose. 

Note.  —  This  Supine  is  also  used  with  iri,  —  the  Passive  Infini- 
tive of  eo,  to  go,  — to  form  the  Future  Passive  Infinitive  of  verbs, 
as  :  amatum  iri. 


SUPINE;   ABLATIVE   OF  TIME.  137 

c.  The  Ablative  of  the  supine  —  called  the  supine  in 
-XL  —  is  used,  as  in  example  (2),  with  a  few  adjectives. 

372.  ABLATIVE    OF    TIME. 

1.  Node  oppidum  oppugnabimus.  We  shall  storm  the 
town  at  night. 

2.  Tribus  horis  expugnabitur.  It  will  he  taken  -within 
three  hours. 

In  the  first  example  the  Ablative  node  expresses 
time  when  ;  in  the  second  example  the  Ablative  tribus 
horis  expresses  time  within  whieli. 

373.  Rule  XXXI.  Time  ivhen  or  within  which  is 
expressed  by  the  Ablative  without  a  preposition. 

THESEUS   ET    ARIADNE. 

374.  Minotauro  victo,  Theseus  filo  viam,  qua  ve- 
nerat,  celeriter  repetit.  Ad  introitum  labyrinth! 
Ariadnen  viclet,  quae  metii  tremens  iuvenem  petitum 
venerat.  Nunc  tandem  virgo  laeta  eum  victorem 
videt,  atque  ei  dicit  se  omnia  paravisse ;  custodes 
carceris  somno  vinoque  sepultos  esse ;  eius  comites 
ad  iiavigandum  paratos  esse.  Statim  Theseus  cum 
Ariadne  ad  litus  properat,  ubi  iam  suT  comites  con- 
venerant.  Sine  tumultii  omnes  navem  atris  veils 
conscendunt  et  nocte  tecti  per  classem  Minois  eva- 
dunt.  Nunc  tandem  eis  est  spes  patriae  videndae. 
Postero  die  Naxon  veniunt.  Hic  ab  omni  periculo 
tuti  paucos  dies  manebant.  Tum  Theseus  et  comi- 
tes navem  conscendunt  et  Athenas  cursum  derigunt. 
Ariadne  autem  relicta  est,  quam  ob  rem  difficile 
dictii  est. 


138  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  XXXIX. 

375.  1.  The  companions  of  Tlieseus  had  no  hope 
of  conquering  the  Minotaur.  2.  They  had  has- 
tened to  the  shore  to  see  the  ship  with  black  sails. 
3.  They  say  it  is  (a)  difficult  (thing)  to  see.  4. 
They  will  remain  at  Naxos  for  the  purpose  of  search- 
ing for  the  maiden.  5.  On  the  following  day  they 
said  that  they  would  arrive  at  Athens  within  a  few 
days. 

Slfjht  Translation.    Theseus  et  Ariadne.  —  Concluded. 

376.  Alii  dicunt  TlieseT  in  animo  esse  Naxon  postea 
redire  ad  d&cendam  Ariadnen  in  matrimonium;  alii 
deum  Bacchum  coegisse  iuvenem  Ariadnen  relinquere 
dicunt.  Saltern  certum  est  Bacchum  eam  in  caelum 
secum  evexisse  et  ei  coronam  septem  stellarum  de- 
disse.  Etiam  nunc  enim  iiocte  in  caelo  Ariadnea 
corona  cernitur. 

lam  multos  dies  rex  Aegeus  reditum  navis  ex- 
spectabat,  quae  suum  filium  ad  Cretam  evexerat. 
Procul  tandem  navem  cernit,  sed  eheu !  atris  veils. 
Nam  Theseus  cilsii  nescio  quo  vela  non  miitaverat. 
Turn  rex  magno  dolore  adfectus  se  ex  alta  riipe  in 
mare  deiecit ;  unde  mail  nomen  est  Aegaeum.  Inde 
Theseus    rex    Athenarum   sapienter   civitiitem  rege- 

Bacchus,  god  of  wine.  dolor,  sorrow,  grief.     (Dolo- 
saltem,  at  any  rate.  rous.) 

e-veho,    carry    away.     (Ve-     ad-ficio,  affect. 

hide.)  Aegaeus,  Aegean. 

Stella,  star.     (Stellar.)  sapienter,  wisely. 

red-itus,  return.  ar-cesso,  send  for,  fetch. 

eheu,  Alas !  prae-cipuus,  special. 


DERIVATION  AND    COMPOSITION   OF    WORDS.     139 

bat.     Suam  matrem,   Aethrani,    Troezene  arcessivit, 
quam  semper  habebat  praecipuo  bono  re. 

377.  1.  Quo  modo  Theseus  ex  labjrintbo  evasit? 
2.  Quam  ad  introitum  vTdit  ?  3.  Quid  virgo  ei 
dixit?  4.  Ubi  Theseus  suos  comites  in venit  ?  5. 
Quo  modo  per  chassem  Minois  evaserunt  ?  6.  In 
qua  insula  Ariadnen  relTquerunt?  7.  Quid  dicunt 
scrip  tores  de  hac  re?  8.  Quid  certum  est?  .  9. 
Ciir  Aegeus  se  ex  riipe  in  mare  deiecit?  10.  Quis 
postea  erat  rex  Athenarum?  11.  Qualis  rex  erat 
Theseus?       12.    Qualis  filius  erat  Theseus? 

QUESTIONS. 

378.  Give  the  gerunds  of  narro,  video,  duco,  venio.  What 
is  a  gerund  ?  A  gerundive  ?  When  is  tlie  gerundive  used  instead 
of  a  gerund  ?  In  tlie  following  examples  change  from  the  gerund 
to  the  gerundive  construction,  and  vice  versa :  ad  perferendas 
calamitatis,  consilium  bellum  renovandi,  difSoultas  belli 
gerendi,  ad  legiones  transportandum.  What  is  a  supine  ? 
How  are  the  supines  used  ?  Give  an  example  of  time  when;  time 
within  which.     What  kind  of  time  does  the  Accusative  express  ? 


LESSON    XL. 

Derivation  and  Composition  of  Words. 

379.  In  Enghsh,  several  words  of  kindred  meaning 
may  often  he  formed  from  one  word  hy  the  addition  of 
certain  endings,  called  suffixes  ;  e.  g.,  from  the  verb  gov- 
er7i  we  have  governor,  governess,  government,  governable, 
etc.     Compare  the  following  examples  in  Latin: 


140  LATIN  REABER.  —LESSON  XL. 

KEG-  =  guide. 

reg-ere,  to  rule.  regn-um,  reign. 

rex  (=  reg-s),  king.  regn-are,  to  reign. 

reg-ina,  queen.  regna-tor,  ruler. 

reg-ius,  royal.  rec-tor,  guide,  ruler. 

reg-ia,  jmlace.  rect-io,  direction,  government. 

reg-io,  direction.  rect-us,  direct,  straight. 

All  these  Latin  words,  having  in  them  the  idea  of 
guidance  or  (joiuirnnumt,  are  fcn-med  from  the  root  keg- 
by  the  addition  of  certain  suffixes.  Following  are  a  few 
of  the  most  important  suffixes  used  in  the  formation  of 
Latin  words. 


380. 


NOUNS. 


(1.)  The  suffix  -tor  added  to  roots  or  verb-stems  de- 
notes the  agent  or  doer  of  an  action,  as  : 

vinco  (root  vie-),  /  conquer.      victor,  conqueror. 
oro  (stoni  ora-),  I  plead.  orator,  pleader,  orator. 

In  like  manner  form  nouns  of  agency  from  impero 
and  cano. 

(2.)  -ia,  -tia,  -tas  and  -tudo  added  to  adjective  and 
noun  stems  form  abstract  nouns  expressing  quality, 
as  : 

diligens     (stem     diligent-),  diligentia,  diligence. 

diligent. 

laetus  (stem  laeto-),  glad.  laetitia,  gladness. 

celer  (stem  celeri-),  quick.  celeritas,  quickness. 

altus  (stem  alto-),  high.  altitSdo,  height. 

Form  nouns  expressing  quality  from  prudens,  saevus, 
tardus,  magnus. 


DERIVATION  AND   COMPOSITION   OF   WORDS.     141 

(3.)    -io,  -tio,  -tus  and  -tura  added  to  verb  stems  form 
nouns  expressing  actiofi,  as  : 

leg5  (root  leg-),  I  gather.  legio,  gathering,  legion. 

dimico    (stem    dimica-),  I  dimicatio,  struggle. 

fight. 
cano  (root  can-),  /  sing.  cantus,  singing. 

pingo  (root  PIC-),  I  j^aint.  pictur a.,  iiainting. 

Form  nouns  of  action  from  dico,  coniuro,  advenio,  sto. 


381.  ADJECTIVES, 

(1.)  The  suffixes  -anus,  -inus,  -ensis  form  adjectives 
denoting  helonging  to,  as  : 

Roma  (stem  Roma-),  Rome.  Romanus,  Roman. 

Gabii  (stem  Gabio-),  Gabii.  Gahinus,  of  Gabii. 

Athenae     (stem    Athena-),  Atheniensis,  Athenian. 
Athens. 

Form  such  adjectives  from  Alba,  Latium,  Sicilia. 
(2.)    -eus  forms  adjectives  denoting  viaterial,  as : 

aurum  (stem  auro-),  gold.  aureus,  golden. 

ferrum  (stem  ferro-),  iron.  ferreus,  of  iron. 

Form  adjectives  denoting  material  from  lignum  and 
marmor. 

(3.)  -lis,  -alls,  -elis,  -ills,  -bills  form  adjectives  denoting 
tendency,  as  : 

humus  (stem  humo-),  ground.  humilis,  low. 

mors  (stem  mort-),  death.  mortalis,  mortal. 

fides  (stem  fiAe-).,  faith.  Tidelis,  faithful. 

hostis  (stem  hosti-),  enemy.  hostilis,  hostile. 

terreo  (root  tbur-),  frighten.  terribilis,  terrible. 

In  like  manner  form  adjectives  from  facio,  natiira, 
crudus,  vir,  horreo. 


142  LATIN   READER.  —  LESSON  XL. 

382.  VERBS. 

Some  Latin  verbs  are  formed  directly  from  roots, 
as  ago  from  root  ag-;  others  are  formed  from  noun, 
adjective,  and  other  verb  stems,  as  : 

laus  (stem  laud-),  praise.  laudare,  to  praise. 

albus  (stem  albo-),  white.  albeo,  he  white. 

caleo  (stem  cale-),  he  warm,  calesco,  (jrow  warm. 

finis  (stem  fini-),  end.  finio,  end. 

383.  COMPOUND    WORDS. 

Latin  compounds  consist  of  two  or  more  simple 
stems  uniting  to  form  one  word,  as  :  magno  -(-  animus  = 
magnanimus,  great-souled. 

They  are  often  formed  of  verbs  preceded  (1)  by  a 
preposition,  as  in-scribo,  inscribe,  or  (2)  by  a  particle,  as 
dis-cedo,  depart. 

a.    Notice  the  following  compounds  of  mitto,  send. 

a-mitto,  send  awaij.  manii-initto,  send  from  the  hand., 

ad-mitto,  send  to.,  admit.  release. 

circum-mitto,  send  around.  o-mitto,  omit. 

com-mitto,      send      together.,  per-mitto,    send    through.,   per- 

commit.  mit. 

de-mitto,  send  or  cast  down.  prae-mitto,  send  forward. 

di-mitto,  send  apart,  scatter.  pro-mitto,  promi.^e. 

e-mittb,  ."tend  forth,  emit.  re-mitto,  send  hack,  remit. 

im-mitto,  .'<end  in.  sub-mitto,  send  under,  suhmit. 

inter-mitto,  send  between,  in-  trans-mitto,  send  across. 

termit. 

h.  The  final  consonant  in  the  preposition  is  often 
assimilated  to  the  consonant  beginning  the  following 
word,  as  cor-rump6  for  con-rumpo,  au-fero  for  ab-fero. 

c.  A  short  (X  or  e  in  the  stem  of  a  verb  compounded 
with  a  preposition  is  often  weakened  to  short  i,  as 
con-ficio  for  con-facio,  ob-tineo  for  ob-teneo. 


DERIVATION  AND   COMPOSITION   OF   WORDS.     143 

PREPOSITIONS    IN    COMPOSITION. 

384.  Prepositions,  when  compounded  with  other  words, 
sometimes  vary  from  their  usual  meaning.  Note  care- 
fully the  following : 

Com-,  con-  (cum),  (1)  toff ether,  as  con-venire,  to  come 
together ;  (2)  thoroughly,  completely,  as  con-laudare,  to 
praise  highly. 

In-,  im-,  (1)  with  verbs,  in,  into,  on,  against,  as  im- 
portare,  to  b?'i7ig  in  ;  (2)  with  adjectives,  not,  un-,  as  in- 
iustus,  unjust. 

Ob,  (1)  towards,  as  oc-currere,  to  run  towards ;  (2) 
down,  as  oc-cidere,  to  cut  down. 

Sub,  (1)  under,  beneath,  as  sub-mergere,  to  dip  under ; 
(2)  from  beneath,  up,  as  sub-levare,  to  raise  up ;  (3) 
secretly,  as  sub-ripere,  to  take  away  secretly  y  (4)  slightly, 
as  sub-ridere,  (to  laugh  slightly),  to  smile. 

385.  PARTICLES    IN    COMPOSITION. 

amb-,  am-,  an-,  around,  round  about,  as  amb-ire,  to  go  around. 
dis-,  di-,  asunder,  apart,  as  dis-cedere,  to  depart, 
por-,  forward,  forth,  as  por-rigere,  to  hold  forth,  extend. 
red-,  re-,  hack,  again,  as  red-ire,  to  go  back,  return, 
sed-,  se-,  apart,  as  se-cludere,  to  shut  apart. 

NUPTIAE    ROMANAE. 

386.  Die  niiptiarum  niibens  alba  tunica  et  flammeo 
luteo  induebatur.  Eius  coma,  cuspide  hastae  in  sex 
ciinis  divisa,  vittis  nectebatur.  Ubi  convivae  in 
patris  niibentis  domum  convenerunt,  optimTs  auspi- 
ciis  caei'imonia  agebatur.  Primum  certa  et  sollemnia 
verba,  decern  testibus  praesentibus,  dicuntiir.    Deinde 


144  LATIN  READER.—  LESSON  XL. 

pronuba  novos  maritos  ad  aram  dels  sacrificandi 
causa  ducit.  Dum  Flanien  Dialis  carmina  peragit, 
novi  maiiti,  manibus  inter  se  iunctis,  aram  circunn- 
bant.  Quibus  ritibus  factis,  omnes  convivae  et  marito 
et  nuptae  '  feliciter  '  dicunt.  Delude  epulis  usque  ad 
uoctem  apud  patrem  novae  nuptae  accumbunt. 

387.  1.  They  said  that  the  guests  had  assembled 
at  the  bridegroom's  house.  2.  The  solemn  words 
will  be  pronounced  in  the  presence  of  the  priest. 
3.  The  guests  will  recline  at  the  feast  until  night- 
fall. 4.  Has  the  bride  put  on  the  white  tunic  and 
orange-colored  veil?  5.  The  priest  used  to  go 
round  the  altar  for  the  sake  of  performing  these 
ceremonies. 

Sight   Translation.      Nuptiae   Romanae.  —  Concluded. 

388.  Ubi  nox  venit,  niipta  specie  vTs  de  complexu 
matris  avolsa  ad  domum  marlti  deddcitur.    TibTcines 

species,  hIiow.     (Species.)  oleum,  oil. 

com-plexus,  e^>i/>race.  (Com-  unguo,  auo/wL     (Unction.) 

plexion.)  omen,  omen. 

a-vello,    tear    away.        (Re-  trans-fertur,  is  carried  across. 

vulsion.)  (Transfer.) 

tihicen,  flute-player.  vide-licet,  (one  may  see), 
fax,  torch.  clearly. 

agmen,  line.  quia,  because. 

prae-cedo,  precede.  necessarius,  necessary. 

Talassio,  perhaps  an  ancient  re-potia,  return  banquet. 

god  of  marriage.  Lares,   deified  spirits  of   ances- 
clamito,  keep  shouting.  tors. 

nux,  nut.  Penates,  liousehold  gods. 

spargo,  scatter.     (Sparse.)  sacri-fico,  sacrifice. 

signi-fiCO,  SIGNIFY. 


DERIVATION  AND    COMPOSITION   OF    WORDS.     145 

et  servT  faces  ferentes  agmen  praecedunt.  Post 
novos  maiitos  veniuiit  convivae,  quibus  mox  magna 
turba  plebis  se  iungit.  Omnes  carmina  canunt  et 
'Talassio'  clamitant.  Nunc  maiitus  pueiis  nuces 
spargit,  quo  significat  se  non  iam  puerum  esse.  Ubi 
ad  domum  mariti  veniunt,  nupta  postis  oleo  unguit 
atque  eos  vittis  ornat.  Deinde  ad  malum  omen 
vitandum  nupta  trans  limen  transfertur.  In  atrio 
maritus  suam  uxorem  aqua  et  igni  accipit,  videlicet 
quia  hae  duae  res  ad  vivendum  maxime  necessariae 
sunt.  Postero  die  repotia  apud  maritum  erant,  quo 
tempore  primum  niipta  Laribus  et  Penatibus  mariti 
sacrificabat. 

389.  1.  Quo  modo  niibens  Romana  induebatur? 
2.  Quo  modo  eius  coma  dividebatur?  3.  Quot 
testibus  praesentibus  caerimonia  agebatur?  4.  Quis 
ducit  novos  maritos  ad  aram?  5.  Dum  Flamen  Di- 
alis  carmina  peragit,  quid  faciunt  novi  mariti?  6. 
Quid  deinde  faciunt  convivae  ?  7.  Ubi  nox  venit, 
quo  niipta  deducitur?  8.  Dum  turba  per  vias  ince- 
dit,  quid  faciunt  omnes  ?  9.  Quid  facit  novus  mari- 
tus? 10.  Ubi  ad  domum  veniunt,  quid  facit  niipta  ? 
11.  Ciir  niipta  trans  iTmen  transfertur?  12.  Quo 
modo  maritus  in  atrio  niiptam  accepit?  13.  Ubi  pri- 
mum niipta  Laribus  et  Penatibus  mariti  sacrificabat  ? 

QUESTIONS. 

390.  Explain  the  formation  of  tlie  following  words,  giving 
the  meaning  of  the  suffixes:  R^manus,  diligentia,  fidelis,  ora- 
tor, terribilis,  altitude,  Gabinus,  pictura,  cantor,  ligneus, 
laetitia,  mortalis,  legio,  celeritas,  Atheniensis,  ferreus,  hu- 


146  LATIN   READER.  —  LESSON  XLL 

mills,  dimicatio,  hostilis,  cantus.  What  is  the  force  of  the 
prepositions  and  particles  in  the  following:  iniustus,  porri- 
gere,  subripere,  secludere,  occidere,  conlaudare,  redire, 
subridere,  discedere,  sublevare,  occurrere,  ambire,  conve- 
nire,  importare. 


LESSON    XL  I. 

Subjunctive  of  Sum ;  Hortatory  Subjunctive ; 
Subjunctive  of  Wish. 

391.  The  Subjunctive  mood  has  four  tenses ;  viz., 
Present,  Imperfect,  Perfect,  and  Pluperfect.  It  is  vari- 
ousl}^  translated  according  to  the  clause  in  which  it 
stands.     Learn  the  following  paradigm  :  — 

SUBJUNCTIVE    OF    SUM. 


PRESENT. 

IMPEUFECT. 

s-i-m 

s-i-mus 

es-se-m 

es-se-mus 

s-i-s 

s-i-tls 

es-se-s 

es-se-tis 

s-i-t 

s-i-nt 

es-se-t 

es-se-nt 

PERFECT.  PLUPERFECT. 

fu-eri-m  fu-eri-mus  fu-isse-m  fu-isse-mus 

fu-eri-s  fu-eri-tis  fu-isse-s  fu-isse-tis 

fu-eri-t  fu-eri-nt  fu-isse-t  fu-isse-nt 

392.  The  Subjunctive  has  two  principal  uses. 
I.    It  may  be  used  independently. 

II.    It  may  be  dependent  on  another  verb. 

I.    SUBJUNCTIVE  IN  INDEPENDENT  SENTENCES. 

393.  HORTATORY    SUBJUNCTIVE. 

1.  Boni  simus.     Let  us  be  good. 

2.  Ne  ignavi  simus.     Let  us  not  be  cowards. 


HORTATORY  SUBJUNCTIVE,  147 

a.  Observe  that  these  sentences  are  exhortations. 
Hence  this   is  called  the  Hortatory  Subjunctive. 

b.  The  negative  is  ne,  as  in  example  (2). 

394.  Rule  XXXII.  The  Subjunctive  is  used  to  ex- 
press a  mild  command  or  exhortation. 

395.  SUBJUNCTIVE    OF    WISH. 

1.  Sis  felix.     May  you  be  fortunate. 

2.  (Utinam)  Athenis  ess  em.  O  that  I  were  (now)  at 
Athens ! 

3.  (Utinam)  ne  domi  fuissemus.  O  that  we  had  not 
been  at  home  ! 

a.  Notice  that  the  wish  expressed  in  example  (1)  is 
with  regard  to  the  future,  and  that  it  may  be  fulfilled. 
Hence,  it  is  called  a  possible  wish.  It  requires  the  Pres- 
ent Subjunctive. 

b.  The  wish  expressed  in  example  (2)  is  with  regard 
to  present  time,  but  it  cannot  be  fulfilled,  as  the  person 
is  evidently  not  now  at  Athens.  It  is  therefore  called  an 
impossible  wish  in  the  p)resent.  Notice  that  although  the 
time  is  present,  the  tense  is  Imperfect. 

c.  The  wish  in  example  (3)  is  with  reference  to  past 
time,  and  of  course  cannot  be  fulfilled.  It  is  called  an 
impossible  ivlsh  in  the  past,  and  requires  the  Pluperfect 
Subjunctive. 

d.  Utinam  may  be  omitted.     The  negative  is  ne. 

396.  Rule  XXXIII.  The  Subjunctive  is  used  to  ex- 
press a  wish ;  the  Present  tense  is  used  for  a  possible 
wish;  the  Imperfect  for  an  impossible  ivish  in  the  pres- 
ent;  the  Pluperfect  for  an  impossible  ivlsh  in  the  past. 


148  LATIN   READER.  —LESSON   XLL 

MIDAS. 

397.  Bacchus  olim  Midae,  regi  Phrygiae,  pro  bene- 
ficio  aibitrium  muiieris  dedit.  Ille  autem  sic  petivit : 
''  Quicquid  ineo  corpore  contigeio,  id  aurum  sit." 
Cm  deus  maestus  adnuit,  "Ita  sit."  Midas  autem 
laetus  domum  abivit.  Vix  fortiinae  credens  postis 
taugit,  qui  protinus  in  aurum  vertuntur.  Deinde 
regiam  percurrit,  lectos,  mensas,  sellas,  maniitangens. 
Brevi  omnia  sunt  aurea.  Mox  regi  magnificas  epulas 
ministiT  apponunt.  Tum  vero  quicquid  cibT  rex  ore 
contingit,  id  statim  in  aurum  vertitur.  Etiam  vTnum 
in  aureum  flumen  vertitur.  Midas  attonitus  opes 
effugere  temptat  sed  frustra.  Sic  tandem  secum 
dicit :  "  Ne  tam  stultus  fuissem !  Et  ditissimus  et 
pauperrimus  mortalium  sum !  Utinam  deus  ipse 
adesset!  Quo  modo  sine  eius  auxilio  mortem  effu- 
giam  ?  " 

398.  1.  Let  not  the  king  be  astonished.  2.  O 
that  all  things  in  the  palace  were  golden  !  3.  Let 
the  feast  be  magnificent.  4.  O  that  the  attend- 
ants of  the  kin  Of  had  not  been  so  foolish !  5.  O 
that  we  were  not  so  poor ! 

Sight  Translation.     Midas.  —  Concluded. 

399.  Inde  Midas  Bacchum  diem  noctemque  quaere- 
bat.  Denique  fame  sitique  defessus  deum  repperit. 
Tum  SIC  orat :  ''  Da  veniam,  pater,  peccavi.  Ab  hoc 
criidelT  fato  me  eripe."  Cui  deus  benigne  respon- 
det:  '' Vade  ad  fliimen  Pactolum.  Ubi  ad  fliiminis 
fontis   veneris,   aquae   tuum    caput   subde,   et  simul 


\ 

SUBJUNCTWE   OF    WISH.  149 

corpus  ciimenque  elue."  Hex  ad  flumen  succedit, 
atque  in  aquam  se  mergit.  Statim,  mirabile  dictu, 
vis  aurea  de  eiiis  corpore  in  fliimen  cedit.  Usque  ad 
hoc  tempus  Pactolus  avireis  harenis  fluere  dicitur. 
At  Midas,  cui  ex  eo  tempore  opes  invTsae  erant, 
silvas  et  riira  semper  colebat. 

400.  1.  Quis  erat  Midas?  2.  Quis  olim  Midae 
arbitrium  miineris  dedit  ?  3.  Ubi  rex  domum  venit, 
quid  primum  fecit?  4.  Quid  accidit?  5.  Quid 
deinde  Midas  fecit?  6.  Quid  accidit,  ubi  ministri 
epulas  regi  apposuerunt?  7.  Quern  Midas  diii 
quaerebat?  8.  Quid  Midae  petentT  deus  respondit? 
9.  Quid  accidit,  ubi  rex  in  aquam  se  mersit?  10. 
Ciir  postea  Midas  silvas  et  riira  colebat? 

QUESTIONS. 

401.  Inflect  the  Subjunctive  of  sum.  What  are  the  two 
principal  uses  of  the  Subjunctive  ?  Illustrate  the  Hortatory 
Subjunctive.  Why  is  it  called  Hortatory  ?  In  wishes,  when  is 
the  Present  Subjunctive  used  ?  The  Imperfect  ?  The  Pluper- 
fect ?  What  negative  is  used  with  the  Hortatory  Subjunctive 
and  in  wishes  ? 

fames,  hunger,  famine.  e-luo,  wash,  wash  away. 

sitis,  thirst.  suc-cedo,    draw   near.      (Suc- 

pecco,  sin.  ceed.) 

e-ripio,  snatch  or  save  from.  mergo,  dip,  sink.     (Merge.) 

vado,  go,  proceed.   (In-vade.)  harena.,  sand.     (Arena.) 

Pactolus,  river  in  Asia  Minor,  in-visus,  hateful. 

sub-do,  put  or  dip  under.  colo,  inhabit,  frequent. 

crimen,  ojfencc,  CRIME.  (Culture.) 


I 


150 


LATIN  READER.  — LESSON  XLII. 


LESSON    XLII. 

Active  Subjunctive;    Indirect  Question;   Genitive 
and  Dative  with  Adjectives. 


402. 


ACTIVE    VOICE SUBJUNCTIVE    MOOD. 


I'KESENT    TENSE. 


CON.I.    I. 

coN.r.  11. 

CON.I.    III. 

CON.I.    IV. 

am-e-m 

mone-a-m 

reg-a-m 

aiidi-a-m 

am-e-s 

mone-a-s 

reg-a-s 

audi-a-s 

am-e-t 

mone-a-t 

reg-a-t 

audi-a-t 

am-e-mus 

mone-a-mus 

reg-a-mus 

audi-a-mus 

ain-e-tis 

mone-a-tis 

rcg-a-tis 

audi-a-tis 

ani-e-nt 

mone-a-nt 

reg-a-nt 

audi-a-nt 

IMPEHFECT    TENSE. 

ama-re-m 

monr'-re-m 

roge-re-m 

audi-re-m 

ama-re-s 

mone-re-s 

roge-re-s 

aiidi-re-s 

amfi-re-t 

mour'-re-t 

rege-re-t 

audi-re-t 

ama-re-mus 

inone-re-mus 

rege-re-mus 

audi-re-mus 

aina-re-tis 

mone-re-tis 

rege-re-tis 

audi-re-tis 

ama-re-ut 

moiie-re-nt 

rege-re-nt 

audi-re-nt 

PERFECT 

TENSE. 

amfiv-eri-m 

monu-eri-m 

rex-eri-m 

andiv-eri-m 

amfiv-eri-s 

monii-eri-s 

rex-eri-s 

aiidiv-eri-s 

amav-eri-t 

monu-eri-t 

rex-eri-t 

audiv-eri-t 

amriv-eri-mus 

monu-eri-mus 

lex-eri-mus 

aiidiv-eri-mus 

amav-eri-tis 

inonu-eri-tis 

rex-eri-tis 

audiv-eri-tis 

amav-eri-nt 

nionu-eri-nt 

rex-eri-nt 

audiv-eri-nt 

PEUPEKFECT   TENSE. 

amuv-isse-m 

monu-isse-m 

rex-isse-m 

audlv-isse-m 

amfiv-isse-s 

monu-isse-s 

rex-isse-s 

audiv-isse-s 

amav-isse-t 

iiionu-isse-t 

rex-isse-t 

audiv-isse-t 

amav-isse-mus 

monu-isse-mus 

rex-isse-mus 

audiv-isse-mu 

amuv-isse-tis 

monu-isse-tis 

rex-isse-tis 

audiv-isse-tis 

amav-isse-nt 

monu-isse-nt 

rOx-isse-nt 

audlv-isse-nt 

ACTIVE   SUBJUNCTIVE.  151 

a.  Notice  that  the  tense  signs  of  the  Subjunctive  in 
all  four  Conjugations  are  as  follows  : 

PKESENT.  IMrEKFECT,  PEIIFECT.  PLUPKRFI5CT. 

-a-  (CoNj.  I.    -e-)        -re-  -eri-  -isse- 

b.  Inflect    the    Active    Subjunctive    of    porto,  habeo, 
dico,  venio. 

n.  SUBJUNCTIVE   IN   DEPENDENT  SENTENCES. 

403.  INDIRECT    QUESTION. 

DIKECT    QUESTION.  INDIRECT    QUESTION. 

1.  Ubiest?  Scio  ubi  sit. 
Where  is  he?                              I  know  where  he  is. 

2.  Quid  agunt?  Sensit  quid  agerent. 

What  are  they  doing  ?  lie    perceived    what    they 

w^ere  doing. 

a.  Observe    that   an    Indirect   Question    is    really   a 
Direct  Question  made  dependent  on  a  verb. 

b.  Notice  that  the  verb  in  the  Indirect  Question  is  in 
the  Subjunctive  mood. 

404.  Rule  XXXIV.    Indirect  Questions  are  put  in  the 

Subjunctive. 

405.  SEQUENCE    OF    TENSES. 

Quaerit  ) 

Quaeret  .  quis  |  ^^'^^^^^t 

Quaesiverit  ^  ^  discesserit 

He  is  inquiring 

He  loill  inquire  y  who 

He  will  have  inquired 


is  departing, 
has  departed. 


Quaerebat     ) 

Quaesivit       C  quis  (  discederet 

Quaesiverat )  ^  discessisset 


152  LATIN  READER.—  LESSON  XLIL 


He  was  inquiring  ) 

He  inquired  [  who  \  ^^^  departing. 

He  had  inquired    )  ^  ^^^  departed. 


a.  Carefully  examine  the  above  sentences  and  observe 
that  the  tense  of  the  Subjunctive  depends  upon  the 
tense  of  the  principal  verb  according  to  the  following 
rule  : 

406.  Rule  XXXV.  If  the  tense  of  the  principal  verb 
is  Present,  Future,  or  Future  Perfect,  it  will  be  followed 
by  the  Present  or  Perfect  Subjunctive.  But  if  the  tense 
of  the  principal  verb  is  Tuiperfect,  Perfect,  or  Pluperfect, 
it  will  be  followed  by  the  Imperfect  or  Pluperfect  Suh- 
junctire. 

407.  GENITIVE    AND    DATIVE    WITH    ADJECTIVES. 

GENITIVE.  ■    DATIVE. 

Plenus  ira,e.  Locus  idoneus  castris. 

Full  of  anger.  A    place   suitable    for   a 

camp. 

408.  Rule  XXXVI.  The  Genitive  is  used  with  adjec- 
tives denoting  destine,  knowledge,  memory,  fulness,  power, 
sharing,  guilt,  and  their  opposites. 

409.  Rule  XXXVII.  The  Dative  is  used  with  adjec- 
tives denoting  fitness,  nearness,  likeness,  friendliness,  in- 
clination^ and  their  opposites. 

lASON   ET    CENTAURUS. 

410.  In  Thessalia  olim  erat  rex,  nomine  Aeson, 
cuT  erat  frater  Pelias,  homo  summa  audacia  et  impu- 
dentia.  Hic,  coiiiuratione  facta,  fratrem  expulit,  ac 
ipse  regnum  occupavit.     Hand  ita  multo  post,  Pelias 


INDIRECT   QUESTION.  153 

lasonem  filium  Aesonis  interficere  constituit.  Sed 
quidam,  qui  Aesoni  amicus  erat,  ei  ostendit  quid 
consili  Pelias  haberet.  Inde  Aeson,  plenus  timoris, 
cum  filio  in  montis  effuigit,  ubi  cuidam  centauro, 
nomine  CiiTroni,  lasonem  educandum  dedit.  (Gen- 
tauii  caput  maniisque  hiimanas  sed  corpus  equinum 
liabebant.)  Cum  Chirone  multos  annos  vivebat 
lason,  patris  regnique  immemor.  Tandem  ei  iam 
fortissimo  et  validissimo  centaurus  ostendit  unde 
venisset  et  quis  esset. 

411.  1.  Full  of  recklessness  he  was  expelled  from 
Tliessaly  by  the  king.  2.  Let  us  show  the  brave 
youth  who  he  is,  and  whence  he  came.  3.  Jason 
was  educated  by  a  centaur  who  was  friendly  to  his 
father.  4.  O  that  his  brother  would  show  him 
what  plan  the  centaurs  have  !  5.  Forgetful  of  their 
father,  they  had  lived  many  years  in  the  mountains. 

Sifjht  IVanslation.     Iason  et  Anus. 

412.  Inde  lason,  patris  videndi  cupidissimus,  ad 
lolcum,  ubi  regia  erat,  contendere  constituit,  atque, 
Pelia  expulso,  patrem  restituere  in  suum  regnum. 
Mox,  omnibus  rebus  paratis,  Cliironi  "  Vale  "  dicit,  et 
ad  plaiiitiem  descendit.  Sub  monte  succedit  ad  Anau- 
rum,  rapidum  fliimen,  qui  tum  maxime  imbribus 
tumidus  erat.  Dum  lason  transire  dubitat,  pauperem 
anum  in  rlpa  sedentem  videt.  Quae  statim  stiidula 
voce  iuvenem  se  transportare  iubet.  Quod  piimum 
lason  recusat ;  sed  postea,  misericordia  motus,  eam  in 
suos  umeros  tollit  et  aquam   intrat.     Vix   in  rapido 


154  LATIN  HEADER.  — LESSON  XLII. 

flumine  se  sustinet.  Tandem,  defessus  laboribus, 
altero  calceo  amisso,  ad  iipam  veiiit.  Deinde,  onere 
deposits,  ad  ''  Vale "  dicendum  se  vertit.  At  iam, 
miiabile  dictu,  noii  anus,  sed  dea  pulcherrima  forma 
adest. 

413.  1.  Qualis  homo  erat  Pelias  ?  2.  Quo  modo 
regnum  occupavit  ?  3.  Quid  deinde  facere  con- 
stituit  ?  4.  Quis  Aesoni  ostendit  quid  consili 
Pelias  haberet  ?  5.  Quid  fecit  Aeson  ?  6.  Qualia 
animalia  erant  centauii?  7.  Quis  lasoni  ostendit 
unde  venisset  et  quis  esset?  8.  Quid  deinde  iu- 
venis  facere  constituit?  9.  Ad  quod  flumen  sub 
monte  succedit?  10.  Quam  in  lipasedentem  videt? 
11.  Quid  anus  iuvenem  facere  iubet?  12.  Num 
lason  reciisat?       13.    Quid  accidit,  ubiaquam  intrat? 

14.  Ubi  ad  alteram  ripam  venit,  quid  fecit  lason? 

15.  Quis  adest  ? 

QUESTIONS. 

414.  What  are  the  tense  signs  of  the  Active  Subjunctive  in  all 
four  conjugations  ?  What  is  the  difference  between  a  Direct  and 
an  hidirect  Question  ?  Give  the  rule  for  Sequence  of  tenses. 
What  adjectives  are  followed  by  the  Genitive  ?  What  by  the 
Dative  ? 

lolcus,  town  in  Thessaly.  tumidus,  swollen.     (Tumor.) 

planities,  plain.  trans-eo,  go  across.    (Transit.) 

Anaurus,  river  in  Thessaly.  anus,  old  woman. 
rapidus,  swift,  rapid. 


PASSI VE  S UBJ UNCTl  VE. 


155 


LESSON    XLIII. 

Passive  Subjunctive ;  Subjunctive  of  Purpose  ; 
Dative  of  Service. 


415. 


PASSIVE    VOICE 


SUBJUNCTIVE    MOOD. 


CONJ.  I. 

am-e-r 

am-e-ris 

or  -re 

am-e-tur 

am-e-mur 

am-e-mini 

am-e-ntur 


PRESENT    TENSE. 


CONJ.   II. 

mone-a-r 

mone-a-ris 

or  -re 

mone-a-tur 

moue-a-mur 

mone-a-mini 

mone-a-ntur 


CONJ.    III. 

reg-a-r 

reg-a-ris 

or  -re 

reg-a-tur 

reg-a-mur 

reg-a-mini 

resr-a-ntur 


CONJ.    IV. 

audi-a-r 

audi-a-ris 

or  -re 

audi-a-tur 

audi-a-mur 

audi-a-mini 

audi-a-ntur 


ama-re-r 

ama-re-ris 

or  -re 

amfi-re-tur 

ama-re-mur 

ama-re-mini 

ama-re-ntur 


IMPEKFECT    TENSE 

mone-re-r 

mone-re-ris 

or  -re 

inoiie-re-tur 

mone-re-mur 

mone-re-mini 

mone-re-ntur 


rege-re-r 

rege-re-ris 

or  -re 

rege-re-tur 

rege-re-miir 

rege-re-mini 

reire-re-ntur 


audi-re-r 

aiidi-re-ris 

or  -re 

audi-re-tur 

audi-re-mur 

audi-re-mini 

audi-re-ntur 


amatus 


Sim 

sis 
(-a,  -uin)  ^  gjj 


4  SI 


PEIiFECT    TENSE 

amfiti 


monitus 


(-a,  -um)  1 
rectus  ) 

(-a, -um)|;:; 


Sim 

sis 

sit 

sim 
sis 


simus 

sitis 
(-ae,  -a)  ;  ^^^^ 


(  sim 

'O^^t^        )  siti 
(-^^'  -^)  {  sint 


simus 
sitis 


recti 


(-ae,-a) 


simus 

sitis 

sint 


156  LATIN  HEADER.  —  LESSON  XLIL 


,-,              (  sim  ,-,-           (  simus 

auditus          ]  auchti           ) 

.              \  S  SIS  /  „  ^     „  A  -\  sitis 

(-"'-"■")  (sit  ^-'^'-"^Isint 


PLUPERFECT   TENSE. 

^  essemus 

A  esses      ,     s  ■<  essetis 
J  (-ae,  -a)  J 

(  esset  (  essent 

(  essem      ...    (  essemus 

monitiis         )         _  luoniti 


amatus  \  ^^^t"^       amati  ( 

(-a,  -uin) 


essetis 
esset  '  '    (  essent 


(-a,  -iiin)  1 ^  (-ae,  -a) 


i  essem       j."'oti  (  essemus 


rectus  ,         _  ,         _  . 

.  <  esses  ,  s  -(  essetis 

(-a,  -uni)  )  (-ae,  -a)  ) 
^              ^  ( esset  ( essent 

(  essem  ,,-  (  essemus 

audiUis  \         _  auditi  \         _  . 

.  -[  esses  .  .  ■{  essetis 

(-"•-""»  (esset  ("^' -■'M  esBent 

a.    Inflect  the  Passive   Subjunctive  of  volnero,  doceo, 
vinco,  and  vincio. 

416.  SUH.TUXCTIVE    QY    PURPOSE. 

1.  Venit  ut  auxilium  petered. 

i  that  he  might  seek  assistance. 
He  came  -^  in  order  to  seek  assistance. 
(  to  seek  assistance. 

2.  Misit  amicum,  qui.  auxilium.  peteret. 

(  -who  -was  to  seek  assistance. 
He  sent  a  friend  -^  in  order  to  seek  assistance. 
(^  to  seek  assistance. 

3.  Eum  in  vinoula  coniecit,  ne  auxilium  peteret. 

C  that  he  might  not  seek  assistance. 

jr    .        .         ,  , .        lest  he  should  seek  assistance. 
He  imprisoned  him  -I 

in   order   that    he    might   not    seek 

I  assistance. 


SUBJUNCTIVE   OF  PURPOSE.  157 

4.    Monuit  captivum,  ne  auxilium  peteret. 

(  that  he  should  not  seek  assistance. 
He  ivarneO.  the  captive  <  lest  he  should  seek  assistance. 
(  not  to  seek  assistance. 

a.  Observe  that  the  dependent  clauses  introduced  by 
ut,  qui,  and  ne  express  purpose,  the  verb  being  in  the 
Subjunctive. 

h.  Observe  that  the  dependent  clause  in  example  (4) 
is  equivalent  to  a  noun,  or  snbstcmtive,  used  as  an  object 
of  the  principal  verb.  Such  clauses  are  called  Substan- 
tive clauses  of  Purpose. 

417.  Rule  XXXVIII.  The  Subjunctive  with  ut,  ne, 
or  a  relative,  is  used  to  express  Purpose. 

Note,  — -  The  rule  for  Sequence  of  Tenses  is  observed  in  clauses 
of  Purpose. 

418.  DATIVE'  OF     SERVICE. 

Milites  urbi  praesidio  erant. 

The  soldiers  virere  (for)  a  guard  to  the  city. 

a.  Observe  that  praesidio  is  in  the  Dative,  and  that 
the  soldiers  served  as  a  guard  to  the  city.  Hence  this 
is  called  the  Dative  of  Service.  It  is  usually  coupled 
with  another  Dative  forming  the  construction  sometimes 
called  the  Double  Dative. 

419.  Rule  XXXIX.  The  Dative  is  used  to  denote  the 
Purpose  or  End, 

ias5n  et  dea. 

420.  Turn  SIC  dicit  dea  lasoni:  "  liino  sum,  quae 
iiicedo  regiua  deoruni,  et  soror  et  uxor  lovis  I  Tii 
mihi  labonmti  auxilio  fuisti.     Ego,  si  quando  usus 


158  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  XLIIL 

erit,  tibi  auxiliuin  feram."  His  verbis  e  coiispectu 
in  tenuem  auram  evanuit.  Inde  lason  laetissimus  ad 
lolcum  contendit. 

Interea  Pelias  nuiis  somniis  graviter  commotus, 
Delphos  iiiTsit  legatum,  qui  Apolliiiem  consuleret. 
Cui  sic  respondit  deus :  "Cave  iie  alieims,  uiium  cal- 
ceum  gerens,  te  ex  tuo  regno  expellat."  Legatus 
rediit  et  regi  nuntiavit  quid  deus  respondisset.  Eum 
rex  monuit  ne  quid  de  oiaeulo  diceret.  Tamen, 
nescio  quo  modo,  i  unior  de  hac  re  volgatus  est.  Ubi 
igitur  lason  in  urbem  venit,  elves  eum  alterum  cal- 
ceum  amisisse  senserunt  atque  eum  monuerunt  ut 
fugeret.  At  ille  "  Veni,"  inquit  "  ut  criidelem  tyran- 
num  expellerem." 

421.  1.  A  citizen  liad  warned  me  not  to  come 
into  tlie  city.  2.  The  stianger  is  reporting  what 
Apollo  lias  replied.  3.  Jason  will  come  to  expel 
the  cruel  tyrant  from  the  city.  4.  The  citizens  will 
send  a  messenger  to  consult  the  oracle.  5.  He  Avas 
sent  to  be  an  aid  to  the  king  in  trouble. 

SigJd  Translation.      Iason  et  Pelias. 

422.  Inde  lason  clamore  secundo  ad  regiam  conten- 
dit. Sed  Pelias  —  mirabile  dictii  —  iuvenem  benigne 
accepit.     BlandTs  verbis  dixit  se  fratris  filio  libenter 

blandus,^a^ierinj/,  BLAND.  neg-otium,  ia.sfc.    (Negotiate.) 

sub-eo,  undergo.  teniere,  rashlj/. 

callidus,  crafty,  cunning.  Athamas,  king  of  Boeotia. 

vellus,  ^eece.  Boeotia,  province  in  Greece. 

re-fero,  bring  back.     (Refer.)  noverca,  step-mother. 


DATIVE  OF  SERVICE.  159 

cessurum  esse  ;  piTmum  autem  necesse  esse  lasonem 
se  fortem  virum  praebere.  CuT  lason  respondit  se 
ad  omnia  peiicula  subeunda  paratum  esse.  Turn 
callidus  rex  "  Ubi  mihi  velliis  aiireum  ex  Colchide 
rettuleris,  turn  tibi  regnum  tradam."  lason  autem 
hoc  difficillimum  negotium  temere  suscepit. 

De  vellere  aureo  baec  res  narratur.  AthamantT, 
regi  Boeotiae,  erant  duo  liberT,  Phrixus  et  Helle. 
Quos  eorum  noverca  interficere  constituit,  ut  sui  lib- 
eri  regnarent.  Sed  deus  e  manibus  novercae  iTberos 
eripuit. 

423.  1.  Quae  erat  dea  ?  2.  Quid  luno  lasonT 
promisit?  3.  Ciir  interea  Pelias  graviter  commotus 
est?  4.  Quid  fecit  rex  ?  5.  Quid  respondit  deus? 
6.  De  quo  rex  legatum  monuit  nediceret?  7.  Ubi 
lason  in  urbem  venit,  quid  cives  dixerunt?  8. 
Quid  respondit  lason  ?  9.  Quo  modo  Pelias  iuve- 
nem  accepit?  10.  Quod  difficillimum  negotium 
lasoni  dedit?  11.  Qui  erant  Phrixus  et  Helle? 
12.    Quis  llberos  interficere  constituit  ? 

QUESTIONS. 

424.  What  is  the  meaning  of  ut  and  ne  ?  Give  an  example 
of  a  Purpose  clause  introduced  by  a  relative.  What  other  ways 
of  expressing  purpose  have  been  given  ?  May  the  Infinitive  be 
used  to  express  purpose  ?  (Ans.  Onhj  in  poetry.)  Give  an  ex- 
ample of  the  Dative  of  Service.  What  special  verbs  take  the 
Dative  ?     What  adjectives  are  followed  by  the  Dative  ? 


160  LATIN  HEADER. — LESSON  XLIV. 

LESSON    XLIV. 

Verbs  in  -io ;    Subjunctive  of  Result. 

425.  Verbs  in  -io  of  the  Third  conjugation  have  a 
few  forms  in  the  jjreseiit  stem  like  the  Fourth  conjuga- 
tion.    Study  the  following : 

Principal  parts:  capio,  capere,  cepi,  captus. 

INDICATIVE    MOOD, 

ACTIVE   VOICK.  PASSIVE   VOICE. 

PRESENT  TENSE. 


I  take, 

etc. 

I  am  taken,  etc. 

capi-5 

capi-mus 

capio-r 

capi-mur 

capi-8 

capi-tis 

cape-ris  or  -re 

capi-mini 

capi-t 

capiu-nt 

capi-tur 

capiu-ntur 

IMPERFECT   TENSE. 

I  was 

taklnfj,  etc. 

I  wan  taken,  etc. 

capie-ba-m, 

etc. 

capiu-ba-r,  etc. 

FUTURE  TENSE. 

I  shall  take,  etc.  I  shall  he  taken,  etc. 

capi-a-m        capi-e-mus  capi-a-r  capi-e-mur 

capi-e-s  capi-e-tis  capi-e-ris  or  -re        capi-e-mini 

capi-e-t  capi-e-nt  capi-e-tur  capi-e-ntur 

PERFECT   TENSE. 

I  took,  or  have  taken,  etc.  I  ivas  or  have  been  taken,  etc. 

cep-i,  etc.  capt-us,  -a,  -um  sum,  etc. 

PLUPERFECT   TENSE. 

I  had  taken,  etc.  I  had  been  taken,  etc. 

cep-era-m,  etc.  -  capt-us,  -a,  -um  eram,  etc 


VERBS  IN  -10;   SUBJUNCTIVE  OF  RESULT.     161 

FUTURE  PERFECT  TENSE. 

I  fthall  have  taken,  etc.  I  shall  have  been  taken,  etc. 

cep-er-o,  etc.  capt-us,  -a,  -um  ero,  etc. 

SUBJUNCTIVE    MOOD. 
PRESENT    TENSE. 

capi-a-m,  etc.  capi-a-r,  etc. 

IMPERFECT    TENSE. 

cape-re-m,  etc.  cape-re-r,  etc. 

PERFECT    TENSE. 

cep-eri-m,  etc.  capt-us,  -a,  -um  sim,  etc. 

PLUPERFECT    TENSE. 

cep-isse-m,  etc.  capt-us,  -a,  -um  essem,  etc. 

IMPERATIVE    MOOD. 
PRESENT    TENSE. 

cape,  take  thou.  cape-re,  he  thou  taken. 

capi-te,  take  ye.  capi-mini,  be  ye  taken. 

FUTURE    TENSE. 

capi-to,   thou  shalt  take.  capi-tor,  thou  shalt  be  taken. 

capi-to,  he  shall  take.  capi-tor,  he  shall  be  taken. 

capi-tote,  ye  shall  take.  

capiu-nto,  the]/  shall  take.  capiu-ntor,  they  shall  be  taken. 

INFINITIVE    MOOD. 

Pres.  cape-re,  to  take.  cap-i,  to  be  taken. 

Perf.  cep-isse,  to  have  taken,      capt-us,  -a,   -um  esse,  to   have 

been  taken. 
FuT.     capt-urus,  -a,  -um  esse,    capt-um  iri,  to  be   about  to  be 
to  be  about  to  take.  taken. 


162  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  XLIV. 


TAKTICIPLES. 

Pres.    capie-ns,  -entis,  taking.    Perf.    capt  -us,  -a,  -um,  having 

been  taken. 
FuT.     capt-urus,    -a,    -um,     G'v'e.    capie-ndus,    -a,     -um, 

about   to   take.  necessary  to  be  taken, 

or  taking. 

GERUND.  SUPINE. 

G.  capie-ndi,  of  taking.  Ac.    capt-um,  to  take. 

I),  capie-udo,  for  taking.  Ab.    capt-u,  to  take. 

Ac.  capie-ndum,  taking. 

Ab.  capie-ndo,  })y  taking. 

a.    Observe    tliat  verbs  in  -io   retain    the  -i  wherever 
Fourtli  conjugation  verbs  have  -i  followed  by  a  vowel. 
Inflect  in  like  manner,  iacio,  to  throw. 

426.  SURJUNCTIVE    OF    RESULT. 

1.  Tanta  erat  tempestas  ut  naves  reicerentnr. 

So  great  was  the  storm  that  the  shijts  were   driven 
back. 

2.  Erat  adeo  tardus,  ut  noil  effugeret. 

He  was  so  sloit\  that  he  did  not  escape. 

3.  Hie  unus  est  qui  non  credat. 

This  is  the  only  man  "who  does  not  believe. 

4.  Accidit  ut  esset  luna  plena. 

It  happened  that  it  was  full  moon. 

a.  Observe  that  these  dependent  clauses  introduced 
by  ut  and  qui  express  result,  and  that  their  verbs  are  in 
the  Subjunctive  mood. 

h.  Notice  that  the  negative  in  Result  clauses  is  non. 
Compare  the  negative  in  Purpose  clauses. 

c.  The  dependent  clause  in  example  (3)  characterizes 
the  man  to  whom  reference  is  made.     Such  clauses  are 


VERBS  IN  -10  ;   SUBJUNCTIVE  OF  BESULT.     163 

therefore    sometimes  said    to    contain  a  Subjunctive  of 
Characteristic. 

d.  Notice  that  the  dependent  chmse  in  example  (4)  is 
used  as  a  substantive,  being  the  subject  of  the  verb 
accidit.  Such  chiuses  are  therefore  called  Substantive 
Clauses  of  Result. 

427.  Rule  XL.  The  Subjunctive  is  used  with  ut, 
ut  non,  or  a  relative,  to  express  Kesiilt.        , 

VELLUS  AUREUM. 

428.  Dum  saeva  noverca  Plirixum  et  Hellen  cae- 
dere  parat,  subito  e  niibibus  pennatus  aries  vellere 
aureo  api^aruit,  atque  liberos  abstulit.  Turn  tantus 
erat  furor  novercae,  ut  ex  alta  riipe  in  mare  se  deniitt- 
eret.  Interea  aries  super  mare  terramque  ad  ori- 
entem  volabat.  Sed  eheu !  ad  oram  Asiae,  tam 
defessa  erat  Helle  ut  praeceps  in  pontum  incideret. 
Cm  aquae  usque  ad  hoc  tempus  nomen  est  Helles- 
pontus.  Phrixus  autem  incolumis  in  Colchida  perve- 
nit.  Hic,  ariete  caeso,  vellus  aureum  in  silva  sacra 
Marti  suspendit.  Quo  ex  tempore  vellus  aureum 
ingenti  dracone  terribilT  specie  cust~diebatur.  Nemo 
tam  fortis  inventus  est,  qui  ad  draconem  accedere 
auderet. 

429.  1.  They  were  so  exhausted  that  they  did  not 
reach  the  coast.  2.  The  ram  a})peared  in  order  that 
the  children  might  not  be  slain  by  their  step-mother. 
3.  So  fierce  was  the  dragon  that  they  did  not  dare 
approach  the  wood.  4.  Jason  will  fly  to  Colchis  in 
order  to  slay  the  dragon.  5.  No  one  is  so  brave  as 
to  approach  the  fierce  ram. 


164  LATIN  BEABER.  —  LESSON  XLIV. 

Sight  Translation.     Iasoxis   SociT. 

430.  lason  autem  tarn  cupidus  gloriae  erat  ut 
etiam  hoc  negotio  iioii  lefugeret.  Piimum  in  omiiTs 
partis  legates  inisit,  qui  clarissiniTs  viiTs  persuade- 
reut  lit  hoc  iter  facerent.  Ad  lioc  liino  erat  niao-no 
auxilio  lasoiii.  Nam  dea  tantam  cupiditatem  gloriae 
viiis  iniecit  ut  multi  ex  oiiiiiibus  partibiis  Graeciae 
conveiiirent.  In  hoc  niimero  erant  friitres  gemini, 
Castor  et  Pollux,  atque  Hercules,  fortissimus  om- 
nium mortalium ;  Orpheus,  qui  carminibus  saxa  sil- 
vasqiie  movisse  dicitur ;  et  Meleager  et  Tlieseus,  de 
qiiibus  ante  deinonstravimus,  et  multl  alii  clari  viri. 
Aderat  quoque  quidam  Argus,  qui  summam  scien- 
tiam  nauticarum  rerum  habebat.  Interea  lason 
omnia,  quae  sunt  iisui  ad  armandas  navTs,  compor- 
tari  iusserat.  Postquam  omnes  viri  convenerunt, 
Argo  praecipiente,  navem  longam  aedificaverunt, 
quam  ex  nomine  duels  Argo  appellaverunt. 

431.  1.  Cur  iTberi  a  noverca  nou  caesi  sunt?  2. 
Quid  delude  fecit  noverca?  3.  Quo  volavit  aries? 
4.  Quid  accidit  ad  oram  Asiae?  5.  Quid  fecit 
Phrixus,  ubi  in  Colchida  pervenit?  6.  Quid 
velliis  aureum  custodiebat?  7.  Cur  lason  hoc  nego- 
tio non  refiigit  ?       8.    Quid  j^rimum  fecit  ?     9.    Quo 

re-fugio,  shrink  from.     (Ref-  de-monstro,    mention.     (Dem- 

uge.)  onstrate.) 

cupiditas,    eagerness.      (Cu-  scientia,  knowledge.,  science. 

pidity  )  nauticus,  nautical. 

in-icio,  infuse.     (Inject.)  armo,  equip.     (Arm.) 

Humerus,  number.  com-porto,  collect. 

prae-cipio,  direct.     (Precept.) 


DEPONENT    VERBS. 


165 


modo  erat  luiio  auxilio  lasoni?  10.  Qui  ex  om- 
nibus partibus  Graeciae  convenerunt  ?  11.  Quid 
interea  lasou  iusserat?  12.  Quid  primum  virT 
fecerunt? 

QUESTIONS. 

432.  In  what  respect  do  verbs  in  -io  differ  from  other  verbs 
of  the  Third  conjugation  ?  Rule  for  clauses  of  Result.  What 
is  the  negative  ?  What  negative  is  used  in  clauses  of  Purpose  ? 
What  is  meant  by  the  Subjunctive  of  Characteristic  ?  What  is  a 
Substantive  clause  of  Result  ?  Give  an  example  of  the  Hortatory 
Subjunctive. 


LESSON     XLV. 

Deponent  Verbs  ;  Verbs  of  Fearing  ;  Quin  Clauses. 

433.  Deponent  verbs  are  Passive  in  form  but  Active 
in  meaning.  They  are  inflected  in  all  conjugations  as 
follows : 


Principal  Parts : 

hortor,    hortari,     hortatus. 
vereor,     vereri,       veritus. 


sequor,     sequi,     secutus. 
potior,      potiri,    potitus. 


IXDICATIVE    MOOD. 


Pres. 


cox  J.  I. 

CON.I.    11. 

CONJ.   III. 

CONJ.    IV. 

hortor 

vereor 

sequor 

potior 

horturis 

vereris 

sequeris 

potiris 

(-re) 

(-re) 

(-re) 

(-re) 

hortatur 

veretur 

sequitur 

potitur 

hortfimur 

veremur 

sequimur 

potimur 

hortamini 

veremini 

sequiraini 

potimini 

hortantur 

verentur 

sequuntur 

potiuntur 

16G 


LATIN  READER. —  LESSON  XLV. 


Imp. 

hortfibar 

V  ere  bar 

seqnebar 

potiebar 

FUT. 

hortabor 

verebor 

soquar 

potiar 

Pekf. 

hortfitus 

voritus 

secutiis 

potitus 

sum 

sum 

sum 

sum 

Plup. 

liortatus 

veritus 

secutus 

potitus 

eram 

eram 

eram 

eram 

F.  P. 

hortfitus 

vorltus 

secutus 

potitus 

ero 

ero 

ero 

ero 

SUJ'..!  UN CTIVE    MOOD. 


PRES. 

horter 

verear 

sequar 

potiar 

[MP. 

hortfirer 

vererer 

sequerer 

potirer 

Pehf. 

liortatus 

veritus 

secutus 

potitus 

Sim 

sim 

sim 

sim 

Plup. 

liortatus 

veritus 

secutus 

potitus 

essem 

essem 

essem 

essem 

IMPERATIVE    MOOD, 
horture,  etc.        verere,  etc.      sequere,  etc. 


potire,  etc. 


INFINITIVE    MOOD. 


Pres. 

hortari 

vereri 

sequi 

potlri 

Pekf. 

liortatus 

veritus 

secutus 

potitus 

esse 

esse 

esse 

esse 

FUT. 

hortfiturus 

veriturus 

secuturus 

potiturus 

esse 

esse 

esse 

esse 

PARTICIPLES. 

Pres.  liortfins 

FuT.  liortaturus 

1*ERF.  liortatus 

G'v'e.  liortandus 


verens  sequens  potiens 

veriturus  secuturus  potiturus 

veritus  secutus  potitus 

verendus  sequendus  potiendus 


verbal  nouns. 

Ger.      hortandi,  etc.     verendi,  etc.  sequendi,  etc.     potiendi, 

etc. 


Sup. 


hortatum,  -u      veritum,  -u     seciitum,  -u         potItum,-u 


VERBS   OF  FEARING.  167 

a.  Notice  that  the  Future  Infinitive  is  Active  in 
form  as  well  as  in  meaning. 

b.  Observe  that  Dexjonent  verbs  have  all  four  parti- 
ciples. These  have  the  same  meaning  as  in  any  regular 
verb,  except  the  Perfect  participle,  which  means  having, 
(not  having  heeii)^  thus: 

Pkes.  hortruis,  exlwrting. 

FuT.  hortuturus,  about  to  exhort. 

Pekf.  liortfitus,  having  exhorted. 

G'v'e.  hortandus,  necessary  to  he  exhorted,  or  exhorting. 

After  studying  hortor  and  vereor,  inflect  in  like  man- 
ner miror  and  mere  or. 

Note. — Four  verbs  which  are  Active  in  the  Present  system 
become  Deponents  in  the  Perfect,  and  are  called  Semi-deponent. 

They  are : 

audeo,   audere,   ausus,   dare. 
gaudeo,   gaudere,   gavisus,   rejoice. 
fido,   fidere,   fisus,   trust. 
soleo,   solere,   solitus,   be  wont. 

434.  PURPOSE    CLAUSES    AFTER    VERBS    OF    FEARING. 

1.  Vereor  ut  vincat.     I  fear  that  he  ivill  not  conquer. 

2.  Vereor  ne  vincat.     I  fear  that  he  will  conquer. 

Observe  that  after  verbs  of  fearing  ut  means  that  not, 
while  ne  means  that.  In  accordance  with  this  rule, 
example  (1)  may  also  be  written  thus : 

Vereor  ne  non  vincat.    I  fear  that  he  will  not  conquer. 

435.  Rule  XLI.  Verbs  of  Fearing  are  followed  by 
the  Subjunctive  introduced  by  ut  or  ne  non,  meaning 
that  not,  or  by  ng,  meaning  that. 


168  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  XLV. 

436.  RESULT    CLAUSES    WITH    QUIN. 

1,  Non  dubito  quin  veniat.  I  do  not  doubt  that  he  will 
come. 

2.  Non  multum  afuit  quin  interficeretur.  Not  much 
was  lacking  but  that  he  was  killed,  i.e.,  he  ivas  very  nearly 
killed. 

Notice  that  the  Kesult  clauses  introduced  by  quin  are 
dependent  on  clauses  containing  the  negative  non. 

437.  Rule  XLII.  The  Subjunctive  with  quin  may  be 
used  to  express  Kesult  when  the  main  clause  contains 
or  implies  a  negation. 

ARGONAUT  AE. 

438.  Omnibus  rebus  paiatis,  lason  et  eius  socii 
naveni  dcdiicunt.  Mox  Aigonautae  (nam  ita  appel- 
lati  sunt)  portii  provehuntur,  terraeque  urbesque 
recedunt.  Postero  die  Pelion  et  Ossam  praeterve- 
huntur.  Procul  apeiitur  Olympi  altum  caciimen 
nive  candidum.  Hinc  cursum  ad  dextram  advertunt. 
Mox  Athon  relinquunt,  et  altum  mare  petunt.  lam 
insula  Lemnos  apparet.  Hie  paucos  dies  morati,  ite- 
rum  navem  solvunt.  Postero  die  per  Hellespontum 
in  Propontida  vecti,  ad  urbem  regis  CyzicT  accedunt. 
Hic  verebantur  ut  benigne  acciperentur.  Rex  enim, 
quod  cum  finitimis  gentibus  bellum  gerebat,  omnis 
alienos  ab  urbe  prohibebat.  Ac  primo  quidem  non 
dubitavit  quTn  Argonautae  hostes  essent.  Sed  tan- 
dem certior  factus  quam  ob  causam  venissent,  eos 
non  modo  in  urbem  accepit  sed  etiam  donis  oneravit. 


qUIN  CLAUSES.  169 

439.  1.  I  did  not  doubt  that  you  would  be  kindly 
received.  2.  We  were  afraid  that  his  companions 
were  not  ready.  3.  O  that  I  had  been  informed 
why  they  came !  4.  They  are  afraid  that  the 
neighboring  nations  will  wage  war  with  them. 
5.  We  do  not  doubt  that  he  will  be  delayed  a  few 
days. 

Siffht  Translation.     Argonautae  et  Cyzicus. 

440.  Tum  navem  conscendunt  et  portii  provehun- 
tur.  Sed  eadem  nocte  subito  tanta  tempestas  coorta 
est,  ut  navis,  ArgonautTs  inscientibus,  in  eundem 
portum  reiceretur.  Ubi  igitur  hi  urbem  intrare  cona- 
bantur,  cives,  non  dubitantes  quTn  hostes  essent,  in 
eos  impetum  fecerunt.  Nee  multum  afuit  quin 
Argonautae  vincerentur.  Piignatum  est  diu  atque 
acriter.  Tandem  cTves,  defessi  volneribus,  intra 
moenia  urbis  se  receperunt.  Prima  liice  omnes 
agnoscunt  se  nocte  deceptos  esse.  Sed  eheu !  in 
acervis  cadaverum  rex  ipse  repertus  est.  Deinde 
Argonautae  magno  dolore  adfeclT,  ingentem  rogum 
striixerunt,  quem  pTctis  vestibus  et  fulgentibus  armis 
decorant.  In  alto  rogo  corpus  regis  locant.  Tum 
lason  aversus  facem  admovet.  Flammae  mox  omnia 
consiiinunt.  Quo  facto  Argonautae  maesti  ex  urbe 
ad  navem  discedunt. 

co-orior,  arise.  pictus,  embroidered.  (Picture.) 

Conor,  try.  fulgens,    (jleaming.        (Re-ful- 

de-cipio,  deceive.  gent.) 

acervus,  heap.  aversus,     turned     away. 

cadaver,  corpse.  (Averse.) 

rogus,  funeral  pyre.  ad-moveo,  apply. 


170  LATIN  BEABEE.  —  LESSON  XLVL 

441.  1.  Cur  lasoii  et  eius  socii  Argonautae  appel- 
lati  sunt?  2.  Quos  montis  piimuni  Argonautae 
viderunt?  3.  Ubi  paucos  dies  morabantur?  4. 
Cur  verebantur  ut  a  Cyzico  benigne  acciperentur  ? 
5.  Quid  fecit  rex?  6.  Quid  eadeni  nocte  eis  acci- 
dit  ?  7.  Ubi  urbem  intrare  conabantur,  quid  cives 
fecerunt?  8.  Qui  vTcerunt?  9.  Quid  prima  liice 
omnes  agnoscunt?  10.  Ubi  rex  repertus  est? 
11.    Quid  fecerunt  Argonautae  ? 

QUESTIONS. 

442.  What  are  Deponent  verbs  ?  In  what  respect  do  they 
differ  from  regular  verbs  ?  Give  all  the  participles,  Latin  and 
English,  of  polliceor,  I  promise.  How  do  you  translate  ut  and 
ne  after  verbs  of  Fearing  ?     When  may  quin  clauses  be  used  ? 


LESSON    XLVL 

Ablative  with  Deponents ;  Accusative  of  Extent ; 
Simple  Conditions. 

443.  Study  sequor  and  potior  in  the  preceding  lesson  ; 
then  write  out  synopses  of  utor  and  molior. 

444.  ABLATIVE    WITH    DEPONENTS. 

1.  Carne  et  lacte  vescuntur.     Theij  live  on  flesh  and 
milk, 

2.  Castris  potiti  sunt.     They  got  possession  of  the  camp. 

Observe  that  vescuntur  and  potiti  sunt  are  followed  by 
the  Ablative. 


ABLATIVE    WITH  BEPONENTS.  171 

445.  Rule  XLIII.  The  Deponents  utor,  fruor,  fungor, 
potior,  vescor,  and  their  comjjounds,  govern  the  Ablative 
case. 

446.  ACCUSATIVE    OF    EXTENT. 

Fossa  quinque  pedes  alta,    A  ditch  five  feet  deep. 

Notice  that  quinque  pedes  is  in  the  Accusative  case, 
and  is  the  extent  of  the  depth.  It  is  therefore  called 
the  Accusative  of  Extent. 

447.  Rule  XLIV.  Extent  of  space  is  expressed  by 
the  Accusative. 

448.  CONDITIONAL    SENTENCES. 

INDICATIVE. 
SIIUPLK   PRESENT. 

1.  Si  cedit,  ignavus  est.     If  he  yields,  he  is  a  covmrd. 

SIMPLE   PAST. 

2.  Si   cessit,   ignavus  fuit.      If  he  yielded,   he  was   a 

coward. 

MORE  VIVID   I-UTURE. 

^     r.-     -r  ■,  u.  .  .^.       (  V  fi^  yields  (lit.,  shall  yield 

3.  Si  cSdet  (cesserit),     )  u  n  t,  •  u   jn    7 

^  ^'      -^       or  shall  havft    vieldfidV   Jip 


ignavus  erit. 


or  shall  have   yielded),  he 
(      will  be  a  coward. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 
LESS   VIVID   FUTURE. 

4.  Si  cedat,  ignavus  sit.     If  he  should  yield,  he  would 

be  a  coward. 

CONTRARY  TO  FACT  PRESENT. 

5.  Si  cederet,  ignavus  esset.     If  he  were  yielding,  ?ie 

would  be  a  coivard. 

CONTRARY   TO   FACT   PAST. 

6.  Si  cessisset,  ignavus  fuisset.     If  he  had  yielded,  he 

would  have  been  a  coward. 


172  LATIN  READER.— LESSON  XLVL 

a.  Notice  that  these  sentences  contain  a  condition^  on 
which  a  conclusion  is  based. 

h.  In  the  first  three  sentences,  nothing  is  implied  as 
to  the  truth  or  falsltij  of  the  condition ;  if  the  condition 
is  a  fact,  the  conclusion  follows  as  a  fact.  Hence  the 
Indicative  is  used.  Now  compare  the  last  three  sen- 
tences. 

c.  Example  (4)  refers  to  the  future,  and  vaguely  sug- 
gests the  possibility  of  the  person's  yielding.  Example 
(5)  distinctly  implies  that  he  is  not  yielding,  and  exam- 
ple (6)  that  he  did  not  yield.  In  these  sentences  there- 
fore the  Subjunctive  is  used,  the  Present  tense  to 
suggest  niere  possibility,  the  Imperfect  to  imply  impossi- 
bility in  the  j)'^^sent,  the  Pluperfect  to  imply  impossibil- 
ity in  the  past.  (Compare  the  tenses  in  the  Subjunctive 
of  Wish.) 

d.  The  six  Conditions  may  be  grouped  according  to 
their  names,  as  follows  : 

\  Present.  Indicative  Present. 

'  ^  Past.  Indicative  Past. 

(  More  vivid.     Indicative  Future  or  Future 
Future,  -'  Perfect. 

(  Lens  vivid.       Subjunctive  Present. 


Contrary  to  Fact, 


Present.  Subjunctive  Imperfect. 

Past.  Subjunctive  Pluperfect. 


e.  Observe  that  in  3Io7'e  vivid,  future  conditions  the 
Latin  marks  the  time  with  far  greater  precision  than 
the  English,  using  the  Future  or  Future  Perfect  where 
we  less  accurately  use  the  Present. 

Note.  —  In  Simple  past  conditionals,  the  Imperfect  Indicative 
may  be  used  to  denote  continued  time  in  the  past,  as:  Si  cede- 


ACCUSATIVE   OF  EXTENT.  173 

bat,  ignavus  erat.  If  he  was  yielding,  he  was  a  coward. 
So  also  the  Perfect  Subjunctive  is  occasionally  used  in  the  condi- 
tion of  Less  vivid  future  sentences,  as:  Si  cesserit,  ignavus 
sit.     If  he  should  have  yielded,  he  would  be  a  coward. 

449.  Rule  XLV.  Simple  and  More  vivid  future  con- 
ditions take  the  Indicative  ;  Less  vivid  future  conditions 
take  the  Present  Suhjitnctive ;  Contrary  to  fact  condi- 
tions take  the  Imperfect  Suhjunctive  when  they  refer  to 
present  time,  and  the  Pluperfect  Suhjunctive  when  they 
refer  to  past  time. 

LUDI   CmCENSES. 

450.  Circus  Maximus  Romae  erat  tria  stadia  longus 
et  Snum  stadium  latus.  Undique  erant  sedilia,  quo- 
rum in  primTs  senatores  equitesque  sedebant ;  cetera 
sedilia  cTvibus  Romanis  gratulta  erant.  In  altera 
extrema  parte  erant  carceres,  ex  quibus  quadrigae 
emittebantur.  In  medio  cursii  erat  nmrus  humilis 
duodecim  pedes  latus,  spina  nomine,  qui  statuis  et 
columnTs  ornatus  est.  Utrimque  in  extrema  parte 
spinae  erat  meta,  quam  septies  circumire  necesse 
erat. 

Ex  omnibus  spectaculis,  ludis  Circensibus  Rom  an  1 
maxime  fruebantur.  Nee  occasio  deerat.  Multis 
festis  diebus  erant  piiblici  liidT.  Si  imperator  bene 
res  gessit,  Romae  triumphum  liidis  egit.  ST  quis 
creatus  est  curiilis  aedilis,  magnifico  miinere  fiinctus 
est.  Etiam  fiinera  egregiorum  virorum  liidTs  cele- 
brabantur.  Die  constitiita,  prima  liice  multitudo 
plebis  ad  Circum  pro])erabat  ut  sedilia  occuparent. 
Multo  ante  tempus  spectaculi  omne  sedile  tenebatur. 


174  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  XLVI. 

Tandem  sonus  tubarum  exauditur,  et  mox  magnifica 
pompa,  consule  ducente,  portam  intrat. 

451.  1.  It  will  be  necessary  to  go  round  a  low  wall, 
which  is  one  stade  long  and  three  feet  wide.  2.  If 
this  is  a  feast  daj^,  the  Romans  are  enjoying  the 
games  at  the  Circus.  3.  If  I  am  (shall  have  been) 
elected  curule  aedile,  I  will  exhibit  magnificent 
games.  4.  Were  the  walls  of  the  Circus  Maximus 
three  stades  long?  5.  If  the  sound  of  trumpets 
has  been  heard,  the  Senators  have  taken  their  seats. 

Sight  Translatio7i.     LudT  Cikcenses.  —  Concluded. 

452.  Denique,  omnibus  rebus  paratTs,  consul  mappam 
demittit,  et  statim  ex  carceribus  quattuor  quadrigae 
emittuntur.  Aurigae  stantes  currii  vehuntur,  et 
colore  vestis  et  curriis  facile  discernuntur.  Iterum 
atque  iterum  fervidis  rotis  metam  stringunt.  lam 
ultimum  spatium  ad  carceres  decurrunt.  Aurigae 
proni  voce  verbereque  equos  concitant.     Plausii  fre- 

mappa,  napkin.  fremitus,  shouting,  roaring. 

auriga,  charioteer.  linea,  i.risrE. 

dis-cerno,  distinguish.    (Dis-  pugillatio,  boxing.     (Pugilist.) 

cern.)  lanista,  trainer. 

fervidus,  glowing.    (Fervid.)  Myrmillo,  a  kind  of  gladiator. 

rota,  ivheel.     (Rotate.)  Retiarius,  net-fighter. 

string©,  graze.  fuscina,  trident. 

pronus,    leaning  fo  r  w  a  r  d.  rite,  net. 

(Prone.)  Thrax,    gladiator    in    Thracian 
verber,     ichip,     lash.       (Re-  armor. 

verberate.)  sica,  dagger. 

con-cito,  urge  on.     (Ex-cite.)  pollex,  thumb. 

plausus,  ap-PLAUSE.  premo,  press  doivn. 


SIMPLE  CONDITIONS.  175 

mitiique  secundo  trans  albam  lineam  volant  et  victor 
amplum  praemium   accipit. 

Saepe  erant  alia  certamina,  cursus  pedum,  luc- 
tatio,  pugillatio.  Valde  grata  plebi  erat  venatio, 
in  qua  leones,  elephaiiti  et  ceterae  ferae  aut  inter 
se  aut  cum  hominibus  pugnabant.  Maxime  Komani 
spectaculo  gladiatorum  fruebantur.  Hi  in  ludis 
gladiatoriis  a  lanistTs  exercebantur.  Multis  gene- 
ribus  telorum  utebantur.  Myrmillones  Gallicis  tells 
armabantur.  Retiarii  fuscina  et  rete,  Thraces  sica 
clipeoque  pugnabant.  Ubi  gladiator  volneratus  est, 
multitudo  'hoc  liabet'  conclamabat.  Si  ille  bene 
pUgnaverat,  poliices  premebant  atque  ita  ei  parcebant. 
Sed  sT  poliices  verterunt,  gladiator  feiTLim  accepit. 

453.  1.  Quot  stadia  longus  erat  Circus  Maximus? 
2.  Ubi  erant  sedilia  senatorum?  3.  Quid  erat 
spina?  4.  Quoties  utramque  metam  circumire 
necesse  erat?  5.  Quibus  liidis  Romaiii  maxime 
fruebantur?  6.  Ciir  prima  liice  plebs  ad  Circum 
proper  aba  t?  7.  Quando  pompa  port  am  intrat  ?  8. 
Ciir  consul  mappam  demittit?  9.  Quo  modo  au- 
ligae  discernuntur ?  10.  Quid  erat  venatio?  11. 
Quo  modo  gladiatores  exercebantur?  12.  Ubi  glad- 
iator volneratus  est,  quid  multitiido  conclamabat? 
13.  Quid  faciebant,  si  bene  piignaverat  ?  14.  Quid 
accidit,  si  poliices  verterunt  ? 

QUESTIONS. 

454.  What  verbs  govern  the  Ablative  ?  Give  an  example 
of  the  Accusative  of  Extent  ?  Name  six  kinds  of  conditions. 
What  mood  and  tense  is  used  in  each  and  why  ? 


176 


LATIN  READER. — LESSON  XLVIL 


LESSON    XLVII. 

Compounds  of  Sum ;  Conditionals. 

455.    Possum,  compounded  of  potis,  able,  and  sum,  is 
inflected  as  follows  : 

Principal  Parts :  possum,  posse,  potui,  he  able. 


INDICATIVE.  SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pres.     /  am  able,  can,  etc. 

possum  possumus  possim 

potes  potestis  possis 

potest  possunt  possit 

Imp.     I  was  able,  could,  etc. 

poteram  poteramus  possem 

poteras  poteratis  posses 

poterat  poterant  posset 

FuT.       /  shall  be  able,  etc. 
potero  poterimus 

Perf.     /  have  been  able,  could,  etc. 

potui  potuimus  potuerim 

Plup.     I  had  been  able,  could  have,  etc. 

potueram         potueramus         potuissem 
FuT.  Perf.     I  shall  have  been  able,  etc. 

potuero  potuerimus 


possimus 

possitis 

possint 

possemus 

possetis 

possent 


potuerimus 


potuissemus 


INFINITIVE. 

Pres.     posse,  to  be  able.        Perf.     potuisse,  to  have  been  able. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Pres.     potens,  -entis,  (used  as  an  adjective),  powerful. 

a.    Notice    that  t  is    changed    to  s  before  s,  and  f  is 
dropped  after  t. 


COMPOUNDS   OF  SUM;    CONDITIONALS.      177 

Note.  —  In  prosum,  I  benefit,  compounded  of  prod  (old  form 
of  pro),  for,  and  sum,  the  d  is  retained  only  before  e,  thus: 
prosum,  prodes,  prodest,  prodessem,  profui.  Other  compounds 
of  sum  are  inflected  like  sum. 

456.  CONDITIONAL    SENTENCES. 

Carefully  review  all  that  is  given  in  the  preceding 
lesson  on  Conditional  sentences.  Name  and  translate 
the  following: 

(Remember  that  you  can  easily  determine  to  which  of  the  six 
classes  any  condition  belongs  by  observing  the  mood  and  tense  of 
the  verbs. ) 

Si  laudareris,  beatus  esses ;  si  laudaberis,  beatus  eris :  si 
laudaris,  beatus  es;  si  lauderis,  beatus  sis;  si  laudatus 
esses,  beatus  f uisses ;  si  laudatus  es,  beatus  fuisti.  Trans- 
late the  following  conditions  into  Latin :  If  you  were 
being  praised,  you  were  happy  ;  if  you  tvere  praised,  you 
would  he  hajjpy  ;  if  you  should  be  praised,  you  would  be 
happjy ;  if  you  had  been  praised,  you  would  have  been 
happy ;  if  you  are  praised,  you  are  happy ;  if  you  are 
praised,  you  will  be  happy. 

HERCULES  ET  HYLAS. 

457.  lani  Argoiiautae  oi-am  Mysiae  praetervehe- 
bantur.  Paulo  post,  vento  adverso,  proxima  litora 
petiverunt,  et  in  terram  egress!  sunt.  Ibi  Hercules 
cum  Hjda,  puero  pulcherrima  forma,  in  silvam  vena- 
tum  ivit.  Mox  Hylas  cervum  videt,  quem  protinus 
Tnsequitur.  Ea  res  felTciter  evenisset,  si  Hercules 
puerum  seciitus  esset.  At  ille  longius  in  silvam  pro- 
greditur.  Hylas  autem  celerem  cervum  volnerare 
non  poterat,  ac  diri  solus  in  silva  errabat.     Denique 


178  LATIN  READER. —  LESSON  XLVIL 

ad  fontem  venit,  ubi  bibendi  causa  substitit.  Sed 
Nympha  fontis  puerum  piilcherrimuiii  yidet,  atque 
eum,  niauibus  eiiis  collo  iniectis,  ad  Tiiium  fontem 
detrahit.  lam  Hercules  ad  iTtiis  reverterat,  sed  nus- 
quam  Ilylam  repeiire  poterat.  Veritus  ne  puer 
eiraret,  in  silvam  rediit.  Aniens  liuc  atqne  illuc  cur- 
rit  et  semper  longius  in  silvam  penetrat,  sed  frustra. 

Inteiea  ventus  se  verterat.  lam  diii  Argonautae 
imjjatientes  morae  erant.  Maxime  Tiphys  guberna- 
tor  sic  querebalur,  "Si  Hercules  et  Hylas  adessent, 
protinus  prolicTscT  possemus." 

458.  1.  If  be  bad  advanced  fartber  into  tbe  forest, 
be  would  bave  come  to  a  spring.  2.  K  the  stag 
was  pursued  by  Plercules,  it  was  wounded.  3.  If 
you  were  impatient  of  delay,  you  would  be  com- 
plaining. 4.  If  be  stops,  be  will  be  dragged  down 
to  tbe  bottom  of  tbe  spring.  5.  If  tbey  should  go 
into  the  forest  to  hunt,  they  could  see  deer. 

Sight  Translation.     Phineus  et  Harpyiae. 

459.  Sed  nee  Hercules  nee  Hylas  venit.  Totam 
noctem  Argonautae  eos  exspectabant.  Prima  luce 
lason  SIC  dixit:  "  Nisi  nostri  comites  mox  redierint, 
sine  eis  proficTscemur."  Turn  diii  eos  in  onuiis  partTs 
Argonautae  petebant.  Denique  maesti  navem  cons- 
cendunt  et  proficiscuntur.  Hand  ita  multo  post,  ad 
terrain  venerunt,  ciiius  rex,  Pbineus  nomine,  gravis- 
simo  supplicio  adficiebatur.     Nam,  quod   hominibus 

oc-cultus,  hidden,  concealed,      morior,  die.     (Mortal.) 
(Occult.) 


COMPOUNDS   OF  SUM;   CONDITIONALS.      179 

quasdam  res  occultas  aperuerat,  eum  del  oculis  prTva- 
verant,  atque  nuper  Harpyias  in  eins  terram  demise- 
rant.  Haec  duo  nionstra,  quae  capita  liiimana  sed 
corpora  avium  habebant,  semper  ab  ipso  ore  regis 
cibum  eripiebaiit.  Ubi  igitur  Phineus,  qui  non  mul- 
tum  afuit  quin  fame  moreretur,  audivit  qui  alien! 
essent,  eos  in  regiam  arcessivit.  Nam  sic  secum 
putabat:  "ST  lii  viiT  cum  Harpyiis  dimicent,  forte 
eos  vincere  possint."  Casii  accidit  ut  duo  ex  Argo- 
nautls,  Zetes  et  Calais,  alas  haberent.  Ubi  igitur 
hi  de  Harpyiis  audiverunt,  statim  dixerunt  se  regem 
liberatiiros  esse.  Epulis  paratis,  omnes  mensis  ac- 
cumbunt.  Mox  monstra  apparent.  Sed  Zetes  et 
Calais  in  auras  ascendunt,  et  impetum  in  ea  faciunt. 
Dili  et  acriter  piignatum  est.  Tandem  duo  viri  Har- 
pyias vincuiit  et  fugant. 

460.  1.  Ubi  iam  Argonautae  erant?  2.  Ciir  in 
terram  egress!  sunt?  3.  Qu!  in  silvam  venatum 
iverunt?  4.  Quid  Hylae  accidit?  5.  Quid  fecit 
Hercules  ?  6.  Quis  maxime  querebatur,  quod  nee 
Hercules  nee  Hylas  aderat?  7.  Quam  diii  Argo- 
nautae comites  exspectabant?  8.  Quid  tandem 
fecerunt?  9.  Quo  modo  de!  Pluiiea  piiiaverant? 
10.  Qualia  monstra  erant  Harpyiae  ?  11.  Qu!  Har- 
pyias fugaverunt? 

QUESTIONS. 

461.  Give  a  synopsis  of  possum.  Give  the  Imperfect  Sub- 
junctive of  possum  in  full.  How  do  the  letters  change  in 
possum  ?  In  prosum  ?  Translate  the  following :  possis, 
potuisse,   potueram,   potuistis,   potuerim,  poteramus ;   you 

(sing.)  might  he  able,  they  are  able,  vne  might  have  been  able,  to  be 
able,  you  (plur.)  ivill  have  been  able,  they  vnll  be  able. 


180  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  XLVIIL 


LESSON    XLVIII. 

Active  and  Passive  Periphrastic  Conjugations; 
Dative  of  Agent;   Objective  Genitive. 

462.  The  Active  Periphrastic  conjugation  is  made  np 
of  the  Future  Active  yartwiple  and  forms  of  the  verb 
sum,  as  : 

INDICATIVE.  SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pkes.    amfituriis  sum,  I  am  about  to  love.        amaturus  sim. 
Imp.       ainfiturus  eram,  /  ivas  about  to  love,     amfiturus  essem. 
FuT.      amaturus  ero,   I  shall  be  about  to 

love. 
Perf.    amfiturus  fui,  I  tvas  about  to  love.         amaturus  fuerim. 
Plup.   amaturus  fueram,  /  had  been  about    amaturus  fuissem. 

to  love. 
F.  P.     amaturus  fuero,  I  shall  have  been 

about  to  love  (rare). 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres.    amaturus  esse,  to   be      Perf.    amaturus  fuisse,  <o  ^are 
about  to  love.  been  about  to  love. 

463.  The  Passive  Periphrastic  conjugation  is  made  up 
of  the  Gerundive  and  forms  of  the  verb  sum,  as : 

INDICATIVE.  SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pres.    amandus  sum,  I  ought  to  be  loved.        amandus  sim. 
Imp.       amandus  eram,  /  ought  to  have  been    amandus  essem. 

loved. 
FuT.       amandus   ero,  it  will  be  necessary 

that  I  be  loved. 
Pekf.    amandus  fui,  I  ought   to  have  been    amandus  fuerim. 

loved. 


PERIPHRASTIC  CONJUGATIONS,  181 

Plup.    amandus  fueram,  it  had  been  neces-    amandus  fuissem. 
sary  that  I  be  loved. 

F.  P.      amandus  fuero,  it  will  have  been  ne- 
cessary that  I  be  loved. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres.    amandus    esse,    to    be    Perf.    amandus  fuisse,  to  have 
necessary     to     he  been  necessary  to  be 

loved.  loved. 

Note.  —  The  difficulty  of  translating  some  tenses  of  the  Pas- 
sive Periphrastic  conjugation  arises  from  the  fact  that  the  Eng- 
lish verb  ought  is  defective.  The  student  can  always  obtain  the 
.sense  by  using  the  meaning  necessary  to  be,  — as:  Hoc  nego- 
tijim  suscipiendum  fuit,  (lit.,  this  task  was  necessary  to 
be  undertaken).,  This  task  had  to  be  undertaken. 

464.  DATIVE    OF    AGENT. 

1.  Hoc  mihi  faciendum  est.     This  must  be  done  by  me. 

2.  Caesari  omnia  erant  agenda.  Everything  had  to  be 
done  by  Caesar. 

Observe  that  the  Dative  is  used  to  denote  the  person 
on  whom  the  necessity  rests. 

465.  Rule  XL VI.  The  Dative  is  used  with  the  Pas- 
sive Periphrastic  conjugation  to  denote  the  person  by 
whom  the  action  is  to  be  done. 

466.  OBJECTIVE    GENITIVE. 

1.  Amor  patriae.     Love  of  country. 

2.  Spes  salutis.     Hope  of  safety. 

Observe  that  the  Genitives  patriae  and  salutis  are 
objects  of  the  feeling  expressed  by  amor  and  spes  respect- 
ively.    Hence  the  name  Objective  Genitive. 


182  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  XLVIII. 

467.  Rule  XLVII.  Nouns  of  action  and  feeling  are 
followed  by  the  Objective  Genitive. 

SYMPLEGADES. 

468.  Argonautae,  fugaLis  Harpyiis,  eo  die  apud 
Phiiiea  manserunt.  Rex,  gratiis  pro  tanto  beneficio, 
lasonT  de  perlculls,  quae  el  subeunda  essent,  multa 
praedixit.  Posterd  die,  nacti  idoneam  tempestatem 
ad  iiaviganduni,  iiavem  solvunt,  et  mox  Pontum 
EuxTuuni  intrant,  llic  prinium  niagnus  timer  men- 
tis omnium  occupavit.  "  Eheu !  "  dixeriint  "  quantum 
aequor  nobis  lustrandum  est!  At,  ea  re  bene  gesta, 
lion  dubium  est  quin  in  multo  graviora  perTcula  ven- 
turi  sinius.  Nam  etiam  si  incolumes  in  Colchida  per- 
venerimus,  niilla  spes  erit  nobis  monstiT  vincendi, 
quod  nemo  adliuc  etiam  aggredi  ausus  sit."  Dum  sTc 
queruntur,  subito  terribilem  fragorem  exaudiunt. 
Mox  procul  duas  rii[)T.s  ingenti  magnitiidine  cernunt, 
quae  parvo  intervallo  in  mari  natabant.  Tum  sic 
dixit  lason :  "  lUae  sunt  Symplegades,  de  quibus 
PliTneus  me  praemonuit.  Quae,  si  quid  in  medium 
spatium  venit,  protinus  incredibili  celeritate  con- 
currunt." 

469.  1.  He  will  forewarn  them  about  the  monster, 
which  must  be  conquered  by  Jason.  2.  The  Argo- 
nauts said  that  they  would  remain  with  the  king  that 
day.  3.  If  we  had  obtained  suitable  weather,  we 
would  have  set  sail.  4.  We  shall  have  to  undergo 
this  danger,  if  we  intend  to  (are  about  to)  arrive  in 
Colchis.  5.  There  Avas  no  hope  of  sailing  on  the 
following  day. 


PERIPHRASTIC  CONJUGATIONS.  183 

Sight  Translation.     Symplegades.  —  Concluded. 

470.  Qua  re  audita,  Argonautae  perterriti  sunt. 
Nee  quidem  multum  afuit  quiii  domum  repetere 
constituerent.  Quos  autem  lasoii  sTc  increpuit: 
"  Ubi  nunc,  socii,  est  iste  amor  gloriae  ?  Nonne  in- 
columes  per  tot  pericula  cursum  tenuimus?  Revo- 
cate  animos.  Certe  luno  in  tanto  discrimine  nobis 
non  deerit."  Vix  dicendi  finem  fecerat,  cum  colum- 
bam  in  medium  spatium  intrare  vident.  Protinus 
ingentes  riipes  concurrunt.  Sed  tanta  celeritate  co- 
lumba  volavit,  ut  incolumis,  cauda  amissa,  evaderet. 
Tum  Argonautae  uon  dubitantes  quin  dea  ipsa 
viam  monstraret,  remls  incumbunt.  Citius  Noto 
voluciique  sagitta  volat  Argo  in  angustum  f  re  tum. 
Ingens  inons  aquae  sequens  eos  obruere  minatur. 
lam  utrimque  riipes  terribili  celeritate  concurrunt. 
Tum  Argonautae  summa  contentione  remis  procum- 
bunt.  Prosilit  Argo  per  reliquum  spatium  atque 
intactus  in  altum  mare  evadit. 

471.  1.  Quo  modo  Phmeus  probavit  se  Argonautis 
gratum    esse?       2.    Quando    magnus    timor    mentis 

in-crep6,  chide,  rebuke.  volucer,^ee^,  swift. 

dis-crimen,  crisis.  (Discrim-  fretum,  strait,  channel. 

ination.)  minor,  threaten. 

columba,  dove.  ob-ruo,  overwhelm. 

Cauda,  tail.     (Caudal.)  con-tentio,    effort,    exertion. 
remus,  oar.  (Contention.) 

in-cumbo,    bend.       (Incum-  pro-cumbo,  bend  forward. 

bent.)  pro-silio,  leap  forward. 

cito,  quickly.  in-tactus,  untouched,  intact. 
Notus,  the  south  wind. 


184  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  XLIX. 

Argonautarum  occupavit?  3.  Quid  maxime  time- 
bant?  4.  Quid  subito  exaudiimt  ?  5.  Quid  mox 
cernunt?  6.  Quid  accidit,  si  quid  inter  mpTs  venit? 
7.  Quis  solus  ex  ArgonautTs  Symplegadas  non  ti- 
muit?  8.  Quam  iam  in  medium  spatium  intrare 
vident?  9.  Quid  deinde  accidit?  10.  Num  Ar- 
gonautae  in  angustum  fietum  intrare  audent?  11. 
Quid  evenit? 

QUESTIONS. 

472.  Of  what  does  the  Active  Periphrastic  conjugation  con- 
sist ?  Wliat  is  tlie  Passive  Periphrastic  conjugation  ?  What 
case  is  used  to  denote  the  agent  witli  tlie  Passive  Periphrastic 
conjugation  ?  How  is  the  agent  usually  expressed  with  Passive 
verbs  ?  Give  an  example  of  the  Objective  Genitive.  Why  is  it 
so  called  ? 


LESSON    XLIX. 

Irregular  Verb    Eo ;   Cum   Temporal,    Causal,    and 
Concessive. 

473.        Principal  Parts  :  E6,  Ire,  ivi  or  il,  iturus,  go. 


INDICATIVE 

• 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pres. 

eo 

imus 

earn 

eamus 

Is 

itis 

eas 

eatis 

it 

eunt 

eat 

eant 

Imp. 

ibam 

irem 

FUT. 

ibo 

Perf. 

ivi  or  ii 

iverim 

or  ierim 

Plup. 

iveram  or  ieram 

ivissem  or  issem 

F.  P. 

Ivero  or  iero 

VERB   EO  ;    CUM   TEMPORAL. 


185 


IMPEliATIVE. 

Pres. 

1 

ite 

FUT. 

ito 

itote 

ito 

eunto 

PARTICIPLES. 

Pres. 

iens,  euntis 

FUT. 

iturus 

Perf. 

itumi 

G'v'e. 

eundus 

infinitive. 

Pres.     Ire 

Perf.     ivisse,  or  isse 

FuT.       iturus  esse 

GERUND. 

eundi,  eundo,  eundum,  eundo 


Ac. 


SUPINE. 

itum  Ab.     itu 


474.  CUM    TEMPORAL. 

INDICATIVE.  SUBJUNCTIVE. 


Nam  in  ceteris  rebus,  cum 
venit  calamitas,  turn  det- 
rimentum  accipitur.  For 
in  everything  eLs-e,  tlte  damage 
is  received  at  the  time  when 
the  disaster  comes. 

Cum  Caesar  venit,  alterius 
factionis  principes  erant 
Haedui.  At  the  time  when 
Caesar  came,  the  Haedui 
were  leaders  of  one  faction. 

Cum  rosam  viderat,  tum 
incipere  ver  arbitrabatur. 
When  he  had  seen  a  rose, 
then  did  he  think  spring  was 
commencing. 


Cum.  Athenis  essern,  Zeno- 
nem  audiebam.  I  used  to 
hear  Zeno,  when  I  was  at 
Athens. 

Cum.  in  fuga  traheretur,  in 
ipsum  Caesarem  incidit. 
While  he  was  being 
dragged  along  inflight,  he 
happened  upon  Caesar  him- 
self. 

Cum.  pervenisset,  'ea  cog- 
novit. When  he  had  ar- 
rived, he  ascertained  these 
facts. 

Haec  cum.  dixisset,  pro- 
cedit  extra  munitiones. 
After  saying  this,  he  pro- 
ceeded outside  the  fortifica- 
tions. 


a.    In  clauses  introduced  by  cum,  meaning  when,  if 
the  writer  wishes  to  emphasize   vierely  the  time  when 


Used  only  impersonally. 


186  LATIN  READER.  —LESSON  XL IX. 

an  action  is  done,  he  uses  the  Indicative.  If,  however, 
he  wishes  to  suggest  further  that  one  action  depends  on 
another,  he  uses  the  Subjunctive.  Thus,  in  the  first 
example  above  in  the  right  hand  column,  the  writer  not 
only  states  that  he  heard  Zeno  ivhen  he  was  at  Athens, 
but,  by  using  the  Subjunctive,  he  further  suggests  that 
his  hearing  Zeno  depended  on  his  being  at  Athens. 

h.  Since,  however,  in  narrating  past  events,  it  is  nat- 
ural for  a  person  to  think  of  the  dependence  of  one  action 
on  another,  the  Subjunctive  is  generally  used  in  the  Im- 
perfect and  Pluperfect  tenses,  as  seen  in  the  examples 
above. 

475.  Rule  XLVm.  In  narration,  cum,  meaning  when, 
is  followed  by  the  Imperfect  or  Pluperfect  Subjunctive. 

476.  CUM    CAUSAL.       . 

1.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  discedamus.  Since  these  things 
are  so,  let  us  depart. 

2.  Caesar  cum  constituisset  hiemare  in  continenti, 
obsides  imperat.  Caesar,  since  he  had  decided  to  winter  on 
the  contiy-ent,  ordered  hostages  to  be  provided. 

CUM    CONCESSIVE. 

3.  Cum.  consilium  tuum  probarem,  nihil  proficiebam. 
Although  I  approved  your  plan,  I  was  accomplishing  nothing. 

4.  Cum.  primi  ordines  concidissent,  tamen  acerrime 
reliqui  resistebant.  Although  the  first  ranks  had  fallen, 
still  the  rest  resisted  most  fiercely. 

Observe  that  in  the  first  two  examples,  cum,  mean- 
ing since,  is  followed  by  the  Subjunctive.  Likewise  in 
the  last  two,  cum,  meaning  although,  is  followed  by  the 
Subjunctive. 


CUM  CAUSAL  AND   CONCESSIVE.  187 

477.  Rule  XLIX.  Cum  causal  or  concessive  is  followed 
by  the  Subjunctive. 

lASON   ET   MEDEA. 

478.  Multos  dies  Argonautae  ad  orientem  provebe- 
bantur.  Tandem  procul  summa  cacumina  Caucasi 
cernunt.  Prima  vis^ilia  subeunt  ostia  fliiminis  Phas- 
idos,  qui  per  finis  Colcborum  fluit.  Hic,  cum  ad 
finem  cursus  pervenissent,  tamen  magno  timore  adfi- 
ciebantur.  Nam  ad  urbem  magni  regis  appropmqua- 
bant.  Mane  lason,  cum  novem  comites  delegisset, 
ad  urbem  profectus  est.  Quo  ipso  tempore,  forte 
Medea,  filia  regis,  caterva  virginum  coinitante,  sacri- 
ficandi  causa  ad  Idcum  Hecates  ibat.  Cm  igitur 
lason  obviam  ivit.  lUe  autem,  cum  incertus  esset, 
quo  via  diiceret,  a  Medea  viam  ad  regiam  quaesivit. 
Cui  Medea  moenia  urbis  monstravit.  Cum  autem 
alien!  discessissent,  Medea  mirabatur  unde  hi  viri 
venissent,  et  maxime  quis  dux  esset.  Nam  lason 
erat  vir  egregia  specie,  et  reliquos  comites  altis  ume- 
ris  supereminebat. 

479.  1.  Since  you  are  a  stranger,  I  will  show  you 
the  way.  2.  Although  they  had  entered  the  mouth 
of  the  river,  they  had  not  reached  the  end  of  their 
voyage.  3.  When  Medea  was  going  toward  the 
river,  she  met  Jason.  4.  Nine  comrades  must  be 
selected  by  the  leader,  to  accompany  him  to  the 
palace.  5.  On  meeting  him  (when  he  had  met 
him),  he  inquired  where  lie  was  going. 


188  LATIN  HEADER.  — LESSON  XLIX. 

Sight  Translation.     Perfidus  Rex. 

480.  Interea  Argonautae  in  regiam  ])ervenerunt, 
atque  sine  mora  ad  regem  Aeetam  adinissi  suut. 
Turn  regi  lasoii  dixit  quam  ob  causam  Argonautae 
in  Colcliida  venissent.  Rex,  cum  re  vera  valde  ira- 
tus  esset,  tamen  callide  respondit:  ante  omnia  bellum 
cum  fratre  Perse  sibi  gerendum  esse  ;  hoc  coiifecto, 
se  vellus  aureum  ArgonautTs  libenter  traditurum  esse. 
lason,  cum  hoc  audivisset,  pollicitus  est  se  regi  ad 
id  bellum  auxilium  daturum  esse.  Sine  mora  rex 
cum  siio  fratre  bellum  gerere  incipit.  Omnibus  in 
locTs  Argonautae  ingentem  cladem  hostium  faciunt. 
Tandem  Perses,  omni  spe  regnl  potiendi  deposita,  e 
finibus  regis  exiit.  Iiide  lason,  cum  bellum  confec- 
tum  esset,  postulavit  ut  vellus  aureum  sibi  tradere- 
tur.  Cui  sTc  respondit  rex  :  ''  Non  iam  te  morabor. 
Audi;  tibi  ostendain  quae  facienda  sint.  In  finitimo 
campo  sunt  duo  aeripedes  et  flammifeiT  tauri.  Hi 
tibi  primum  iungendi  sunt.  Delude,  campo  arato, 
dentes  draconis  serendT  sunt." 

481.  1.  Ad  quod  fliimen  tandem  Argonautae  ve- 
niunt?  2.  Ciir  magno  timore  adficiebantur  ?  3. 
Quis  postero  die  ad  urbem  profectus  est?  4.  Cui 
obviam  Tvit?  5.  Quid  lason  a  Medea  quaesivit? 
6.  Quid  Medea  mirabatur  ?  7.  Nonne  rex  iratus 
erat,  cum  audivisset  quam  ob  causam  Argonautae 
venissent?        8.    Quid   rex    dixit?        9.    Fueruntne 

re  vera,  in  fact.  Hammi-fer,  fire-breathing. 

poUiceor,  j^romise.  aro,  })louf/h.     (Arable.) 

aeri-pes,  bronze-footed.  sero,  sow. 


IRBEGULAR    VERB   FERO. 


189 


Argonautae  auxilio  regi  in  bello  ?  10.  Quid  pos- 
tulavit  lason,  cum  bellum  confectum  esset?  11. 
Quid  respondit  rex  ? 

QUESTIONS. 

482.  Write  out  a  synopsis  of  eo,  giving  the  Present  Indica- 
tive and  Subjunctive  in  full.  Explain  the  use  of  moods  with 
cum  meaning  when.  Rule  for  cum  in  narration.  Rule  for 
cum  causal  and  concessive.  Translate  the  following:  iverunt, 
eamus,  i,  eunt,  ivisse,  ibat,  ivissetis  ;  to  f/o,  he  may  have 
gone,  they  will  go,  you  (singular)  are  going,  I  might  go,  we 
had  gone. 


LESSON     L. 

Irregular   Verb    Fero ;    Dum,  Donee,    and    Quoad ; 
Antequam  and  Priusquam. 

483.    Principal  Parts  :  Fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  hear,  carry. 


ACTIVE. 

PASSIVK. 

INDICATIVE. 

Pres. 

fero 

ferimus 

feror 

ferimur 

fers 

fertis 

ferris  or  -re 

ferimini 

fert 

ferunt 

fertur 

feruntur 

Imp. 

ferebam 

ferebar 

FUT. 

feram 

ferar 

Perf. 

tuli 

latus  sum 

Pl.UP. 

tuleram 

Ifitus  eram 

F.  P. 

tulero 

latus  ero 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pres. 

feram 

ferar 

Imp. 

ferrem 

ferrer 

Perf. 

tulerim 

liltus  Sim 

Plup. 

tulissem 

latus  essem 

190 


LATIN  HEADER.  —  LESSON  L. 


Pres.     feri 
FuT.       ferto 
fert5 


IMPERATIVE. 

ferte  ferre 

fertote  fertor 

ferunto  fertor 


ferimini 


feruntor 


INFINITIVE. 

Pres. 

ferre 

ferri 

Perf. 

tulisse 

latus  esse 

FUT. 

Ifiturus  esse 

latum  iri 

PARTICIPLES. 

Pres. 

ferens 

Perf.     Ifitus 

FUT. 

luturus 

G'v'e.    ferendus 

GERUNr 

>.                                          SUPINE. 

G. 

ferendi    Ac. 

ferendum         Ac,     latum 

D. 

ferendo   Ab. 

ferendo            Ab.     latu 

484. 

SUBJUNCTIVE    WITH    DUM,   DONEC,   AND   QUOAD. 

INDICATIVE. 


Dum  haec  geruntur,  re- 
liqui  discesserunt.  While 
these  things  were  going  on, 

the  rest  departed. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Rusticus  exspectat,  dum 
defluat  amnis.  The  coun- 
tryman is  waiting  (lit.  until 
the  river  shall  flow  by)  for 
the  river  tofloio  by. 


a.  Notice  that  when  dum  means  ivhile,  and  simply 
marks  the  fact  that  one  action  happens  during  another, 
the  Indicative  is  used.     The  Present  tense  is  preferred. 

h.  Observe,  however,  that  when  dum  means  imtil,  and 
implies  purpose,  doubt,  or  futurity,  it  takes  the  Subjunc- 
tive. 

Note.  — Donee  and  quoad  are  used,  though  less  frequently, 
in  the  same  way. 


J  Four  verbs  drop  final  -e  in  the  imperative;  viz.,  dico,  duco,  facio,  and 
lero. 


BUM,   DONEC,   AND   QUOAD.  191 

485.  Rule  L.  Dum,  donee,  and  quoad,  implying  pur- 
pose, doubt,  or  futurity,  take  the  Subjunctive,  otherwise 
the  Indicative. 

486.  SUBJUNCTIVE    WITH    ANTEQUAM    AND    PRIUS- 

QUAM. 
INDICATIVE.  SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Neque  prius  fugere   desti-  Priusquam    se    hostes  ex 

terunt    quam.   ad   flumen  terrore      reciperent,     in 

Rhenum       pervenerunt.  finis   Suessionum  exerci- 

They   did  not    cease  fleeing  turn     duxit.       Before     the 

before    they   came    to    the  enemy  could  recover  from 

river  Rhine.  fright,  he  led  his  army  into  the 

territory  of  the  Suessiones. 

a.  Notice  that  the  Indicative  is  used  with  priusquam 
to  denote  simply  that  one  action  happened  before  an- 
other. (Priusquam  may  be  separated  by  intervening 
words  as  in  the  example  illustrating  the  use  of  the 
Indicative.) 

b.  Notice  that  the  Subjunctive  is  used  with  prius- 
quam, when  any  further  relation  exists.  Thus  in  the 
example  above  there  is  an  idea  of  possibility,  as  well  as 
of  priority  of  time. 

487.  Rule  LI.  With  antequam  and  priusquam  the 
Indicative  is  used  to  express  mere  priority  of  time,  the 
Subjunctive  to  express  smy  further  relation. 

POTENTISSIMUM    UNGUENTUM. 

488.  lason,  cum  tyranni  verba  audivisset,  iratus 
SIC  respondit :  "  Praeclaram  vero  gratiam,  Aeeta, 
nobis  refers  pro  nostiis  tantis  beneficiis  !  Ego  tamen 
non   sum   is,   qui   peiiculum   vitet.     Priusquam   sol 


192  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  L. 

crastinus  occidet,  aut  tua  iussa  confecero,  aut  per- 
iero."  His  verbis  discessit,  et  maestus  ad  socios  se 
coiitulit.  Rex  autem  valde  gavisus  est,  quod  cre- 
didit  nullum  inortalem  flammiferos  tauros  domare 
posse.  Interea  Medea  incerta  erat,  quid  faceret. 
Scivit  enim  lasonem  sine  auxilio  penturum  esse. 
Dili  liaerebat.  Tandem  ei  clam  auxilium  ferre  decre- 
vit.  Exspectavit  dum  omnes  somno  se  darent.  Turn 
priusquam  vigiliae  eam  caperent,  ex  regia  evasit, 
et  ad  fliimen  pervenit.  II ic  subsistit  incerta  quid 
faciat.  Subito  lasonem  ipsum  cernit.  Ille  enim  qui- 
escere  non  potuerat,  atque  solus  in  lipa  vagabatur. 
Quem  Medea  sic  breviter  appellat:  "  Ne  time,  lason. 
Ego  sum  Medea,  filia  regis,  quae  veni  ut  tibi  auxili- 
um feram."  His  verbis  ei  potentissimum  unguentum 
dat,  quod  ipsa  composuerat.  Nam  summam  scientiam 
medicamentorum  habebat.  Tum  Medea,  cum  lasonT 
explicuisset  quo  modo  unguento  iiteretur,  et  quid 
deinde  faciendum  esset,  ad  regiam  rediit. 

489.  1.  To-morrow's  sun  will  set  before  you  can 
subdue  the  fire-breatliing  bulls.  2.  Wliile  she  was 
escaping  from  the  palace,  the  guards  seized  her. 
3.  They  had  come  to  bring  her  assistance.  4.  His 
comrades  departed  before  he  could  execute  the  king's 
commands.  5.  She  waited  until  Jason  should 
bring  her  assistance. 

Sight  Translation.     Flammiferi  TaurT, 

490.  Mane  lason  nuntium  ad  regem  misit,  qui 
draconis  dentis  referret.     Deinde,  cum  suum  corpus 


ANTEQUAM  AND  PEIUSQUAM.  193 

armaque  ungueiito  unxisset,  cum  Argonautis  ad  cam- 
pum  proticTscitur.  Hic  duos  ingentis  tauros  ex  sta- 
bulis  emergere  vident.  Mox  ill!  alienos  cernunt. 
Parum^er  stant,  dum  terram  aereis  pedibus  pulsant 
et  flamnias  e  naribus  exspirant.  Turn  horribili  mu- 
gitu  accedunt.  lason  intrepidus  stat,  dum  reliquT 
Argonautae  se  in  tutiorem  locum  recipiunt.  lam 
feroces  tauri  in  lasonem  invadunt.  Subito,  mirabile 
dictu  !  sistunt  atque  se  convertunt.  Sed,  priusquam 
effugerent,  lason  prosilit,  atque  eos  comprehendit. 
Neque  hi,  cum  summTs  Yiribus  niterentur,  eius 
manus  excutere  poterant.  Tandem  perdomiti,  se 
iungi  patiuntur.  Delude  lason  campum  arat,  ac  dra- 
conis  dentis  sulcis  commlttlt.  Ex  qulbus  venit  mira 
sesres  armatorum  virorum.  De  liTs  autem  Medea 
lasonem  praemonuerat.  I  lie  igitur  siue  mora  in 
medios  viros  suam  galeam  iniecit.  Quo  facto,  viri 
inter  se  piignare  inceperunt,  atque  mox  ad  unum 
caesT  sunt. 

491.  1.  Reciisavitne  lason  iiissa  regis?  2.  Cur 
rex  gavisus  est?  3.  Cur  diii  haerebat  Medea? 
4.  Quid  tandem  fecit?  5.  Quem  in  ripa  cernit  ? 
6.  Quid  lasoni  dat?  7.  Quid  deinde  Medea  facit? 
8.  Quo  modo  lason  unguento  iisus  est?  9.  Quid 
fecerunt  tauri,  cum  Argonautas  cernerent?     10.  Cur 

stabulum,  stall,  stable.  sisto,  stop.      (De-sist.) 

parum-per,  for  a  little  while,  nitor,  struggle, 

pulsb,  paw,  beat.  (Pulse.)  patior,  suffer,  allow.  (Pa- 
naris, nostril.     (Nasal.)  tient.) 

ex-spiro,  breathe  out.     (Ex-  sulcus, /wrroio. 

spire.)  seges,  crop. 


194 


LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  LI. 


taurl  sistunt  priusquam  ad  lasonem  pervenirent? 
11.  Qualis  seges  venit  ex  sulcis?  12.  Quo  modo 
Jason  armatos  viros  superat? 

QUESTIONS. 
492.  Give  a  synopsis  of  fero,  Active  and  Passive,  writing  the 
Present  Indicative  of  both  voices  in  full.  What  tense  of  the 
Subjunctive  of  fero  is  irregular  ?  How  does  dum  differ  in  mean- 
ing when  used  with  the  Indicative  or  the  Subjunctive?  When 
do  dum,  donee,  and  quoad  take  the  Subjunctive  ?  When  do 
antequam  and  priusquam  take  the  Subjunctive  ?  Translate 
the  following:  feramus,  tulisse,  ferebaris,  lati  essetis,  fer- 
rent,  ferri,  tulerit,  ferunto,  fert ;  I  might  have  carried,  you 
(plural)  had  been  carried,  to  he  about  to  be  carried,  we  shall 
carry,  he  ivas  carried,  you  (singular)  may  have  been  carried,  to 
have  been  carried,  thou  shalt  be  carried. 


LESSON    LI. 

Irregular    Verbs    Volo,  Nolo,    Malo ;    Subjunctive 
in  Indirect  Discourse. 

493.    Principal  Parts : 

Volo,  velle,  volui,  be  loilling,  tvish. 

Nolo,  nolle,  nolui,  be  unwilling. 

Malo,  malle,  malui  be  more  willing,  prefer. 


Pres. 


INDICATIVE. 

volo 

nolo 

malo 

vis 

non  vis 

mavis 

volt  (vult) 

non  volt  (non 

vult) 

mfivolt  (mavult) 

volumus 

nolumus 

mfilumus 

voltis 

non  voltis 

mfivoltis 

(vultis) 

(non  vultis) 

(mavultis) 

volunt 

ndlunt 

malunt 

IRBEGULAE    VERBS    VOLO,   NOLO,   MALO.     195 


Imp. 

volebam 

nolebam 

mrdebam 

FUT. 

vol  am 

nolam 

mfilam 

Perf. 

volui 

nolui 

nifilui 

Plup. 

volueram 

nolueram 

malueram 

F.  P. 

voluero 

noluero 
subjunctive. 

maluero 

Pres. 

velim 

nolim 

mfilim 

velis 

nolis 

mfilis 

velit 

nolit 

malit 

velimus 

nolimus 

malimus 

velitis 

nolitis 

ma  litis 

velint 

nolint 

mfilint 

Imp. 

vellem 

noUem 

mfilleni 

velles 

nolles 

ma  lies 

vellet 

noUet 

mallet 

vellemus 

noUemus 

mallemus 

velletis 

nolletis 

mrdletis 

vellent 

noil  en t 

mallent 

Perf. 

voluerim 

noluerim 

maluerim 

Plup. 

voluissem 

noluissem 
imperative. 

maluissen 

Pres. 

n51i 
nolite 
nolito,  etc. 

INFINITIVE. 

FUT. 

Pres. 

velle 

nolle 

ma  lie 

Perf. 

voluisse 

noluisse 

1>ARTICIPLE. 

maluisse 

Pres. 

voleiis 

nolens 

a.    Nolo  is  compounded   of   the   negative  ue  4-  volo. 
Malo  =  mage  (more)  +  volo. 


196  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  LL 

494.  INDIRECT    DISCOURSE. 

The  student  will  recall  the  general  nile  that  verbs  of 
saying,  thinking,  knowing,  and  'perceiving  are  followed 
by  the  Infinitive  with  a  subject-accusative.  Examine 
the  following  examples: 

a.     SUBORDINATE  CLAUSES. 


Germani,  qui  trans  Rhenum  incolunt,  inter  se  obsidea 
dant.  The  Germans,  who  dwell  across  the  Rhine,  are  exchan- 
ging hostages. 

INDIRECT. 

Dlcit  Germanos,  qui  trans  Dixit  Germanos,  qui  trans 

Rhenum  incolant,   inter  Rhenum    incolerent,  in- 

se  obsides  dare.     7/esays  ter   se   obsides   dare.     He 

that  the  Germans,  who  dwell  said  that  the  Germans,  who 

across    the    Rhine,    are   ex-  dwelt    across     the     Rhine, 

changing  hostages.  were  exchanging  hostages. 

Observe  that,  in  the  Subordinate  clause  introduced  by 
qui,  the  verb  —  which  is  in  the  Indicative  mood  in  the 
Direct  Discourse  —  becomes  Subjunctive  in  the  Indirect. 
Notice  also  that  the  rule  for  Sequence  of  Tenses  holds 
good  in  Indirect  Discourse. 

h.     COMMANDS. 

DIRECT. 

Veni  ad  me,  si  potes.     Come  to  me,  if  you  can. 

INDIRECT. 

Respondet   veniat  ad  se,  Respondit  veniret  ad  se, 

si  possit.     He  replies  that  si  posset.    He  replied  that 

he  may  come  to  him,  if  he  he  might  come   to  him,  if 

can.  he  could. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS    VOLO,   NOLO,    MALO.     197 

Observe  that  the  Imperative  in  the  Direct  Discourse 
is  changed  to  the  Subjunctive  in  the  Indirect. 

Mild  commands  with  the  Hortatory  Subjunctive  in 
Direct  Discourse  retain  the  Subjunctive  in  the  Indirect, 
thus : 

DIRECT. 

Redeat  ad  me,  cum  volet.       Let  him  return  to  me,  when 

he  pleases. 

INDIRECT. 

Respondet  redeat  ad  se,  Respondit  rediret  ad  se, 

c-amvelit.    He  replies  that  cum    vellet.     He  replied 

he  may  return  to  him,  when  that  he  might  return  to  him, 

he  pleases.  when  he  pleased. 

Notice  that  the  First  and  Second  persons  in  the  Direct 
Discourse  are  usually  changed  to  the  Third  person  in  the 
Indirect. 

c.    QUESTIONS. 

DIRECT. 

Quid  tibi  vis  ?     What  do  you  mean  ? 

INDIRECT. 

Respondet:  Quid  sibi  ve-       Respondit:  Quid  sibi  vel- 
lit?     He  replies:     What  let?      He   replied:     What 

does  he  mean  ?  did  he  mean  ? 

Observe  that  a  real  question  is  put  in  the  Subjunctive 
in  Indirect  Discourse.  On  the  contrary,  rhetorical  ques- 
tions (which  are  merely  asked  for  effect,  and  imply  their 
own  answer)  are  generally  put  in  the  Infinitive  in  Indirect 
Discourse,  thus : 

DIRECT.  INDIRECT. 

Quid  est  turpius  ?      What  is      Quid    esse  turpius  ?       What 
baser?  was  baser? 


198  LATIX  READER.— LESSON  LI. 

A  rhetorical  question  suggesting  a  doubt,  and  therefore  taking  the 
Subjunc.  in  Direct  Discourse,  retains  the  Subjunc.  in  the  Indirect,  as: 

DIRIX'T.  INDIKECT. 

Quid    agam?     What   am   I   to       Respondit:  quid  ageret?    He 
do?  replied:  IFAa^ washetodo? 

495.  Rule  LII.  In  Tiulirect  Discourse,  tlie  Subjunctive 
is  used  in  subordinate  clauses,  in  commands,  and  in  real 
questions;  but  rhetorical  questions  legularly  take  the  Infin- 
itive 

MEDEAE   FUGA. 

496.  lason,  omnibus  laboribus  confectTs,  cum  sociis 
ad  iiavem  rediit.  Rex  autem,  cum  lasonem  nego- 
tiuni  coiifecisse  audivisset,  primum  obstupuit,  deinde 
in  suain  iliiani  saevTrc  cocpit.  ScTvit  enim  Medeam 
unam  esse  quae  lasoiii  auxilium  ferre  potuisset. 
Cum  tamen  iam  uox  esset,  statuit  diem  sibi  exspec- 
taiidum  esse.  Dixit  auteiu  se  prima  liice  in  perfidam 
filiam  animadversiiiuin  esse,  quae  suum  patrem  ali- 
enis  prodere  voluisset. 

Medea,  his  minis  audilis,  vehementer  coinmota  est. 
Scivit  enim  i\eetam  liominem  esse  barbarum  et  ira- 
cundum.  Quid  faceret?  Non  dubium  esse  quin,  si 
in  regia  maneret,  sua  vita  magno  in  peiiculo  esset. 
Praeterea  nisi  lason  de  consiliis  regis  certior  facere- 
tur,  ilium  cum  omnibus  sociTs  peritiirum  esse. 

Talia  in  animo  volvens,  diii  incerta  erat.  Tandem 
fugere  decrevit.  Iterum  e  regia  elapsa  ad  ripam 
fliiminis  pervenit.  Hic  lasonem  invenit.  Ille  enim 
eius  adventum  exspectabat.  Tum  Medea  docuit  iinam 
esse  spem  saliitis  si  f ugam  experirentur ;  regem  pri- 
ma liice  cum  omnibus  co})iis  ventiirum  esse ;  sine 
mora  in  navem  conscenderent  et  fugerent. 


INDIRECT  DISCOURSE.  199 

Note.  —  Before  translating  the  following  sentences  into  Latin, 
change  the  English  into  the  Latin  form.  Thus  the  first  sentence 
will  read:  Medea  knew  Jason  her  arrival  to  be  about  to  await. 

m 

497.  1.  Medea  knew  that  Jason  would  await  her 
arrival.  2.  The  king  said  that  they  might  remain 
in  the  palace  if  they  wished.  3.  Jason  knew  that 
the  king  would  be  very  angry,  when  he  heard  this. 
4.  They  reply:  What  are  they  to  do?  If  they 
remain,  their  lives  will  be  in  great  danger.  5. 
Jason  knows  that  Medea  is  the  only  (person)  who 
can  bring  him  assistance. 

Sight  Translation.     Medea  et  Dkaco. 

498.  At  lason  respondit:  Se  hoc  modo  nolle  dis- 
cedere.  Num  ad  patriam  sine  vellere  aureo,  propter 
quod  et  ipse  et  fortes  socii  tot  labores  pertulissent, 
redire  posset?  Se  malle  mori  quam,  re  infecta, 
ex  Colchide  discedere. 

Inde  Medea  lasonem  sequi  iussit ;  se  eum  ad 
vellus  aureum  ductiiram  esse.  Protinus  virgo  rapido 
passii  in  densam  silvam  penetravit.  lason  ducem 
subsequitur.     Subito  lason   ingentem  flammam   con- 

in-fectus,  unaccomplished.  horreo,  bristle. 

passus,  step^  pace.  offa,  cake. 

sub-sequor, /o^Zow  closely.  mel,  honey. 

vibro,  gleam.     (Vibrate.)  medicatus,  magic. 

rubor,  redness.     (Ruby.)  soporatus,  sleejJ-causing. 

sanguineus,  blood-red.  guttur,  throat.     (Guttural.) 

crista,  crest.  pando,  open,  cx-pand. 

am-plector,  encircle.  humi,  on  the  ground. 

sibila,  hissings.     (Sibilant.)  iaceo,  lie.      (Ad-jacent.) 


200  LATIN  READER. —  LESSON  LL 

spicit.  Tenebrae  saeva  luce  vibrant.  Turn  quaerit 
lason,  "Quid  est  ille  rubor?  Quid  tarn  subito  re- 
fulsit."  Cui  Medea  respondet  eum  draconis  oculos 
conspicere ;  ilium  sanguineis  cristis  sic  fulgere. 
BrevT  postea  liison  ipse  draconein  cernere  potest. 
Ille  immeiisTs  orbil)us  arboreni  amplexus,  iam  caput 
tollit  et  liorrenda  sTbila  emittit.  CuT  Medea,  videns 
collum  iaiii  horrere,  off  am  melle  et  medicatis  frugi- 
bus  sopdratam  obicit.  Ille  ingens  guttur  pandens, 
offam  coriipit.  lainque  moustii  altae  cristae  cadunt, 
atque  ca[)ut  et  ingens  cervix  liumi  iiTCent. 

499.  1.  Quam  rex  culpilvit,  cum  lasonem  nego- 
tium  confecisse  audivisset?  2.  Quid  dixit  rex,  se 
prima  liice  factiirum  esse?  3.  Qualis  homo  erat 
Aeeta?  4.  Quid  Medea  facere  decrevit?  5.  Quern 
ad  iTpam  fluminis  invenit?  6.  Quae  ArgonautTs 
erat  una  spes  saliitis?  7.  Ciir  lason  hoc  modo 
discedere  noluit?  8.  Ubi  Medea  lasonem  ducit? 
9.  Quid  subito  lason  conspicit?  10.  lasonT  de  hoc 
rubore  quaerenti  quid  Medea  respondet  ?  11.  Quid 
facit  draco,  ubi  lasonem  cernit  ?  12.  Quo  modo 
Medea  effecit  ut  draco  dormiret? 

QUESTIONS. 

500.  In  what  clause  is  the  Infinitive  with  Subject-Accusative 
used  in  Indirect  Discourse  ?  What  mood  is  used  in  Subordinate 
clauses  ?  How  are  commands  and  questions  expressed  ?  Give 
synopses  of  volo,  nolo,  and  malo,  writing  the  Indicative  Present 
in  full.  Translate  the  following  :  noluissetis,  ma  volt,  volemus, 
nolles,  maluerint,  voluisse,  non  vis,  malimus,  nolle  ;  we  were 
unwilling^  you  (singular)  had  wished,  they  might  prefer,  he  ye 
unwilling,  I  'preferred,  you  (plural)  will  have  wished,  to  prefer, 
they  will  wish,  they  may  wish,  the]/  might  wish. 


IRREGULAR    VERB   FIO. 


201 


LESSON     LI  I. 


Irregular  Verb  Fio. 


501.    Principal   Parts :  Fio,  fieri,  factus,  be  viade, 
come. 


he- 


INDICATIVE, 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pres. 

fio 

fimus 

fiam 

fiamus 

fis 

fitis 

fias 

fiatis 

fit 

fiunt 

fiat 

fiant 

Imp. 

fiebam 

fierem 

FUT. 

fiam 

Perf. 

factus  sum 

factus  1 

Sim 

Plup. 

factus  eram 

factus  1 

essem 

F.  P. 

factus  ero 

imperative. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. 

fi 

fite 

Pres. 

fieri 

FUT. 

fito 

fitote 

Perf. 

factus  esse 

fito 

fiunto 

FUT. 

factum  iri 

participles. 

Perf. 

factus 

G'V'E. 

faciendus 

a.  Fio  is  used  as  the  Passive  of  facio.  Notice  that 
the  -1  is  long,  except  before  -er. 

VELLUS    AUREUM. 

502.  lason,  cum  denique  draconem  dormire  vidis- 
set,  magnam  arborem,  sub  qua  ingeus  monstrum  ex- 
tenditur,  aspicit.  Per  ramos  auii  fulgorem  conspicit. 
Turn  ei  quaerenti  viam,  qua  se  ad  caput  arboris 
ferret,  Medea  respondet  necesse  esse  ei  arborem  as- 
cendere,  sT  praemio  potiri  velit.  Nee  mora  fit.  Sine 
iillo  sonitii  dormientem  draconem  transilit,  atque  ad 
caput   arboris    ascendit.      lam    avidus    manum    por- 


202  LATIN  READER.  —  LESSON  LIT. 

rigit  et  vellus  optatum  corripit.  Turn  celeriter  ex 
arbore  descenclit.  Taciti  ipse  et  Medea  ab  loco  dis- 
cedunt,  et  per  silvam  vestigia  repetimt.  Ubi  vero 
S4>ciis,  qui  aiixio  animo  ducem  exspectabant,  per 
tenebras  aureus  fulgor  appiiret,  magnus  clamor  in 
caelum  surgit.  lason  gaudens  ad  iTpam  incedit, 
atque  prius  vellus  aureum  in  puppim  mittit.  Delude 
Medeae  persuadet  ut  patriam  relinquat  et  secum  ad 
Thraciam  proficTscatur.  Primum  virgo  Ire  noluit. 
Tandem  autem  lasoni  spondenti  se  earn  in  niatri- 
monium  ducturum  esse,  cum  primum  in  tiitum  lo- 
cum pervenissent,  concedit.  Tum  laeti  Argonautae 
navem  solvunt  et  prima  liice  ad  ostia  fluminis  appro- 
pin  quabant. 

503.  1.  The  Argonauts  rejoiced  when  they  saw 
the  gleam  of  the  golden  fleece.  2.  It  will  be  neces- 
sary for  you  to  go  to  the  river,  if  you  wish  this  to  be 
done.  3.  Jason  replied  that  he  could  see  the  fleece 
in  tlie  brandies  of  the  tree,  under  which  the  dragon 
was  sleeping.  4.  Did  Jason  persuade  Medea  to 
leave  her  country?  5.  You  must  climb  the  tree, 
if  you  wish  to  obtain  the  golden  fleece. 

Sight  Translatio7i.     E,f:DiTus  Argonautarum. 

504.  Interea  mane  riimor  Argonautas  discessisse 
per  urbem  volat  atque  mox  ad  auris  regis  venit. 
Ille  suspicans  id  quod  erat,  Medeam  per  regiam 
quaerit,  sed  nequTquam.  Inde  furens  ad  fliimen 
fertur.  lam  ripae  civibus  complentur,  qui  omnes 
unam   in   partem   spectant.     Procul   Aeeta    puppim 


IRREGULAR    VERB   FIO.  203 

navis  cernit,  quae  iam  e  conspectii  evehitur.  Brevi 
postea  nuntius  regem  certiorem  fecit,  Argonautas 
cum  Medea  et  vellere  aureo  ex  eius  manibus  effugisse. 

Interea  Argonautae  secundo  vento  diem  noctem- 
que  per  undas  volant.  Cum  tandem  ad  ostia  Histii 
pervenissent,  in  terram  egrediuntur  et  laetissimas 
niiptias  celebrant.  Tum  iterum  navem  solvunt.  Per 
varios  casiis,  per  multa  perTcula  cursum  tenent,  et 
denique  cum  vellere  aureo  in  portum  lolci  inveliuntur. 

Multae  aliae  res  a  Latiius  scrTptoribus  de  lasone 
et  Medea  narrantur.  Qnas  res  autem  discipulus  ipse 
nunc  Latine  legere  potest. 

505.  1.  Quid  per  ramos  arboris  lason  conspicit? 
2.  Quid  necesse  erat  ei  facere  ut  vellere  aureo  po- 
tiretur?  3.  Quid  faciunt  sociT  ubi  aureum  fulgo- 
rem  cernunt  ?  4.  Quid  lason  Medeae  persuadet 
ut  faciat?  5.  Nonne  Medea  ire  volt?  6.  Ubi 
prima  liice  erant  Argonautae  ?  7.  Qui  riimor  mane 
ad  auris  regis  venit  ?  8.  Quid  fecit  rex  ?  9.  De 
quo  mox  certior  f actus  est?  10.  Ubi  Argonautae 
niiptias  celebrant?  11.  In  quem  portum  denique 
invehuntur?  12.  Ubi  nunc  discipulus  ipse  de 
lasone  et  Medea  multas  alias  res  legere  potest? 

QUESTIONS. 

506.  How  is  fio  used  ?  When  is  the  -i  of  fio  long  ?  Give  a 
synopsis  of  fio,  writing  the  Present  Indicative  and  Subjunctive 
in  full.  Translate  the  following  :  factum  erit,  fieri,  fietis, 
facta  essent,  fi ;  it  may  be  done,  to  he  about  to  be  done,  they 
might  be  done,  having  been  done. 

auris,  ear.     (Aural.)  Latine,  in  Latin. 

Hister,  Danube  river.  lego,  read.     (Lecture.) 


204 


DECLENSION  OF  NOUNS. 


> 

Id) 

P^' 

Id)        IS  iS   0)  i(U 

-es 

-erum 

-ebus 

-es 

-ebus 

^ 

'?              '?  '? 

c8               e3 

> 

0 

-uum 
-ibus 

-ibus 

S 

?      li 

,s     5 

^' 

1         1 

•?     ■? 

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-:     1 

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-ium 

-is  (-es) 

:^ 

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3       3 

+3 

1 

s" 
< 

a 

10)              10) 

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?      ? 

- 

o 

«        .7  'O    3  "O 

§3  .£5       '    '    ' 

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Ti 

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- 

? 

C=H 

C8  II i .c. 

-ae 

-arum 

-is 

-as 

-is 

??■ 

^     d  d  <i  ^ 

w-     •  -:  '^'  "" 

^  0  ft  -<  «^ 

H 

•av'iaOx\:is 

•'ivan-ij 

« ,. ,.  a 

Jl,l 

10) 

I0>  10}  10)    0)  10) 

10)  10)  10)  10)  10) 

73 

•wi  ^3  -C  -C  13 

-o  -o  -o  -a  -o 

mIs." 

i 

1^3  10  10  10  10 

§§r2§l 

c  c  c  a  c 

C    C    S    C    3 

fH 

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cQ  03  ifH  a 

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us 

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ibus 

lis 

ibus 

=  s  c  s  c 

C    C    3    C    3 

e8 

Cj     03     5J     C8     si 

53    cs    ss    eS    oJ 

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S  S  S  5  S 

s  s  s  s  s 

d  2       2 

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>^      to 

e3    0^   <S^ 

"j^ 

0)    .;:,     IrH      0)    ,rt 

•  rH    -rt    .r-l    .iH    ■rt 

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U     k.     u     u     u 

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ll>    l<Li    W    \<p    lOJ 

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0  ._-j  10  0  10 

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0) 

<u    aj    0^    oi    oj 

OJ    a;    (K    01    0 

03 

c«     tn     w     05     cft 

r/j     tc     cfc     OJ     X 

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tj  t^  "J^  t^  "t^ 

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o<  0.  o.  a<  P< 

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!?;  0  «  <;  -»5 

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V                                        -- 

cc 

•av'iaoKis 

"ivama 

NOUNS. 


205 


TABLES 

OF 

DECLENSION    AND    CONJUGATION. 


508.  NOUNS. 

FIRST  DECLENSION. -A  STEMS. 


SINQULAK. 


N.  porta,  a  gate. 

G.  portae,  of  a  gate,  or,  a  gate' 

D.  portae,  to  or  for  a  gate. 

Ac.  portam,  a  gate 


PLURAL. 

portae,  gates. 

portarum,  of  gates,  or,  gates'' 
portis,  to  or  for  gates. 
portas,  gates. 


Ab.  porta,  from,  with,  or  by  a  gate,   -portis,  from,  with,  or  by  gates. 


509.  SECOND  DECLENSION. -O  STEMS. 

slave  (m.)     boy  {m.)        field  (m..)     man  (m.)    temple(n.) 


1 

SINGULAR. 

N. 

servus 

puer 

ager 

vir 

templum 

G. 

servi 

pueri 

agri 

viri 

ternpli 

D. 

servo 

puero 

agro 

viro 

templo 

Ac. 

servum 

puerum 

agrum 

virum 

templum 

Ab. 

servo 

puer5 

agro 

PLURAL. 

viro 

templo 

N. 

servi 

pueri 

agri 

viri 

templa 

G. 

servorum 

puerorum 

agrorum 

virorum 

templorum 

D. 

servis 

pueris 

agris 

viris 

templis 

Ac. 

servos 

puerds 

agros 

viros 

templa 

Ab. 

servis 

pueris 

agris 

viris 

templis 

206 


LATIN  READER. 


Note.  —  The  Vocative  Singular  of  Second  Declension  nouns 
in  -us  ends  in  -e,  as  :  serve. 


510.    filius,  son  (m.) 

SINGULAR.  PLUIIAL. 


auzilium,  aid  (n.) 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 


N. 

filius 

filii 

auxilium 

auxili  a 

G. 

fili,  -ii 

filidrum 

auxili,  -ii 

auxiliorum 

D. 

filio 

filiis 

auxilio 

auxiliis 

Ac. 

f  ilium 

filios 

auxilium 

auxilia 

Ab. 

filio 

filiis 

auxilio 

auxiliis 

Note.  —  The  Vocative  Singular  of  filius  is  fili. 


511.  THIRD  DECLENSION. -LIQUID  STEMS. 

consul  {m.)         legion  (i.)  maiden  (f.)        river  (n.) 


SINGULAR. 

N. 

consul 

legio 

virgo 

flumen 

G. 

consulis 

legionis 

virginis 

fluminis 

D. 

consuli 

legioni 

virgini 

flumini 

Ac. 

consulem 

legionem 

virginem 

flumen 

Ab. 

consule 

legione 

PLURAL. 

virgine 

flumine 

N. 

consules 

legiones 

virgines 

flfimina 

G. 

consulum 

legionum 

virginum 

fluminum 

D. 

consulibus 

legionibus 

virginibus 

fluminibus 

Ac. 

consules 

legiones 

virgines 

flumina 

Ab. 

consulibus 

legionibus 

virginibus 

fluminibus 

512.    labor  (m.) 

father  (m.) 

bodij  (n.) 

race  (n.) 

SINGULAR. 

N. 

labor 

pater 

corpus 

genus 

G. 

laboris 

patris 

corporis 

generis 

D. 

labori 

patri 

corpori 

generi 

Ac. 

laborem 

patrem 

corpus 

genus 

Ab. 

labore 

patre 

corpore 

genere 

NOUNS. 

207 

PLURAL. 

N. 

labores 

patres                   corpora     ,- 

genera 

G. 

laborum 

patrum                  corporum 

generum 

D. 

laboribus 

patribus               corporibus 

generibus 

Ac. 

labores 

patris                   corpora 

genera 

Ab. 

laboribus 

patribus               corporibus 

generibus 

513. 

MUTE  STEMS. 

chief  (m.) 

king  (m.) 

SINGULAR. 

judge  (m.) 

N. 

princeps 

rex 

itidex 

G. 

principis 

regis 

iiidicis 

D. 

principi 

regi 

iudici 

Ac. 

principem 

regem 

iudicem 

Ab. 

principe 

rege 

PLURAL. 

iudice 

N. 

principis 

regis 

iudicis 

G. 

principum 

regum 

iiidicum 

D. 

principibus 

regibus 

iudicibus 

Ac. 

principis 

regis 

iiidicis 

Ab. 

principibus 

regibus 

iiidicibus 

514.    soldier  (m. 

,)                guard  (m.) 

head  (n.) 

SINGULAR. 

N. 

miles 

custos 

caput 

G. 

militis 

custodis 

capitis 

D. 

militi 

custodi 

capiti 

Ac. 

militem 

custodem 

caput 

Ab. 

milite 

custode 

PLURAL. 

capite 

N. 

militis 

custodis 

capita 

G. 

militum 

ciistodum 

capitum 

D. 

militibus 

custodibus 

capitibus 

Ac. 

militis 

custodis 

capita 

Ab. 

militibus 

custodibus 

capitibus 

208 


LATIN  READER. 


515.  I  STEMS. 

a.    Masculines  and  Feminlnes  in  -is  and   -es. 
cough  (i.)  ship  {i.)  fire  (m.)      enemi/ (m.)  cloud  {f.) 


SINGULAR. 

N. 

tussis 

nfivis 

ignis 

liostis 

nubes 

G. 

tussis 

nuvis 

ignis 

liostis 

nil  bis 

D. 

tussi 

navi 

igni 

liosti 

niibi 

Ac. 

tussim 

ndvem 

(-im)      ignem 

liostem 

niibem 

Ab. 

tussi 

navi  (- 

•e) 

igni  (-e) 

PLURAL. 

hoste 

nube 

N. 

tusses 

G. 

tussium 

D. 

tussibus 

Ac. 

tussis  (-es) 

Ab. 

tussibus 

naves  ignes  hostes  nubes 

navium        ignium        liostium        nubium 
navibus       ignibus       hostibus       nubibus 
navis  (-es)  ignis  (-es)  bostis  (-es)  nubis  (-es) 
navibus       ignibus       hostibus       nubibus 


b.   Neuters  in  -e,  -al,  and  -ar. 
sea  (n.)  animal  (n.) 


spur  (n.) 


SINGULAR. 

N. 

mare 

animal 

calcar 

G. 

maris 

animfilis 

calcaris 

D. 

mai-i 

an!  mail 

calcari 

Ac. 

mare 

animal 

calcar 

Ab. 

mari 

animali 

PLURAL. 

calcari 

N". 

maria 

animalia 

calcaria 

G. 

marium 

animalium 

calcarium 

D. 

maribus 

animalibus 

calcaribus 

Ac. 

maria 

animalia 

calcaria 

Ab. 

maribus 

animalibus 

calcaribus 

NOUNS. 


209 


516. 

MIXED 

STEMS. 

citij  (f.) 

citadel  (f 

.) 

bridge  (m.) 

arje(i.) 

SINGULAR. 

N. 

urbs 

arx 

pons 

aetas 

G. 

urbis 

arcis 

pontis 

aetatis 

D. 

urbi 

arci 

ponti 

aetati 

Ac. 

urbem 

arcem 

pontem 

aetatem 

Ab. 

urbe 

arce 

ponte 

aetate 

PLURAL. 

N. 

urbes 

arces 

pontes 

aetates 

G. 

urbium 

arcium 

pontium 

aetatium  (-um) 

D. 

urbibus 

arcibus 

pontibus 

aetiitibus 

Ac. 

urbis  (-es) 

arcis  (-es) 

pontis  (-es) 

aetfitis  (-es) 

Ab. 

urbibus 

arcibus 

pontibus 

aetatibus 

517.  FOURTH   DECLENSION.  — U  STfJMS. 

exercitus,  army  (m.)  cornii,  horn  (n.) 


SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

N. 

exercitus 

exercitiis 

cornu 

cornua 

G. 

exercitus 

exercituum 

corniis 

cornuum 

D. 

exercitui  (-u) 

exercitibus 

cornu 

cornibus 

Ac. 

exercitum 

exercitus 

cornii 

cornua 

Ab. 

,    exercitu 

exercitibus 

cornii 

cornibus 

518.  FIFTH  DECLENSION. -E  STEMS. 

dies,  day  (m.)  res,  thing  (f.) 


SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL 

N. 

dies 

dies 

res 

res 

G. 

diei 

dierum 

rei 

rerum 

D. 

diei 

diebus 

rei 

rebus 

Ac. 

,    diem 

dies 

rem 

res 

Ab 

.   die 

diebus 

re 

rebus 

210 


LATIN  READER. 


519. 

IRREGULAK  NOUNS. 

god  (m.) 

house  (f.) 

SINGULAR. 

strength  (f.) 

N. 

(leus 

domus 

vis 

G. 

dei 

doniiis  (-i,  loc.) 

vis 

D. 

deo 

domui  (-6) 

vi 

Ac. 

deum 

donium 

vim 

Ab. 

deo 

domo  (-ii) 

PLURAL. 

vi 

N. 

dei,  dii,  di 

domiis 

vires 

G. 

deorum,  deum 

L           domuum  (-orum) 

virium 

D. 

deis,  diis,  dis 

domibus 

viribus 

Ac. 

deos 

domos  (-us) 

vires 

Ab. 

deis,  diis,  dis 

domibus 

viribus 

520. 


GREEK   NOUNS. 


Note.  —  These  are  given  for  reference  only.  All  the  irregular 
forms  of  Greek  nouns  occurring  in  the  text  will  be  found  in  the 
Vocabulary. 


DEC.   I. 

DECLENSION  II. 

DEC.   III. 

SINGULAR. 

N. 

Helle 

Naxos 

Perseus 

Propontis 

G. 

Helles 

Naxi 

Persei  (- 

eos) 

Propontidis 

(-idos) 

D. 

Hellae 

Naxo 

Perseo  ( 

-ei) 

Propontidi 

Ac. 

Hellen 

Naxon 

(-um) 

Persea 

Propontida 

Ab. 

Helle  (-a) 

Naxo 

Perseo 

Propontide 

DECLENSION   OF  ADJECTIVES. 


211 


1 

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lO 

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u    u    k.    ;.    t. 

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212 


LATIN  READER. 


ADJECTIVES. 
522.  FIRST  AND  SECOND  DECLENSIONS. 

bonus,  bona,  bonum,  good. 


SINGULAIi. 

MASC. 

FEM. 

NKUT. 

N. 

bonus 

bona 

bonum 

G. 

boni 

bonae 

boni 

D. 

bono 

bonae 

bono 

Ac. 

bonum 

bonam 

bonum 

Ab. 

bono 

bona 

PLURAL. 

bono 

N. 

boni 

bonafe 

bona 

G. 

bonorum 

bonarum 

bonorum 

D. 

bonis 

bonis 

bonis 

Ac. 

bonds 

bonas 

bona 

Ab. 

bonis 

bonis 

bonis 

miser,  misera,  miserum,  wretched. 


SINGULAIi. 

MASC. 

FEM. 

NEUT. 

N. 

miser 

misera 

miserum 

G. 

miseri 

miserae 

miseri 

D. 

misero 

miserae 

misero 

Ac. 

miserum 

miseram 

miserum 

Ab. 

misero 

misera 

PLURAL. 

misero 

N. 

miseri 

miserae 

misera 

G. 

miserorum 

miserarum 

miserorum 

D. 

miseris 

miseris 

miseris 

Ac. 

miseros 

miseras 

misera 

Ab. 

miseris 

miseris 

miseris 

ADJECTIVES. 
pulcher,  pulchra,  pulchrum,  beautiful. 


213 


SINGULAli. 

MASO. 

FEM. 

KEUT. 

X. 

pulcher 

pulchra 

pulchrum 

G. 

pulchri 

pulchrae 

pulchri 

D. 

pulchro 

pulchrae 

pulchro 

Ac. 

pulchrum 

pulchram 

pulchrum 

Ab. 

pulchro 

pulchra 

PLUKAL. 

pulchro 

N. 

pulchri 

pulchrae 

pulchra 

G. 

pulchrorum 

pulchrarum 

pulchrorum 

D. 

pulchris 

pulchris 

pulchris 

Ac. 

pulchros 

pulchras 

pulchra 

Ab. 

pulchris 

pulchris 

pulchris 

523. 

THIRD 

DECLENSION.  - 

-I   STEMS. 

acer,  acris,  acre, 

Hharp. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

MASC. 

FEM. 

NEUT.                    MASC. 

FEM.                 NEUT. 

N. 

Ticer 

acris 

acre              acres 

acres           acria 

G. 

acris 

acrium 

D. 

acri 

acribus 

Ac. 

acrem 

acrem 

acre              acris  (-es 

i)  acris  (-es)  acria 

Ab. 

acri 

acribus 

fortis,  forte,  brave. 


SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

M.  AND  F 

N. 

M.   AND  F. 

N. 

N. 

fortis 

forte 

fortes 

fortia 

G. 

fortis 

fortium 

D. 

forti 

fortibus 

Ac. 

fortem 

forte 

fortis  (-es) 

fortia 

Ab. 

forti 

fortibus 

214 


LATIN  HEADER. 


524. 


CONSONANT  STEMS. 
audax,  daring. 


SINfiULAK. 

M.  AND  F.  N. 

N.  aiidux 

G,  audacis 

D.  aiidfici 

Ac.  aiuiricem  audax 

Ab.  auduci  (-e) 


PLUKAL. 
M.    AND  F.  N. 

audaces  audacia 

aiidriciuni 

aiidacibus 
audacis  (-es)  audacia 

audacibus 


prudens,  j^rudent. 


SINGULAR. 
M.   AND  F.  N. 


PLURAL. 

M.   AND  F.  N. 


N.  prudens  prudentes  prudentia 

G.  prudentis  prudentium 

D.  prudent!  prudentibus 

Ac.  priidentem  prudens  prudentis  (-es)        prudentia 

Ab.  prudenti  (-e)  prudentibus 


525. 


IRREGULAR   ADJECTIVES, 
alius,  alia,  aliud,  another. 


SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

MASC. 

FEM. 

NEUT. 

MASC.              FEM. 

NEUT. 

N. 

alius 

alia 

aliud 

alii            aliae 

alia 

G. 

alius 

aliorum   aliarum 

aliorum 

D. 

alii 

aliis 

Ac. 

alium 

aliam 

aliud 

alios         alias 

alia 

Ab. 

alio 

alia 

alio 

aliis 

unus,  una,  unum,  one. 

SINGULAR. 


MASC. 

N".     unus 

G. 

D. 

Ac.  unum 

Ab.  uno 


FEM. 

una 

unius 

uni 

unam 

una 


NEUT. 

unum 


unum 
uno 


totus,  tota,  totum,  whole. 

SINGULAR. 

MASC.  FEM.  NEUT. 

totus         tota  totum 

totius 

toti 
totum       totam       totum 
toto  tota  toto 


ADJECTIVES. 


215 


duo,  duae,  duo,  two. 


tres,  tria,  three. 


MASC.               FEM. 

NEUT. 

M.  AND  F. 

N. 

N. 

duo             duae 

duo 

tres 

tria 

G. 

duorum     duarum 

duorum 

triuni 

D. 

duobus     duabus 

duobus 

tribus 

Ac. 

duos,  duo  duas 

duo 

tris  (tres) 

tria 

Ab. 

duobus     duabus 

duobus 

tribus 

526.         DECLENSION   OF   COMPARATIVES, 
latior,  latius,  wider.  plus,  more. 


SINGULAR. 


M.   AND  F.  N. 

N.  latior  latius 

G.  latioris 

D.  latiori 

Ac.  latiorem  latius 

Ab.  latiore  or  -i 


M.  AND  F. 


N. 

plus 
pluris 


pliis 
plure 


PLUKAL. 

latiora 


N.  latiores 

G.  hitiorum 

D.  latioribus 

Ac.  latiores  (-is)  latiora 

Ab.  latioribus 


plures  pliira 

plurium 
pluribus 

pliiris  (-es)  plura 

pluribus 


527. 


IRREGULAR   COMPARISON. 

ADJECTIVES    IN   -liS. 


POSITIVE. 

facilis,  -e,  easy. 
difficilis,  -e,  difficult. 
similis,  -e,  like. 
dissimilis,  -e,  unlike. 
gracilis,  -e,  slender. 
humilis,  -e,  low. 


COMPARATIVE. 

facilior,  -ius. 
difficilior,  -ius. 
similior,  -ius. 
dissimilior,  -ius. 
gracilior,  -ius. 
hurailior,-ius. 


SUPERLATIVE. 

facillimus,  -a,  -um. 
difficillimus,  -a,  -um. 
simillimus,  -a,  -um. 
dissimillimus,  -a,  -um. 
gracillimus,  -a  -um. 
humillimus,  -a,  -um. 


216 


LATIN  READER. 


ADJECTIVES   WITH   DOUBLE    SUPERLATIVE. 


POSITIVE. 

COMPARATIVE. 

SUPERLATIVE. 

ezterus, 

exterior, 

extremus,  extimus. 

outward. 

outer. 

Olltl 

nost. 

inferus, 

inferior. 

infimus,  imus, 

low. 

lower. 

loivest. 

posterus, 

posterior, 

postremus,  postumus, 

following. 

later. 

last 

superus, 

superior, 

supremus,  summus, 

Mi>i>er. 

higher. 

toj) 

of,  highest. 

ADJECTIVES    AVITH    NO 

POSITIVE. 

[cis,  citra, 

adv.,                    citerior. 

citimus, 

on  this  side. 

.]                           hither. 

hither  most. 

[in,  intra,  prep. ,                   interior, 

intimus, 

in,  ivithin.] 

inner. 

inmost. 

[prae,  pro. 

prep.,  before.]  prior,  former. 

primus,  first. 

[prope,  adv.,  near.]             propior. 

nearer. 

proximus,  next. 

[ultra,  adv, 

.,  beyond.]           ulterior. 

fa^^ 

rther. 

nltimus,  farthest. 

ADJECTIVES    IIUlEGULAIi    THROUGHOUT. 

bonus,  good.  melior,  better.  optimus,  best. 

peior,  ivorse. 
maior,  greater. 


malus,  bad. 
magnus,  great 
parvus,  small. 
multus,  much. 
multi,  many. 


minor,  smaller. 

,  plus,  more. 

plures,  more. 


pessimus,  worst. 
maximus,  greatest. 
minimus,   smallest. 
plurimus,  most. 
plurimi,  most. 


528. 


NUMERALS. 


CARDINALS. 

unus,  lina,  linum,  one. 

duo,  duae,  duo,  tioo. 

tres,  tria,  three. 

quattuor 

quinque 

sex 

septem 


ORDINALS. 

primus,  first. 

secundus,  second. 

tertius,  third. 

quartus 

quintus 

sextus 

Septimus 


NUMERALS. 


217 


CARDINALS. 

8.  OCtO 

9.  novem 

10.  decern 

11.  undecim 

12.  duodecim 

13.  tredecim 

14.  quattuordecim 

15.  quindecim 
10.  sedecim 

17.  septendecim 

18.  duodeviginti 

19.  undeviginti 

20.  viginti 

21.  viginti  unus  or 

unus  et  viginti 

28.  duodetriginta 

29.  undetriginta 

30.  triginta 

40.  quadraginta 

50.  qumquaginta 

60.  sexaginta 

70.  septuaginta 

80.  octoginta 

90.  nonaginta 

100.  centum 

101.  centum  unus  or 

centum  et  unus 

200.  ducenti,  -ae,  -a 

300.  trecenti,  -ae,  -a 

400.  quadringenti,  -ae,  -a 

500.  quingenti,  -ae,  -a 

600.  sescentl,  -ae,  -a 

700.  septingenti,  -ae,  -a 

800.  octingenti,  -ae,  -a 

900.  nongenti,  -ae,  -a 

1,000.  mille 

2,000.  duo  milia 

100,000.  centum  milia 


ORDINALS. 

octavus 

nonus 

decimus 

iindecimus 

duodecimus 

tertius  decimus 

quartus  decimus 

quintus  decimus 

sextus  decimus 

Septimus  decimus 

duodevTcesimus 

undevicesimus 

vicesimus 

vicesimus  primus  or 

unus  et  vicesimus 
duodetricesimus 
undetricesimus 
tricesimus 
quadragesimus 
quinquagesimus 
sexagesimus 
septuagesimus 
octogesimus 
nonagesimus 
centesimus 
centesimus  primus  or 

uaxLS  et  centesimus 
ducentesimus 
trecentesimus 
quadringentesimus 
quingentesimus 
sescentesimus 
septingentesimus 
octingentesimus 
nongentesimus 
millesimus 
bis  millesimus 
centies  millesimus 
decies  centigs  millSsimus 


218 


LATIN  READER. 


529. 


PERSONAL   PRONOUN'S. 


FIRST   PERSON. 

SECOND  PERSON. 

REFLEXIVE. 

SINGULAR. 

N. 

ego 

tu 

G. 

mei 

tui 

sui 

D. 

mihi 

tibi 

sibi 

Ac. 

me 

te 

se  or  sese 

Ab. 

me 

te 

PLURAL. 

se  or  sese 

N. 
G. 

nos 
nostru 

VOS 

ri        vestrum  or 

m  or  nost 

vestri 

sui 

D. 

nobis 

vobis 

sibi 

Ac. 

nos 

VOS 

se  or  sese 

Ab. 

nobis 

vobis 

se  or  sese 

530. 

DEMONSTRATIVE  PRONOUNS 

hie,  this. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL 

N. 

hie 

haec 

hoc      hi 

hae 

haec 

G. 

hiiius 

horum 

harum 

horum 

D. 

huic 

his 

Ac. 

hunc 

hanc 

hoc       hos 

has 

haec 

Ab. 

hoc 

hac 

hoc 

ille,  that. 

his 

N. 

ille 

ilia 

illud     illi 

illae 

ilia 

G. 

illius 

ill5rum 

illarum 

illorum 

D. 

illi 

illis 

Ac. 

ilium 

illam 

illud     illos 

illas 

ilia 

Ab. 

illo 

ilia 

illo 

is,  this,  that. 

illis 

N. 

is 

ea 

id          ei  (ii) 

eae 

ea 

G. 

eius 

eorum 

earum 

eorum 

D. 

ei 

eis  (iis) 

PRONOUNS. 


219 


Ac 
Ab.  eo 


SINGULAR. 

eum         earn        id 


PLURAL. 

eas  ea 

eis  (iis) 


idem,  the  same. 

N.     idem       eadem    idem     eidem         eaedem      eadem 

(iidem) 
G.  eiusdem  eorundem  earundem  eorundem 

D.  eidem  eisdem  (iisdem.) 

Ac,  eundemeandem  idem  eosdem      easdem      eadem 


Ab.  eodem    eadem      eodem 


eisdem  (iisdem) 


ipse,  self. 


N. 

ipse 

ipsa      ipsum 

ipsi 

ipsae 

ipsa 

G. 

ipsius 

ipsorum 

ipsarum 

ipsorum 

D. 

ipsi 

ipsis 

Ac. 

ipsum 

ipsam  ipsum 

ips5s 

ipsas 

ipsa 

Ab. 

ipso 

ipsa       ipso 

ipsis 

531. 


RELATIVE   PRONOUN. 


qui,  who,  which. 


N. 

qui 

quae 

quod 

qui 

quae 

quae 

G. 

cuius 
cui 

quorum 

quarum 
quibus 

quorum 

Ac 

quem 

quam 

quod 

quos 

quas 

quae 

Ab 

.  quo 

qua 

quo 

quibus 

532. 


INTERROGATIVE    PRONOUN". 


N  I  ^"^^  Quae  /  ^"^^ 

^•)qui  ^"^®\quod 

G.  cuius 

D.  cui 

Ac.  quem  quamj^^Jjf^ 

Ab.  quo  qua        quo 


qui 


quae 


quae 


quorum    quarum    quorum 
quibus 


quos 


quas  quae 

quibus 


220 


LATIN  READER. 


533. 


INDEFINITE  PRONOUNS, 
aliquis,  sonie  one. 

SINGULAR, 


N. 

aliquis  (-qui) 

aliqua 

aliquid  (-quod) 

G. 

alicuius 

D. 

alicui 

Ac. 

aliquem 

aliquam 

aliquid  (-quod) 

Ab. 

aliquo 

aliqua 

PLURAL. 

aliqu5 

N. 

aliqui 

aliquae 

aliqua 

G. 

aliquorum 

aliquarum 

aliquorum 

D. 

ali^quibus 

Ac. 

aliquos 

aliquas 

aliqua 

Ab. 

ali^quibus 

quidam,  certain  one. 

SINGULAR. 


N. 

quidam 

quaedam 

quiddam  (quoddam) 

G. 

ciiius^dam 

D. 

cuidam 

Ac. 

queudam 

quandam 

quiddam  (quoddam) 

Ab. 

quodam 

quadam 

PLURAL. 

quodam 

N. 

quidam 

quaedam 

quaedam 

G. 

quorun^'dam 

quarun^dam 

quorun^dam 

D. 

quibus^dam 

Ac. 

quosdam 

quasdam 

quaedam 

Ab. 

quibus^dam 

BEGULAR     VERBS.  221 

REGULAR    VERBS. 

First  Conjugation. 

534.      Principal  Parts  :   amo,  amare,  amavi,  amatus. 
Stem  ama-. 

indicativp:. 

ACTIVE   VOICE.  PASSIVE   VOICE. 

PRESENT. 

I  love,  am  loving,  do  love,  etc.  I  am  loved,  etc. 


amo 

amamus 

amor 

amamur 

amas 

amfitis 

amfiris  or  -re 

amamini 

amat 

amant 

amiltur 

amantur 

IMPERFECT. 

I  loved,  was  loving,  did  love,  etc.  I  loas  loved,  etc. 

amabam        amfibamus  amfibar  amabamur 

amfibas  amfibatis  amabaris  or  -re     amabamini 

amabat  amabant  amabatur  amfibantur 

FUTURE. 

I  shall  love,  etc.  I  shall  be  loved,  etc. 

amabo  amfibimus  amabor  amfibimur 

amabis  amabitis  amfiberis  or  -re     amabimini 

amabit  amabunt  amabitur  araabuntur 

PERFECT. 

I  loved,  have  loved,  etc.  I  ivas  or  have  been  loved,  etc. 


amavi  amavimus  {  sum  T  sumus 

amavisti        amavistis  amatus  -   es  amfiti  -^  estis 

amavit  amaverunt  (-re)  (^  est  ( sunt 


222 


LATIN    READER. 


PLUPERFECT. 


ACTIVE  VOICE. 

I  had  loved,  etc. 
amaveram    amaveramus 
amfiveras      amaveratis 
amaverat      amaverant 


PASSIVE   VOICE. 

I  had  been  loved,  etc. 


amatiis 


eram 

eras 

erat 


lati  -< 


eramus 
eratis 
(^  erant 


FUTURE    PERFECT. 


I  shall  have  loved,  etc. 


amavero       amaverimus 
amaveris       anuTveritis 
amaverit      amfiverint 


I  shall  have  been  loved,  etc. 


(  ero 

ainatus  ^  eris 
(  erit 


amati 


{  erimus 
J  eritis 
(  erunt 


amem 

ames 

amet 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 
PRESENT. 


amemus 

anietis 

anient 


ainer 

ameris  or  -re 
ainetur 


amemur 
amemini 
amentur 


IMPERFECT. 


amarem 

amares 

amaret 


amaremus 

amaretis 

ainarent 


amarer 

amareris  or  -re 
amaretur 


aniaremur 
aniaremini 
amarentur 


PERFECT. 


amaverim     amfiverimus 
amaveris       amaveritis 
amriverit       amfiverint 


(  sim 

amatus  -/  sis 
(sit 


amati 


J 


simus 

sitis 

sint 


PLUPERFECT. 


amavissem  amavissemus 
amavisses    amfivissetis 
amavisset    amavissent 


amatus 


essem 

esses     amati 
esset 


f  essemus 
/  essetis 
(  essent 


UNIYfcRSiTY 

REG  ULjfn    fMnTs. 


223 


IMPERATIVE. 


ACTIVE  VOICE. 


PASSIVE  VOICE. 


ama,  love  thou. 
amate,  love  ye. 


PRESENT. 


amare,  be  thou  loved. 
amamini,  be  ye  loved. 


aniato,  thou  shalt  love. 
amato,  he  shall  love. 
aiuatote,  ye  shall  love. 
amanto,  they  shall  love. 


FUTURE. 


amator,  thou  shalt  be  loved. 
amator,  he  shall  be  loved. 


amantor,  they  shall  be  loved. 


INFINITIVE. 

Pres. 

amfire,  to  love. 

amfiri,  to  be  loved. 

Perf. 

amavisse,    to    have 

amatus,  -a,  -um  esse,  to   have 

loved. 

been  loved. 

FUT. 

amaturus,      -a,      -um 

amatum  iri,   to  be  about  to  be 

esse,  to  be  about 

loved. 

to  love. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Pres.     amans,  -antis,  loving.     Perf.     amatus,  -a,  -um,  having 
FuT.       amaturus,     -a,     -um,  been  loved. 

about  to  love.  G'v'e.     amandus,  -a,  -um,  ne- 

cessary to  be  lovedj 
or  loving. 


GERUND. 

G.  amandi,  of  loving. 

D.  amando, /or  loving. 

Ac.  amandum,  loving. 

Ab.  amando,  by  loving. 


SUPINE. 

Ac.     amatum,  to  love. 
Ab.     amatu,  to  love. 


224 


LATIN    BEABEB. 


535. 


Second  Conjugation. 


Principal  Parts  :   moneo,  monere,  monui,  monitus,  warn. 
Stem  mone-. 


ACTIVE   VOICE. 

I  warn,  etc. 
moneo  monemus 

mones  monetis 

monet  monent 


NDICATIVE. 


PASSIVE   VOICE. 


PRESENT. 


/  am  warned,  etc. 


moneor 
moneris  or  -re 
monetur 


monemur 
monemini 
monentur 


IMPERFECT. 

I  loarned,  loas  warning,  etc.  I  was  warned,  etc. 

monebam      nionebamus  monebar  monebamur 

monebas        monebatis  monebaris  or  -re      monebamini 

monebat        monebant  monebatur  monebantur 

FUTURE. 

I  shall  warn,  etc.  /  shall  he  warned,  etc. 

Tuonebo  monebimus  raonebor  monebimur 

monebis         monebitis  monebaris  or  -re       monebimini 

monebit         monebunt  monebitur  monebuntur 

PERFECT. 

I  warned,  have  warned,  etc.      I  was  or  have  been  warned,  etc. 
monui         moniiimus  C  sum  (  sumus 

monuisti     monuistis  monitus  J  es  moniti  J  estis 

monuit        monuerunt  (-re)  (^  est  ( sunt 


I  had  warned,  etc. 


PLUPERFECT. 

I  had  been  warned,  etc. 


monueram   monueramus 
monueras     monueratis 
monuerat     monuerant 


(  eram 
monitus  -<  eras 


C  era] 

J  era! 


(^  erat 


eramus 
moniti  -^  eratis 
(  erant 


REGULAR     VERBS. 


225 


ACTIVE  VOICE. 

/  shall  have  warned,  etc 


FUTURE    PERFECT. 

PASSIVE   VOICE. 

I  shall  have  been  warned^  etc. 


monuero      monuerimus 
monueris      monueritis 
monuerit      monuerint 


C  ero 

monitus  J  eris 

(erit 


moniti 


erimus 

eritis 

erunt 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 
PRESENT. 


moneam       moneamus 
moneas         moneatis 
moneat         moneant 


monear 

monearis  or  -re 
moneatur 


moneamur 
moneamini 
moneantur 


monerem     moneremus 
moneres        moneretis 
moneret        monerent 


IMPERFECT. 


monerer  moneremui: 

monereris  or  -re  moneremini 
moneretur  monerentur 


monuerim    monuerimus 
monueris      monueritis 
monuerit      monuerint 


PERFECT. 


C  sir 

,'      C1G 


Sim 

monitus  J  sis 
(sit 


{  simus 
moniti  J  sitis 


siiit 


PLUPERFECT. 


monuissem  moniussemus 
monuisses    monuissetis 
monuisset    monuissent 


I  essem  i  essemus 

monitus  ■}  esses    moniti  ■)  essetis 
(  esset  (  essent 


mone,  warn  thou. 
monete,  warn  ye. 


IMPERATIVE. 
PRESENT. 

monere,  be  thou  warned. 
monemini,  be  ye  warned. 


226 


LATIN    READER. 


ACTIVE  VOICE. 

moneto,  thou  shall  warn. 
moneto,  he  shall  warn. 
monetote,  ye  shall  warn. 
monento,  tltey  shall  ivarn. 


PASSIVE  VOICE. 

monetor,  thoi.i  shall  he  warned. 
monetor,  he  shall  he  warned. 

monentor,  they  shall  he  warned. 


INFINITIVE. 

Pres. 

monere,  to  warn. 

moneri. 

to  be  warned. 

Pp:rf. 

nionuisse,     to     have 

monitus,  -a,  -um  esse,  to  have 

warned. 

heen  warned. 

FUT. 

moniturus,   -a,   -um 

monitum   iri,  to  he  about  to  he 

esse,  to  he  ahout 

IV  ai 

-ned. 

to  team. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Pkes. 

monens,  -entis,  warn- 

Perf. 

monitus,  -a,   -um,  hav- 

incj 

'. 

ing  heen  loarned. 

FUT. 

moniturus,    -a,    -um. 

G'v'e. 

monendus,    -  a,    -  u  m  , 

about  to  warn. 

necessary  to   be 
warned,  or  warning. 

GEKUXI). 

SUPINE. 

G. 

monendi,  of  ivarninrj. 

Ac 

monitum,  to  vmrn. 

D. 

monendo, /or  warnincj. 

Ab. 

monitu,  to  warn. 

Ac. 

monendum,  warning. 

Ab. 

monendo,  by  warninfj. 

536. 


Third  Conjugation. 


Principal  Parts :  rego,  regere,  rexi,  rectus,  rule. 
Stem  rege-. 


INDICATIVE, 

ACTIVE  VOICE. 

PRESENT. 

I  rule,  etc. 

rego                regimus 

regor 

regis  '            regitis 

regerit 

regit                regunt 

regitu: 

PASSIVE  VOICE. 

/  am  ruled,  etc. 

regimur 
or  -re  regimini 

reguntur 


REGULAR     VERBS. 


227 


IMPERFECT. 


ACTIVE  VOICE. 

I  ruled,  was  ruling,  etc. 
regebam         regebamus 
regebas  regebatis 

regebat  regebant 


PASSIVE   VOICE. 

/  was  ruled,  etc. 
regebar  regebamur 

regebaris  or  -re         regebamini 
regebatur  regebantur 


/  shall  rule,  etc. 
regain  regenius 

reges  regetis 

reget  regent 


I  shall  be  ruled,  etc. 


regar 

regeris  or  -re 
regetur 


regemur 
regemini 
regentur 


I  ruled,  have  ruled,  etc. 
rexi  reximus 

rexisti  rexistis 

rexit  rexerunt  (-re) 


PERFECT. 

I  loas  or  have  been  ruled,  etc. 
C  sum  C  sumus 


rectus 


est 


recti  J  estis 
/  sunt 


•LUPERFECT. 


I  had  ruled,  etc. 
rexeram      rexeramus 
rexeras       rexeratis 
rexerat       rexerant 


I  had  been  ruled,  etc. 
(  eram  C  eramus 

rectus  J  eras.       recti  J  era tis 
(^  erat  (^  erant 


FUTURE    PERFECT. 

I  shall  have  ruled,  etc.  I  shall  have  been  ruled,  etc. 


rexero 

rexerimus 

(  ero 

rectus  -|  eris 

(erit 

(  erimu! 
recti -^  eritis 
(  erunt 

rexeris 

rexeritis 

rexerit 

rexerint 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

PRESENT. 

regam 

regamus 

regar 

regamur 

regaa 

regatis 

regaris  or  -re 

regamini 

regat 

regant 

regatur 

regantur 

228 


LATIN    READER. 


ACTIVE  VOICE. 


regerem 

regeres 

regeret 


regeremus 

regeretis 

regerent 


IMPERFECT. 


PASSIVE  VOICE. 


regerer  regeremur 

regereris  or  -re        regeremini 
regeretur  regerentur 


PEKFECT. 


rexerim 

rexeris 

rexerit 


rexerimus 

rexeritis 

rexerint 


Sim 

rectus -^'  sis 
sit 


ectus  -I  I 


r-pf  T  J 


simus 
recti  -{  sitis 
sint 


PLUPERFECT. 


rexissem 

rexisses 

rexisset 


n'-xissemus 

rexissetis 

rexissent 


(  essem  (  essemus 

rectus  -'  esses      recti }  essetis 
(^  esset  (^  essent 


rege,  rule  thou. 
regite,  rule  ye. 


IMPERATIVE. 
PRESENT. 


regere,  he  thou  ruled. 
regimini,  be  ye  ruled. 


regito,  thou  shalt  rule. 
regito,  he  shall  rule. 
regitote,  ye  shall  ride. 
regunto,  they  shall  rule. 


regitor,  thou  shalt  be  ruled. 
regitor,  he  shall  be  ruled. 


regulator,  they  shall  be  ruled. 


INFINITIVE. 


Pres.     regere,  to  rule. 
Perf.     rexisse,  to  have  ruled. 


FuT.        recturus,      -a, 

esse,  to  be  about 
to  rule. 


regi,  to  be  ruled. 

rectus,    -a,    -um   esse,    to    have 
been  ruled. 
um     rectum   iri,    to   be   about   to   be 
ruled. 


REGULAR     VERBS. 


229 


PARTICIPLES. 
ACTIVE    VOICE.  PASSIVE   VOICE. 

PiiES.     regens,  -entis,  ruling.      Pkkf.     rectus,    -a,  -um,  havinrj 

been  ruled. 
FuT.       recturus,      -a,      -um,     G'v'e.    regendus,   -a,   -um,  ne- 

about  to  rule.  cessary  to  he  ruled., 

or  rulinci. 


GEKUND. 

SUPINK. 

G. 

regendi,  of  ruling. 

Ac 

rectum,  to  rule. 

D. 

regendo, /or  ruling. 

Ab. 

rectu,  to  rule. 

Ac. 

Ab. 

regendum,  ruling. 
regendo,  by  ruling. 

537. 


Fourth  Conjugation. 


Principal  Parts  :   audio,  audire,  audivi,  auditus,  hear. 
Stem  audi-. 


ACTIVE   VOICE. 

I  hear.,  etc. 
audio  audimus 

audis  auditis 

audit  audiunt 


INDICATIVE. 


PRESENT. 


PASSIVE   VOICE. 


I  am  heard^  etc. 
audior  aiidimur 

audiris  or  -re  audimini 

auditur  audiuntur 


IMPERFECT. 

I  heard.,  was  hearing.,  etc.  I  ivas  heard,  etc. 

audiebam         audiebamus  audiebar  audiebamur 

audiebas  audiebatis  audiebaris  or  -re   audiebamini 

audiebat  audiebant  audiebatur  audiebantur 


I  shall  hear,  etc.  I  shall  be  heard,  etc. 

audiam.  audiemus  audiar  audiemur 

aiidies  audietis  audieris  or  -re        aiidiemini 

audiet  audient  audietur  audientur 


230 


LATIN    HEADER. 


ACTIVE  VOICE. 

I  heard,  have  heard,  etc. 
audivimus 


audivi 

audivisti        audivistis  auditus  J  es 

audivit  audiverunt  (-re)  ( est 


rEllFECT. 

PASSIVE   VOICE. 

I  tvas  or  have  been  heard,  etc. 
sum  i  sumus 


auditi  .-|  estis 
I  sunt. 


PLUrEUFECT. 

I  had  heard,  etc.  I  had  been  heard,  etc. 

audiveram    audiveramus  (  eram  (  eramus 

audiveras      audiveratis  auditus  ■)  eras      auditi  .|  eratis 
aiidiverat      audiverant  i  erat  (^  erant 


FUTURE    PERFECT. 

/  shall  have  heard,  etc.  I  shall  have  been  heard,  etc. 

audivero        audiverimus  (  ero 

audiveris       audiveritis  auditus  -|  eris 

audiverit       audiverint  ( erit  ( erunt 


C  erimuB 
auditi  -<  eritis 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 
PRESENT. 

audiam  audiamus  audiar 

audias  audiatis  audiaris  or  -re 

audiat  audiant  audiatur 


audiamur 
audiamini 
audiantur 


audirem         audiremus 
audires  audiretis 

audiret  audireut 


IMPERFECT. 


audirer 

audireris  or  -re 
audiretur 


audiremur 
audiremini 
audirentur 


PERFECT. 


audlverim      audiverimus 
audiveris        audiveritis 
audiverit        audiverint 


C  Sim 

auditus  -'  sis 
(sit 


{  simus 
auditi  I  sitis 
(sint 


REG  ULAR     VERB  S. 


231 


PLUPERFECT. 
ACTIVE  VOICE.  PASSIVE  VOICE. 

audlvissem  audlvissemns  (  essem  (  essemus 

audivisses     audivissetis        auditus -<|  esses     audit! -^  essetis 
audivisset     audivissent  ( esset  (^  esseut 

IMPERATIVE. 


audi,  hear  thou. 
audite,  hear  ye. 


PRESENT. 

audire,  be  thou  heard. 
audimini,  be  ye  heard. 


audito,  thou  shalt  hear. 
audits,  he  shall  hear. 
auditote,  ye  shall  hear.  - 
audiunto,  they  shall  hear. 


FUTURE. 

auditor,  thou  shalt  be  heard. 
auditor,  he  shall  be  heard. 


audiuntor,  they  shall  be  heard. 


INFINITIVE. 

Pres.    audire,  to  hear.  audiri,  to  be  heard. 

Perf.    audivisse,  to  have  heard,  auditus,  -a,  -uni  esse,   to  have 

been  heard. 
FuT.      auditurus,  -a,  -um  esse,  auditum   iri,  to  be  about  to   be 
to  be  about  to  hear.  heard. 


PARTICIPLES. 


Pres.  audiens,  -entis,  hear- 
ing. 

FuT.  auditurus,  -a,  -um, 
about  to  hear. 


Perf.    auditus,  -a,  -um,  having 

been  heard. 
G'v'e.  audiendus,     -a,    -um, 

necessary  to  be  heard, 

or  hearing. 


GERUND. 

SUPINE. 

G. 

audiendi,  of  hearing. 

Ac. 

auditum,  to  hear. 

D. 

audiendo, /or  hearing. 

Ab. 

auditu,  to  hear. 

Ac. 

audiendum,  hearing. 

Ab. 

audiendo,  by  hearing. 

232 


LATIN  READER. 


538.     THIRD   CONJUGATION.  — VERBS   IN   -lO. 
Capio,  take. 

Principal  Parts  :  capio,  capere,  cepi,  captus. 


INDICATIVE. 


ACTIVE   VOICE. 

/  take,  etc. 

capio  capimus 

capis  capitis 

capit  capiunt 


I  loas  taking,  etc. 
capiebam        capiebamus 
capiebas  capiebatis 

capiebat  capiebant 


'ASSIVE  VOICE. 


PKESENT. 

/  am  taken,  etc. 
capior 

caperis  or  -re 
capitur 

IMPERFECT. 

I  VMS  taken,  etc. 
capiebar 
capiebaris  or  -re 
capiebatur 


capimur 
capimini 
capiuntur 


capiebamur 
capiebamini 
capiebantur 


FUTURE. 

/  shall  take,  etc.  I  shall  be  taken,  etc. 

capiam  capiemus  capiar  capiemur 

capies  capietis  capieris  or  -re  capiemini 

capiet  capient  capietur  capientur 

PERFECT. 

I  took,  or  have  taken,  etc.  I  was  or  have  been  taken,  etc. 

cepi,  etc.  captus,  -a,  -um  sum,  etc. 


I  had  taken,  etc. 
ceperam,  etc. 


PLUPERFECT. 

I  had  been  taken,  etc. 
captus,  -a,  -um  eram,  etc. 


FUTURE    PERFECT. 

I  shall  have  taken,  etc.  /  shall  have  been  taken,  etc. 

cepero,  etc.  captus,  -a,  -um  ero,  etc. 


capiam,  capias,  etc. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 
PRESENT. 

capiar,  capiaris  or  -re,  etc. 


REGULAR     VERBS. 


233 


caperem,  etc. 
ceperim,  etc. 
cepissem,  etc. 


IMPERFECT, 

caperer,  etc. 

PERFECT. 

captus,  -a,  -um  sim,  etc. 

PLUPERFECT. 

captus,  -a,  -um  essem,  etc. 


cape,  take  thou. 
capite,  take  ye. 


IMPERATIVE. 
PRESENT. 

capeie,  he  thou  taken. 
capimini,  be  ye  taken. 


capito,  thou  shalt  take. 
capito,  he  shall  take. 
capitote,  ye  shall  take. 
capiunto,  they  shall  take. 


capitor,  thou  shalt  be  taken. 
capitor,  he  shall  be  taken. 


capiuntor,  they  shall  be  taken. 


INFINITIVE. 


Pres.    capere,  to  take.  capi,  to  be  taken. 

Perf.    cepisse,  to  have  taken,  captus,   -a,   -um   esse,  to   have 

FuT.      capturus,      -a,       -um  been  taken. 

esse,  to  be   about  captum   iri,  to    be   about   to   be 

to  take.  taken, 

PARTICIPLES. 


Pres.  capiens,  -eiitis,  tak- 
ing. 

FuT.  capturus,  -a,  -um, 
about  to  take. 


GERUND. 

G.  capiendi,  of  taking. 

D.  capiendo, /or  taking. 

Ac.  capiendum,  taking. 

Ab.  capiendo,  by  taking. 


Perf.  captus,  -a,  -um,  having 
been  taken. 

G'v'e.  capiendus,  -a,  -um,  ne- 
cessary to  be  taken, 
or  taking. 

supine. 
Ac.    captum,  to  take. 
Ab.    captu,  to  take. 


234 


LATIN  READER. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS. 
539.  Sum,  be. 

Principal  Parts :   sum,  esse,  f ui,  futurus. 


SINGULAR. 

sum,  I  am. 

es,  you  are. 

est,  fie,  {she,  it)  is. 


INDICATIVE. 

PRESENT. 

PLURAL. 

sumus,  we  are. 
estis,  you  are. 
sunt,  they  are. 


eram,  I  was. 
eras,  you  were. 
erat,  ?ie  was. 


IMPEBFECT. 


eramus,  we  were. 
eratis,  you  were. 
erant,  they  were. 


ero,  I  shall  be. 
eris,  you  will  be. 
erit,  fie  will  be. 


FUTURE. 


erim.us,  we  sfiall  be. 
eritis,  yo^i  will  be. 
erunt,  they  will  be. 


fui. 


fuisti, 


fuit. 


I  was. 

I  fiave  been. 

you  were. 

you  fiave  been. 

fie  was. 

he  fias  been. 


PERFECT. 

fuimus, 


we  were. 

we  fiave  been. 
fuistis,    \  you  were. 

(  you  fiave  been. 
fuerunt   (  tfiey  were. 
or  fuere,  (  u^^y  /^(^^g  been. 


PLUPERFECT. 


fueram,  I  had  been. 
fueras,  you  had  been. 
fuerat,  fie  had  been. 


fueramus,  we  liad  been. 
fueratis,  you  had  been. 
fuerant,  they  had  been. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS. 


235 


FUTUKE   PERFECT. 

fuero,  I  shall  have  been.  fuerimus,  we  shall  have  been. 

fueris,  you  will  have  been.  fueritis,  you  will  have  been. 

fuerit,  he  will  have  been.  fuerint,  they  will  have  been. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 


PRESENT. 

IMPERFECT 

PERFECT. 

SINGULAB. 

PLUPERFECT, 

sim 

essem 

fuerim 

fuissem 

sis 

esses 

fueris 

fuisses 

sit 

esset 

fuerit 

PLURAL, 

fiiisset 

simus 

essemus 

fuerimus 

fuissemus 

sitis 

essetis 

fueritis 

fuissetis 

sint 

essent 

fuerint 

fuissent 

SIKGULAR. 

es,  be  thou. 


IMPERATIVE. 
PRESENT. 

PLURAL. 

este,  be  ye. 


esto,  thou  shalt  be. 
esto,  he  shall  be. 


FUTURE. 

estote,  ye  shall  be. 
sunto,  they  shall  be. 


INFINITIVE. 


PARTICIPLE. 


Pres.    esse,  to  be. 
Perf.   fuisse,  to  have  been. 

FuT.      futurus,  -a,  -um  esse,     futiirus,  -a,  -um,  about  to  be. 
to  be  about  to  be. 


540.  Possum,  be  able. 

Principal  Parts:  possum,  posse,  potui. 


236 


LATIN   READER. 


INDICATIVE. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pkes. 

possum 

possumus 

possim 

possimus 

potes 

potestis 

possis 

possitis 

potest 

possunt 

possit 

possint 

Imp. 

poteram 

poteramus 

possem 

possemus 

poteras 

poteratis 

posses 

possetis 

poterat 

poterant 

posset 

possent 

FUT. 

potero 

poterimus 

Peiif. 

potiii 

potuimus 

potuerim 

potuerimus 

Plup. 

potueram 

potueramus 

potuissem 

potuissemus 

¥.  P. 

potuero 

potuerimus 

INFINITIVE. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Pkes. 

posse 

potens,  - 

entis 

Pekf. 

potiiisse 

541.  Prosum,  benefit. 

Principal  Parts  :  prosum,  prodesse,  profui,  profutiirus. 


INDICATIVE. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pkes. 

prosum 

prosumus 

prosim 

prosimus 

prodes 

prodestis 

prosis 

prositis 

prod est 

prosunt 

prosit 

prosint 

Imp. 

proderam 

proderamus 

prOdessem 

prodessemus 

Put. 

prodero 

proderimus 

Pekf. 

profui 

profuimus 

profuerim 

profuerimus 

Plup. 

profueram 

profueramus 

profuissem 

profuissemus 

F.  P. 

profuero 

profuerimius 

Pkes.     prodes 


IMPERATIVE. 

prodeste    Fut.  prodesto  prodestott 


INFINITIVE. 

Pkes.  prodesse 
Pekf.  profuisse 
Fut.       profuturus,  -a,  -um 


PARTICIPLE. 


esse     profuturus,  -a,  -um 


IRREGULAR    VERBS. 


237 


542.  Eo,  go. 

Principal  Parts  :  eo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  iturus. 


INDICATIVE. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pkes. 

eo 

imus 

earn 

eamus 

is 

itis 

eas 

eatis 

it 

eunt 

eat 

eant 

Imp. 

Tbam 

irem 

Put. 

ibo 

Pekf. 

ivi  or  ii 

iverini 

or  ierim 

Plup. 

iveram 

or 

ierani 

ivissem 

.  or  issem 

F.  P. 

ivero  or 

iero 

IMPERATIVE. 

Pkes.     i  ite 

FuT.        ito  itote 

ito  eunto 


INFINITIVE. 

Pres.    ire 

Perf.    ivisse  or  isse 

FuT.      iturus,  -a,  -um  esse 


Pres. 

FUT. 

Perf. 
G'v'e. 

543. 


PARTICIPLES. 

ieiis,  euiitis 
itiirus,  -a,  -um 
itum 
eundus,  -a,  -um 


GERUND. 

eundi,  eundo,  eundum,  eundo 

SUPINE. 

Ac.    itum  Ab.     itii 


Fero,  bear. 
Principal  Parts:   fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus. 


ACTIVE. 

PASSIVE. 

INDICATIVE. 

Pres. 

fero 

ferimus 

feror 

ferimur 

fers 

fertis 

ferris  or  -re 

ferimini 

fert 

ferunt 

fertur 

feruntur 

Imp. 

ferebam 

ferebar 

FUT. 

feram 

ferar 

Perf. 

tuli 

latus,  -a,  -um 

sum 

Plup. 

tuleram 

lutus,  -a,  -um 

eram 

F.  P. 

tulero 

latus,  -a,  -um  ero 

238 


LATIN  READER. 


Pres.  feram 

Imp.  ferrem 

Perf.  tulerim 

Plup.  tulissem 


Pres.    fer 
FuT.      ferto 
ferto 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 

ferar 

ferrer 

latus,  -a,  -um  sim 

latus,  -a,  -um  essem 

IMPERATIVE. 

ferte  ferre  ferimini 

fertote  fertor  

ferunto  fertor  feruntor 


INFINITIVE. 

Pres.    ferre  •>       ferri 

Perf.    tulisse  latus,  -a,  -um  esse 

FuT.      laturus,  -a,  -um  esse  latum  iri 

PARTICIPLES. 

Pres.    ferens, -entis  Pekf.    hltus, -a, -um 

Fur.      laturus,  -a,  -um  G'v'e.  ferendus,  -a,  -um 

GERUND.  SUPINE. 

G.    ferendi  Ac.    ferendum  Ac.    latum 

D.    ferendo  Ab.    ferendo  Ab.    latu 

544.  Volo,   Nolo,   Malo. 

Principal  Parts: 

Volo,  velle,  volui,  he  loilling,  wisJi. 

Nolo,  nolle,  nolui,  be  unwilling. 

Malo,  malle,  malui,  be  more  willing,  prejer. 


INDICATIVE. 

Pres. 

volo 

nolo 

mulo 

vis 

non  vis 

mavis 

volt 

non  volt 

mavolt 

(vult) 

(non  vult) 

(mavult) 

volumus 

noliimus 

malumus 

voltis 

non  voltis 

mavoltis 

(vultis) 

(non  vultis) 

(ma  vultis) 

'    volunt 

nolunt 

malunt 

IRREGULAR    VERBS. 


239 


Imp.  volebam  nolebam  malebam 

FuT.  volam,  voles,  etc.  nolam,  nolis,  etc.  mfilam,  males, 

Pekf.  volui  nolui  malui 

Plup.  volueram  n5lueram  malueram 

F.  P.  voluero 


Pres.    velim 
velis 
velit 
velimus 
velitis 
velint 

Imp.      vellem 
velles 
vellet 
vellemus 
velletis 
vellent 

Perf.    voluerim 

Plup.   voluissem 


etc. 


Pres. 

FUT. 


Pres.   velle 
Perf.  voluisse 


Pres.   volens 


noluero 

maluero 

subjunctive. 

nolim 

malim 

nolis 

mails 

nolit 

malit 

nolimus 

malimus 

nolitis 

malitis 

nolint 

malint 

noUem 

mfiUem 

noUes 

malles 

nollet 

mallet 

nollemus 

mallemus 

noUetis 

malletis 

noUent 

mallent 

noluerim 

maluerim 

noluissem 

maluissem 

IMPERATIVE. 

nolT 

nolite 

nolTto    etc 

infinitive. 

nolle 

malle 

noluisse 

maluisse 

PARTICIPLE. 

nolens 

240 


LATIN  BEADER. 


545. 


Fio,  he  made,  become. 


Principal  Parts  :  fio,  fieri,  factus. 


INDICATIVE. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

PUES. 

fio                    fimus 

fiam                    fiamus 

fis                    fitis 

fias                     fiatis 

fit                     fiunt 

fiat                     fiant 

Imp. 

fiebam 

fierem 

FUT. 

fiam,  fies,  etc. 

Pekf. 

factus,  -a,  -um  sum 

factus,  -a,  -um  sim 

Plup. 

factus,  -a,  -um  eram 

factus,  -a,  -um  essem 

F.  P. 

factus,  -a,  -um  ero 

IMPERATIVE. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. 

fi                fite 

Pres 

.     fieri 

FUT. 

fito           fitote 

Perf 

•.    factus,  -a,-um  esse 

fito            fiunto 

FUT. 

factum  iri 

PARTICIPLES. 

Perf.     factus,  -a,  -um  G'v'e.    faciendus,  -a,  -um 


VOCABULARY. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


abl.     .    . 

=  ablative. 

inter.  . 

=  interrogative 

ace.     . 

=  accusative. 

loc.      . 

=  locative. 

adj.      . 

=  adjective. 

m.   .     . 

=  masculine. 

cf.  (confc 

r)  =  compare. 

n.    .     . 

=  neuter. 

comp.  .    . 

=  comparative. 

num.   . 

=  numeral. 

conj.    . 

=  conjunction. 

part.    . 

=  participle. 

dat.     .    . 

=  dative. 

pass.    . 

=  passive. 

def.     .     . 

=  defective. 

plur.    . 

=  plural. 

dem.    .     . 

=  demonstrative. 

poss.    . 

=  jwssessive. 

f.     .    .    . 

=  feminine. 

prep.    . 

=  preposition. 

gen.     .    . 

=  genitive. 

pron.   . 

=  pronoun. 

impers. 

=  impersonal. 

pronorn. 

=  pronominal. 

indecl.     . 

=  indeclinable. 

refl.      . 

=  reflexive. 

indef.  .     . 

=  indefinite. 

rel.  .     . 

=  relative. 

interj.      . 

=  interjection. 

sup.     . 

=  superlative. 

irect  and 

indirect  derivatives  from 

the  Latin  (as  \ 

veil  as  cognate  wo 

which  are  also  definitions,  are  printed  in  small  capitals.  Derivatives  and 
cognates  wliich  are  not  definitions  are  printed  in  Gothic  Italic,  and  included 
within  parentheses. 


VOCABULARY. 


A.,  abbreviation  of  Aulus. 

a,  ab,  or  abs,  prep,  with  abl.,  from, 
by,  on. 

ab-eo,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -iturus,  go 
away.     Cf.  discedo,  excedo. 

ab-ruptus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [rumpo, 
6rea^],  (broken  off),  steep,  pre- 
cipitous.     (^Abrupt.) 

abs-cido,  -ere,  -cidi,  -cisus,  [cae- 
do] ,  cut  off. 

abs-tuli,  see  au-fero. 

ab-sum,  -esse,  afui,  afuturus,  be 
ABSENT,  be  distant,  be  lacking. 

ac,  see  atque. 

ac-cedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessurus, 

[  ad] ,  draw  near,  approach.  (Access.) 
Cf.  approplnquo. 

ac-cendo,  -ere,  -cendi,  -census, 
[ad  + -cendo,  kindle],  kindle, 
set  on  fire,  light.     Cf.  incendo. 

ac-cido,    -ere,   -cidi,   ,  [ad  + 

cado],  fall  upon,  happen.  (Ac- 
cident.)   Cf.  incido,  evenio. 

ac-cipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus,  [ad 
+  capi6],  ACCEPT,  receive,  en- 
tertain.    Cf  recipio. 

ac-commodo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus, 
[ad  +  cominodo,^^;]  ,fit  to.  (Ac- 
commodate. ) 

ac-cumbo,  -ere,  -cubui,  -cubi- 
tus, [ad  +  -cumbo,  lie],  recline 
(at  the  table). 

ac-cus6,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ad  + 
causa],  (call  to  account),  ac- 
cuse. 


acer,  acris,  acre,  adj.,  sharp,  spir- 
ited, fierce.    (Acrid.) 

acervus,  -i,  m.,pile,  heap. 

acriter,  adv.,  [acer],  sharply, 
fiercely. 

ad,  prep,  with  ace,  ^o,  toward,  for, at. 

ad-aperio,  -ire,  -erui,  -ertus, 
tlirow  ope7i. 

ad-duc6,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 
lead  to,  tn-DUCE,  influence. 

ad-eo,  adv.,  to  this,  so  far,  so. 

ad-ficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus,  [fa- 
ci5],  (do  to),  treat,  affect. 

ad-haereo,   -ere,  ,  ,  cling 

to,  stick  to,  ADHERE. 

ad-huc,  adv.,  hitherto,  still. 
ad-iaceo,  -ere,  -cui, ,  lie  near, 

be  ADJACENT. 

ad-itus,  -us,  m.,  [eo],  (a  going  to), 
approach,  access,  entrance. 

ad-ligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  bind  to, 
fasten  to.     Cf.  adnecto. 

ad-miratio,  -onis,  f.,  [miror],  ad- 
miration. 

ad-mitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus, 
(send  to,  let  go,  let  come) ,  admit. 

ad-moveo,  -ere,  -movi,  -m5tus, 
MOVE  to,  apply. 

ad-necto,  -ere,  -nexui,  -nexus, 
tie  to.    (Annex.)     Cy.  adligo. 

ad-nu6,  -ere,   -nui,  ,  nod  to, 

assent. 

ad-siduus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [sedeo], 
constant,  steady.     (Assiduous.) 

ad-sum,  -esse,  -fui,  -futurus,  be 
present,  be  at  hand,  come. 


243 


ADULESCENS 


244 


ALT  us 


ad-ulescens,  -entis,  m.  and  f., 
[olesco,  groio],  youth,  ijoung 
man  or  ivoman.     Cf.  iuvenis. 

ad-vena,  -ae,  m.  and  f.,  [venio], 
stranger. 

ad-ventus,  -us,  m.,  [venio],  arri- 
val.   {Advent.) 

ad- versus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [verto], 
(turned  towards,  facing),  ad- 
verse, unfavorable. 

ad- versus  or  ad-versum,  pnp. 
with  ace,  [verto],  against. 

ad-verto,  -ere,  -verti,  -versus, 
turn  to  or  towards. 

ad-voc6,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  call, 
stimmon.  (Advocate.)   Cf.  arcesso. 

aedi-fico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ae- 
dis  +  lacio],  build.    (Edifice.) 

aedilis,  -is,  m.,  [aedis],  commis- 
sioner of  buildings,  akdilk. 

aedis  or  aedes,  -is,  f.,  temple, 
room;  phir.,  house.     Cf.  doiuua. 

Aeeta,  -ae,  m.,  king  of  Coiciiis. 

Aegaeus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Akgkan. 

aeger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.,  ill,  sick. 

Aegeus,  -ei  (ace,  -ea),  m.,  father 
of  Tlieseus  and  king  of  Athens. 

aeneiis,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [aes,  bronze], 
of  bronze,  bronze. 

aequor,  -oris,  n.,  (level  surface), 
sea,  ocean.     Cf  mare. 

aer,  aeris  (ace,  aera),  m.,  the  air. 

aereus,  -a,  -um,  adj  ,  [aes,  bronze], 
of  bronze,  bronze. 

aeri-pes,  -pedis,  adj.,  [aes,  bronze], 
with  feet  of  bronze,  bronze-footed. 

Aeson,  -onis,  m.,  prince  of  Thes- 
saly. 

aestas,  -atis,  f.,  summer. 

aetas,  -atis,  f.,  age. 

Aethiopia,  -ae,  f.,  Ethiopia. 

Aethra,  -ae,  f.,  mother  of  Theseus. 

Africa,  -ae,  f.,  Africa. 

a-fui,  see  ab-sum. 

ager,  -gri,  m.,  field.    (Agr i-cullure.) 

ag-gredior,  -gredi,  -gressus,  [ad 

+  gradior,  step],  approach,  attack. 
(Aggressive.)     Cf.  invado. 


agmen,  -inis,  n.,  [ago],  (that  which 

is  driven),  line,  army.     Cf.  exer- 

citus. 
ag-nosco,  -ere,  -novi,  -nitus,  [ad 
+  (g)n6sc6,     kvoiii],    recognize,    ac- 
knowledge.    Cf.  cognosco. 
ago,  -ere,  egi,  actus,  drive,  lead, 

ACT,     do,     perform,     celebrate; 

gratias  ago,  give  thanks.     Cf. 

duco. 
agri-cola,  -ae,  m.,  [ager  +  colo], 

farmer.     (Agriculture.) 
ala,  -ae,  f.,  wing.    Cf.  penna. 
Alba  [Iionga],  -ae,  f.,  [albus],  an- 
cient city  in  Latium. 
Albanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [Alba],  of 

Alua,  a  I. ran. 
albeo,  -ere, , ,  [albus],  be 

white. 
Albertus,  -i,  m.,  Ai-rert. 
albus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,   white.     Cf. 

candidus. 
alienus,  -i,   m.,  [alius],  stranger, 

foreigner.     (Alien.) 
ali-quando,  adv.,  [alius],  (at  some 

time  or  other),  once. 
ali-quis  (qui),    ali-qua,   ali-quid 

(quod),    indef.     pron.,    [alius], 

some  one,  any  one,  some,  any. 
alius,  -a,   -ud,   (gen.,  alius,   dat., 

alii),  adj.,  other,  another ;  alius 

.  .  .  alius,  one  .  .  .  another.     Cf. 

alter. 
alo,  -ere,  alui,  alt  us   or  alitus, 

nourish. 
Alpheus,  -i,   m.,  god  of  the  river 

Alpiieus  in  Arcadia. 
after,  -era,  -erum  (gen.,  alterius, 

dat.,  alteri),   adj.,  o7ie  (of  two), 

the    other    (of   two);    alter... 

alter,  the  one  .  .  .  the  other.    Cf. 

alius. 
Althaea,  -ae,  f.,  Althea,  mother 

of  Meleager. 
altitiido,  -inis,  f.,  [altus],  height, 

depth.    (Altitude.) 
altus,  -a,   -um,   adj.,  [alo],   high, 

lofty,  deep.     Cf.  celsus,  procerus. 


AMAT 


245 


AP.DUUS 


amat,  (he)  loves,  likes. 

amb-,  am-,  an-,  inseparable  par- 
ticle meaning  around,  round 
about. 

ambages,  -urn,  plur.  f.,  [amb-  + 
ago],  tmndings.    (Ambic^ous.) 

amb-io,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus 
[eo],  ffo  around. 

ambulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  walk. 
(Amble.) 

a-mens,  -entis,  adj.,  (out  of  one's 
mind),  mad,  frantic. 

Americanus,  -a,  -um,  adj., 
[America],  Amkrican. 

amicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [amoj, 
friendhj.     (Amicable.) 

amicus,  -i,  m.,  [B.mb],  friend. 

a-mitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus, 
(send  away,  let  go),  lose. 

amnis,  -is,  m.,  river.  Cf.  tlumen, 
fluvius. 

amo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  love,  like. 

amor,  -oris,  m.,  [amo],  love. 

am-plector,  -plecti,  -plexus, 
[plecto],  ttvine,  embrace. 

amplus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  ample. 

Anaurus,  -i,  m.,  river  in  Thessaly. 

Androgeus,  -i,  m.,  son  of  Minos, 
king  of  Crete. 

Anditemeda,  -ae,  f.,  daughter  of 
Cepheus,  king  of  Ethiopia. 

anguis,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  snake.  Cf. 
serpens. 

angustiae,  -arum,  plur.  f.,  [an- 
gustus],  narroivs,  strait. 

angustus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  narrow. 

anim-ad-verto,  -ere,  -verti,  -ver- 
sus, [animus],  (turn  one's  mind 
to),  attend  to,  punish. 

animal,  -alis,  n.,  [anima,  breath], 
(living  being),  animal. 

animus,  -i,  m.,  mind,  spirit,  cour- 
age;  in  animo  esse,  to  intend. 
Cf.  mens. 

annus,  -i,  m.,  year.    {Annual.) 

ante,  prep,  with  ace,  and  adv.,  he- 
fore. 

ante-cello,  -ere, , ,  ear-CEL. 


ante-hao,  adv.,  before  this. 
ante-quam,  conj.,  before. 
antiquitas,    -atis,    f.,  [antiquus], 

ANTIQUITY. 

antiquus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [ante], 
old,  ancient.     (Antique.) 

anus,  -us,  f.,  old  looman. 

anxius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  anxious, 

aper,  apri,  m.,  lodd  boar. 

aperio,  -ire,  -erui,  -ertus,  ojyen, 
become  visible,  disclose,  reveal. 

apertus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [aperio], 
open.    (Aperture.) 

Apollo,  -inis,  m.,  god  of  the  sun,  of 
divination  and  oracles,  of  poetry 
and  music. 

ap-pareo,  -ere,  -vii,  -itiirus,  [ad] 
appkau. 

ap-pello,  -ere,  -puli,  -pulsus 
[ad],  (drive  to),  land. 

ap-pell6,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ad] 
call,  name,  accost,  address,  pro 
claim.     (Appeal.)     Cf.  voco. 

ap-pono,  -ere,  -posui,  -positus 
[ad],  place  near,  place  or  set  be- 
fore.   (Apposition.) 

ap-propinquat,  (he)  approaches. 

ap-propinqu6,  -are,  -avi,  -atus 

[ad  +  prope],  (come  near  to),  ap 
proach.     Cf.  accedo. 

apto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,^^,  ad-WT. 

apud,  prep,  with  ace*.,  among,  with 
at  the  house  of,  at. 

aqua,  -ae,  f.,  water.    (Aquatic.) 

aquila,  -ae,  f.,  eagle. 

ara,  -ae,  f.,  altar. 

arbitrium,  -i,  n.,  [arbiter,  judge], 
choice. 

arbitror,  -ari,  -atus,  [arbiter, 
judge],  judge,  believe,  think. 
(Arbitration.)     Cf.  puto,  sentio. 

arbor,  -oris,  f.,  tree.    (Arbor.) 

ar-cess6,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itus,  [acce- 
de], summon,  fetch.    Cf.  advoco. 

ardeo,  -ere,  arsi,  arsus,  he  on  fire, 
burn,  blaze.    (Arson.) 

arduus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  steep,  diffi- 
cult, arduous. 


ARGENTARIA 


246 


AUT 


argentaria,  -ae,  f.,  [argentum, 
silver],  bank. 

Argo,  -us,  f.,  the  Akgo,  Jason's 
ship. 

Argolicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  o/  Argo- 
Lis,  a  district  In  the  Pelopon- 
nesus. 

Argonauta,  -ae,  m.,  an  Argonaut, 
one  of  the  crew  of  the  Argo. 

Argus,  -i,  m.,  the  builder  of  the 
Argo. 

Ariadne,  -es,  (ace,  Ariadnen, 
abl.,  Ariadne),  f.,  daughter  of 
Minos,  king  of  Crete. 

Ariadneus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [Ariad- 
ne], o/Ariadnk. 

aries,  -ietis,  m.,  ram. 

Arion,  -onis,  ni.,  a  Lesbian  bard. 

arma,  -orum,  plur.  n.,  arms,  weap- 
ons.    Cf.  telum. 

armatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [armo], 

ARMED, 

armo,  -are,  -avi,  -atvis,  [arma], 

ARM,   equip. 
aro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  plough,  till. 

{Arable.) 
ars,  artis,  f.,  art. 
arx,  arcis,  f .,  citadel. 
a-scendo,   -ere,  -scendi,   -scen- 

sus,  [ad  +  scando,  climb] ,  climb, 

mount,  ASCEND,  embark  on.     Cf. 

conscendo.% 
Asia,  -ae,  f.,  Asia  Minor. 
a-spectus,  -us,  m.,  [aspicio],  sight, 

appearance,    aspect.      Cf.    con- 
spectus. 
asper,  -era,  -erum,  adj.,   rough, 

harsh. 
a-spicio,  -ere,  -spexi,  -spectus, 

[ad  +  -specie,  look] ,  look  at.  Cf. 

conspicio. 
at,  conj.,  but  (introducing  a  contrast 

to  what  precedes).  Cf.  sed,  autem. 
Atalanta,    -ae,     f.,    daughter     of 

Schoeneus. 
ater,  atra,  atrum,  adj.,  black. 
Athamas,    -antis,    m,,    father    of 

Phrixus  and  Helle. 


Athenae,  -arum,  plur.  f.,  Athens, 

capital  of  Attica. 
Atheniensis,  -e,  adj.,  [Athenae], 

Athenian. 
Athos,    ,    (ace,    Athon),    m., 

mountain  in  Macedonia. 
at-que,*  conj.   (used    before  vowels 

and  consonants ;  ae,  before  con- 
sonants only),  [ad  +  -que],  and 

too,  and  also,  and.     Cf.  et,  -que. 
atrium,  -i,  n.,  [a,tev],  fore-court. 
atrox,   -ocis,  adj.,  [ater],    savage, 

fierce,    atrocious.     Cf.    ferox, 

saevus. 
Attica,   -ae,  f.,  district  in  central 

Greece. 
at-tollo,  -ere, , ,  [ad],  lift 

up.    (Ex-tol.) 
at-tonitus,  -a,    -um,    adj.,  [ad  + 

tono,  thunder],  (thunderstruck), 

astonished. 
audacia,  -ae,  f.,  [audax],  daring, 

AUDACITY,  recklessness. 
audacter,    adv.,   [audax],    boldly, 

courageously,  audaciously. 
audax,  -cis,  adj.,  [audeo],  daring, 

bold,  audacious. 
audeo,  -ere,  austis,  semi-deponent, 

dare. 
audio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  hear,  listen 

to.    {Audience.) 
au-fero,  -ferre,  abs-tuli,  ab-la- 

tus,  [ab],  bear  away,  carry  off. 
augeo,  -ere,  auxi,  auctus,  (transi- 
tive verb),  increase.     Cy.  cresco. 
Aulus,  -i,  m.,  see  Postumius. 
aura,     -ae,    f.,    breeze,  air;    often 

plur.,  air.     Cf.  ventus. 
aureus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [aurum], 

of  gold,  golden. 
auriga,  -ae,  m.  and  f.,  charioteer. 
avu-is,  -is,  f.,  ear. 
aurum,  -i,  n.,  gold. 
au-spicium,  -i,  n.,  [avis -f  -specie, 

look],  divination  (by  the  flight  of 

birds),  AUSPICES. 
aut,  conj.,  or ;  aut  .  .  .  aut,  either 


AUTEM 


247 


CANDELABRUM 


autem,     post-positive     conj.,     hut, 

however,  moreover,  now.     Cf.  at, 

secl. 
auxilium,  -i,  n.,  [augeo],  help,  aid, 

assistance.    (Auxiliary.) 
avarus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  avaricious. 
a-vell6,  -ere,  -veili,  -volsus,  tear 

aivay.    (Con-uulsion.)     Cf.  eripio. 
a-verto,  -ere,  -ti,  -sus,  turn  away, 

AVERT. 

avidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  desirous, 
ear/er.    {Avidity.)     Cf.  cupidus. 

avis,  -is,  f.,  bird.    (Aviary.) 

a-volo,  -are,  -avi,  -aturus,  fly 
away. 

avunculus,  -i,  m.,  [avus],  mater- 
nal UNCLE. 

avus,  -i,  m.,  grandfather. 


Bacchus,  -i,  m.,  god  of  wine. 

baculum,  -i,  n.,  stick,  staff,  cane. 

barbarus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  foreign, 
strange,  barbarous. 

basilica,  -ae,  f.,  portico,  basilica, 
building  used  for  mercluints'  ex- 
change and  for  the  courts. 

beatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  happy, 
blessed.    (Beatitude.)     Cf.  fellx. 

Belga,  -ae,  m.,  Bklgian,  man  of  a 
tribe  in  northern  Gaul. 

bellum,  -i,  n.,  icar. 

belua,  -ae,  f,  heast,  wild  beast, 
monster.     Cf.  fera,  monstrum. 

bene,  adv.,  [bonus],  well. 

bene-ficium,  -i,  n.,  [facio],  favor, 

BKNEFIT. 

benigne,  adv.,  [bene  +  genus],  in 
a  kindly  manner,  graciously. 

bibo,  -ere,  bibi, ,  drink.  (Im- 
bibe.) 

blandus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  flattering. 
(Bland.) 

Boeotia,  -ae,  f.,  district  in  central 
Greece. 

bonum,  -i,  n.,  [bonus],  (good 
thing),   treasure,   blessing. 

bonus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  good. 


bracchium, -i,  n.,  arm.     (Bracket) 
brevi,   adv.,   [brevis],    in   a   short 

time,  shortly,  soon. 
brevis,  -e,  adj.,  short,  brief. 
breviter,  adv.,  [brevis],  briefly. 
Briitus,  -i,  m.,  L.  Junius  Brutus, 

who  expelled  the  Tarquius. 


C,  abbreviation  for  Gaius. 

caciimen,  -inis,  n., point, peak. 

cadaver,  -eris,  n.,  [cado],  corpse, 
carcass.     Cf.  corpus. 

cado,  -ere,  cecidi,  casiirus,  fall, 
fall  down,  fall  prostrate,  droop. 

caecus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  blind. 

caedes,  -is,  f.,  [caedoj,  murder, 
slaughter. 

caedo,  -ere,  cecidi,  caesus,  cut, 
beat,  kill,  slay,  sacrifice.  Cf.  iu- 
terficio,  neco. 

caelum,  -i,  n.,  sky,  heaven,  the 
heavens.    (Celestial.) 

caerimonia,  -ae,  f.,  ceremony, 

Caesar,  -aris,  m.,  Julius  Caesar. 

Calais,  ,  m.,  one  of  the  Argo- 
nauts. 

calamitas,  -atis,  f.,  calamity, 
disaster.     Cf.  clades. 

calcar,  -aris,  n.,  spur. 

calceus,  -i,  m.,  shoe.    Cf.  solea. 

caleo,  -ere,  -ui, ,  be  loarm. 

calesco,  -ere, , ,  groro  warm. 

callide,  adv.,  [callidus],  shrewdly, 
cunningly. 

callidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  shrewd, 
cunning,  crafty. 

Calydonius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Caly- 
donian. 

Camillus,  -i,  m.,  M.  Furius  Camil- 
LUS,  dictator,  who  commanded 
the  Romans  at  the  siege  of  Veil. 

campus,  -i,  m., plain,  field ;  Cam- 
pus Martins,  a  grassy  plain  in 
Rome  along  the  Tiber,  dedicated 
to  Mars. 

candelabrum,  -i,  n.,  lamp-stand, 
candelabrum. 


CANDIDUS 


248 


CERVICAL 


candidus,   -a,   -um,   adj.,   shining 

white,  bright,  shining,  glittering. 

(Candid.)    Cf.  albus. 
cano,  -ere,  cecini, ,  sing,  play, 

prophesy,  foretell. 
cantor,  -oris,  m.,  [cano],  singer. 
cantus,  -us,  in.,  [canoj,  song,  sing. 

ing.    {Chant.) 
capio,  -ere,   cepi,    captus,    take, 

seize,     captuuk,     adopt.       Cf. 

rapio. 
Capitolium,   -i,   n.,    [caput],    the 

hill  in  liome  ou  whicli  the  Catj- 

TOL  stood;  the  Capitoline. 
captat,  (he)  seizes,  takes  prisoner. 
captiva,  -ae,  f.,  [capio],  (female) 

CAPTIVE,  prisoner. 
captivus,    -i,    m.,   [capio],  (male) 

c\i'Ti\K,j)risoner. 
capulus,  -i,  m.,  [capio],  that  which 

i.s  grasped ),  hilt. 
caput,    -itis,    n.,    head,    life,    top. 

(Capital. ) 
career,  -eris,  m.,  prison,  jail;  bar- 
rier,  starting  place   (in    a  race 

course).    (In-carcerate.) 
carmen,   -inis,  n.,    song,    ciiakm, 

religious  formula,  prayer. 
caro,  carnis,  i.,  flesh.    (Carnal.) 
Carolus,  -i,  ni.,  Chaklks. 
carpo,    -ere,    -psi,    -ptus,    ])ick, 

pluck,  gather. 
carus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  dear,2)recious. 
casa,  -ae,  f.,  cottage,  hut. 
Castor,  -oris,  m.,  twin  brother  of 

Pollux. 
castra,  -orum,  plur.  n.,  camp. 
casus,    -us,   m.,   [cadoj,   accident, 

chance,  experience.    (Casual.) 
catena,  -ae,  f.,  chain,  fetter.    Cf. 

vinculum, 
caterva,  -ae,  f.,  crowd,  throng.    Cf. 

turba. 
cathedra,  -ae,   f.,  easy  chair,  arm 

chair.     Cf.  sella. 
Caucasus,  -i,  m.,  the  Caucasian 

mountains  in  Asia. 
Cauda,  -ae,  f.,  tail.    (Caudal.) 


causa,  -ae,  f.,  cause;  abl.,  causa 
followed  by  the  gen., /or  the  sake 
of,  on  account  of. 

caveo,  -ere,  cavi,  cautus,  beware. 
(Caution.) 

cecini,  see  cano. 

cedo,  -ere,  cessi,  cessus,  go  from, 
tvithdraw,  yield.    (Cede.) 

celebro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  fre- 
quent, CELEBRATE. 

celer,  -eris,  -ere,  adj.,  swift,  fleet, 
quick.     Cf.  rapidus. 

celeritas,  -atis,  f.,  [celer],  sicift- 
ness,  quickness,  celeuity. 

celeriter,  adv.,  [celer],  sioiftly, 
quickly. 

celerrimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [sup.  of 
celer],  s^cif test,  fleetest. 

cella,  -ae,  f ,  store-room.    (Cell.) 

celsus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  (raised),  high. 

(Ex-celsior.)     Cf.  altus,  procerus. 

centaurus,  -i,  m.,  centaur. 

centeni,  -ae,  -a,  num.  adj.,  [cen- 
tum], one  hundred  each. 

Cepheus,  -ei,  m.,  king  of  Ethiopia 
and  father  of  Andromeda. 

Cephisus,  -i,  m.,  river  ou  the  west 
side  of  Athens. 

cepi,  see  capia 

cera,  -ae,  f.,  wax. 

Cercyon,  -onis,  m.,  robber  in  At- 
tica. 

Ceres,  -eris,  f.,  goddess  of  agricul- 
ture. 

cerno,  -ere,  crevi,  certus,  dis- 
CERN,  make  out,  catch  sight  of, 
perceive. 

certamen,  -inis,  n.,  [certo,  strive], 
struggle,  contest,  race;  certa- 
men pedum,  foot-race. 

certe,  adv.,  [certus],  assuredly, 
certainly. 

certus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [cerno], 
fixed,  settled,  certain,  sure; 
certior  facio,  (make  certain), 
inform. 

cervical,  -alis,  n.,  [cervix],  pil- 
low, bolster. 


CERVIX 


249 


COMES 


cervix,  -icis,  f.,  neck.     Cf.  collum. 

cervus,  -i,  m.,  stag,  deer. 

ceterus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  the  other, 
the  rest.     Cf.  reliquus. 

Chiron,  -dnis,  m.,  a  centaur. 

cibus,  -i,  m.,food. 

Cicer5,  -onis,  m.,  M.  Tullius  Cice- 
KO,  the  famous  Roman  orator. 

Circensis,  -e,  adj.,  of  the  circus. 

circum,  adv.,  and  prep,  with  ace, 
[eircus],  around. 

circum-do,  -dare,  -dedi,  -datus, 
place  around,  surro^md ;  "with 
ace.  and  dat. 

circum-eo,  -ire,  -ivi  or  ii,  -itus, 
go  around.     (Circuit.) 

circum-ibant,  (they)  went  around. 

circum-specto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus, 
[-specie,  look],  look  around. 
{Circumspect.) 

circus,  -i,  m.,  (chicle),  enclosure 
for  races,  athletic  games,  and 
contests ;  Circus  Maximus,  an 
oval  CIRCUS  between  the  Palatine 
and  Aventine  hills,  with  room  for 
one  hundred  thousand  spectators. 

cis,  ])rep.  with  ace,  on  this  side. 

citerior,  -ius,  comp.  adj.,  [cis,  cit- 
ra],  hither. 

cito,  adv.,  [citus,  qidck],  quickly, 
swiftly. 

citra,  prep,  with  ace,  on  this  side. 

civis,  -is,  m.  and  f,,  citizen.    {Civic.) 

civitas,-atis,  f., [civis],  state.  {City.) 

clades,  -is,  f.,  deslruction,  disaster, 
loss,  injury.     Cf.  calamitas. 

clam,  adv.,  and  prep,  with  abl.,  se- 
cretly. 

clamito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus, 
[clamo],  cry  aloud,  keep  shout- 
ing. 

clamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  call  to, 
call  tipon,  shout  to. 

clamor,     -oris,    m.,     shout,     cry, 

CLAMOR, 

clarissimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [sup.  of 
clarus],  most  celebrated,  most 
famous. 


clarus,    -a,     -um,    adj.,     clear, 
bright,  famous,  celebrated,  illus- 
trious.    Cf.  egregius,  Tnsignis. 
classis,  -is,  f.,  fleet.    {Class.) 
claudo,    -ere,    clausi,     clausus, 

shut  up,   CLOSE. 

clava,  -ae,  f.,  club. 

cliens,     -entis,      m.,     dependant, 

CLIENT. 

clipeus,  -i,  m.,  round  shield  of 
metal.     Cf.  scutum. 

cloaca,  -ae,  f.,  sewer;  Cloaca 
Maxima,  the  great  sewer  built 
by  Tarquinius  Superbus. 

Cliisium,  -i,  n.,  ancient  city  of 
Etruria. 

Codes,  -itis,  m.,  Iloratius  Cocles, 
who  defended  the  PonsSublicius. 

coepi,  -isse,  coeptus,  def.,  begiyi. 

cognomen,  -inis,  n.,  [com-  +  no- 
men],  S7irname. 

c5-gn6sco,  -ere,  -gnovi,  -gnitus, 
become  acquainted  with,  ascer- 
tain, 7-e-coGXiZE,  knoio.  Cf. 
agnosco. 

co-go,  -ere,  co-egi,  co-actus, 
[com-  +  ago],  (drive  together), 
force,  compel.     {Cogent) 

Colchis,  -idis,  (ace.  Colchida),  f., 
province  of  Asia  east  of  the 
Black  Sea. 

Colchus,    -i,  m.,  [Colchis],  Col- 

CIIIAX. 

collis,  -is,  m.,  hill.     Cf.  mons. 

collum,  -i,  n,,  neck.     Cf.  cervix. 

colo,  -ere,  colui,  cultus,  culti- 
vate, inhabit. 

color,  -oris,  m.,  color. 

columba,  -ae,  f.,  dove,  pigeon. 

columna,  -ae,  f.,  column. 

com-,  (primitive  form  of  cum,  used 
in  compounds,  and  changed  to 
col-,  con-,  cor-,  or  co-,  before 
certain  consonants),  (1)  together 
with;  (2)   thoroughly,  completely. 

coma,  -ae,  f.,  hair.     Cf.  crinis. 

com-es,  -itis,  m.  and  f.,  [eo],  com- 
panion,  comrade. 


COMITIUM 


250 


CONSCENDO 


com-itium,  -i,  n.,  [eo],  the  comi- 
TIUM,  a  place  in  the  Forum 
wl»ere  certain  elections  were 
held;  plur.,  comitia,  assemblies 
(of  the  Roman  people),  elec- 
tions. 

comitor,  -ari,  -atus,  [comesj,  ac- 
companij,  attend. 

com-mitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus, 
COMMIT,  intrust. 

com-rriotvis,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [part, 
of  commoveo],  (movku),  ex- 
cited, alarmed.    (Commotion.) 

com-moveo,  -ere,  -movi,  -mo- 
tus,  MOVK  violently,  alarm, 
arouse,  excite. 

com-pleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus,  fill 
2ip.  {Complete.)  Cf.  explco,  iin- 
pleo. 

com-plexus,  -us,  m.,  [plecto, 
tivine],  (surrounding;,  embrace. 

com-plures,  -a,  (more  than  one), 
seve7'al. 

com-pono,  -ere,  -posui,  -positus, 
(place  together),  mix,  compoujid. 
(Component.) 

com-porto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus, 
carry  or  bring  together.  (Im- 
port)    Cf.  confero. 

com-prehendo,  -ere,  -endi,  -en- 
sus,  (take  hold  of),  seize.  Cf. 
corripio. 

con-,  see  com-. 

con-cedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessus, 
yield,  grant,  con'CEDk. 

con-cido,  -ere,  -cidi, ,  [cado], 

(fall  together),  fall  doini,  fall. 

con-cilio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  2^'>^o- 
cure,  obtain,  ivin,  conciliate. 

con-cito,  -are,-  avi,  -atus,  [citus, 
quick],  xirge  on,  ex-ciri^. 

con-clamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  (cry 
out  together),  shout  out.  (Ex- 
clamation.) 

con-cordia,  -ae,  f.,  [cors,  heart], 
concord;  Templum  Concor- 
diae,  Temple  of  Co>xord  in 
the  Forum. 


con-curro,  -ere,  -cum  or  cucurri, 
-cursus,  run  or  rush  together, 
collide.     (Concourse.) 

con-dicio,  -onis,  f.,[dico],  condi- 
tion, terms. 

con-discipulus,  -i,  m.,  [disco], 
schoolmate.     (Disciple.) 

con-do,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus,  (put 
away),  store  up,  bury. 

con-diico,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 
draw  together,  assemble,  collect. 
(Conduct.)  Cf.  congrego,  conve- 
nld,  convoco. 

con-fero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus, 
(bring  together),  bear;  with  se, 
betake  one's  self,  go.  Cf.  com- 
porto. 

c6n-fici6,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus, 
(facioj,  complete,  accomplish, 
finish,  wear  out. 

con-grego,  -are,  -avi,  -atus, 
[grex],  collect,  assemble.  (Con- 
gregation.) Cf.  couduco,  conve- 
nid,  convoco. 

con-icio,  -ere,  -ieci,  -iectus, 
[iacio],  throw;  in  vincula 
conicio,  imprison. 

con-iugium,  -i,  n.,  [iungoj,  mar- 
riage.    Cf.  mfitrimonium. 

con-iunx,  -iugis,  m.  and  f.,  (mar- 
ried person),  husband,  loife. 
(Conjugal. ) 

con-iuratio,  -onis,  f.,  [coniiiroj, 
conspiracy. 

con-iuro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus, 
[iiiro,  sivear],  (swear  together), 
conspire.    (Conjure.) 

con-laudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus, 
praise  highly. 

con-loco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  ar- 
range.    Cf.  po^no. 

con-loquium,  -i,  n.,  [loquor], 
conversation.    (Colloquy.) 

Conor,  -ari,  -atus,  attempt,  try. 
Cf.  experior,  tempto. 

c6n-scendo,  -ere,  -scendi,  -scen- 
sus,  [scando,  climb],  mount,  em- 
bark on.     Cf.  ascendo. 


CONSIDO 


251 


CRUDELIS 


con-sido,  -ere,  -sedi,  -sessus,  sit 
doicn. 

con-silium,  -i,  n.,plan,  counsel. 

con-sobrinus,  -i,  m.,  [soror],  (son 
of  a  mother's  sister),  Jirst-cotisin. 

c6n-spectus,  -us,  m.,  [conspicio], 
sight.     Cf.  aspectus. 

con-spieio,  -ere,  -spexi,  -spec- 
tus,  [-specio,  loo/c],  look  at 
attentively,  get  sight  of,  sec. 
Cf.  aspicio. 

c6n-stitu6,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus, 
[statu5],  fix,  appoint,  deter- 
mine, CONSTITUTE.  Cf.  de- 
cerno. 

c6n-sul,  -ulis,  m.,  [consuloj,  con- 
sul, chief  Roman  magistrate. 

c6n-sulo,  -ere,  -lui,  -Itus,  [salio, 
leap],  (meet  and  consider),  con- 
sult. 

c5n-sult6,  adv.,  [consulo],  onimr- 
pose,  designedly. 

con-siimo,  -ere,  -sumpsi,  -sump- 
tus,  (use  up),  CONSUMK,  burn  up, 
destroy. 

con-tendo,  -ere,  -di,  -tus,  (aim 
for),  CONTEND,  hasten.  Cf.  fes- 
tino,  propero. 

con-tentio,  -onis,  f.,  [tendo],  ef- 
fort, CONTENTION. 

con-tinens,  -entis,  f.,  [teneoj, 
mainland,  continent. 

con-tineo,  -ere,  -ui,  -tentus, 
[teneo] ,  hold  together,  comprise, 
contain. 

con-tingo,  -ere,  -tigi,  -tactus, 
[tango],  totich.     {Contact.) 

con-venio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ventus, 
come  together,  assemble,  con- 
vene. Cf.  condiico,  congrego, 
convoco. 

con-ventus,  -iis,  m.,  [venio],  (as- 
sembly), court. 

con-verto,  -ere,  -ti,  -sus,  turn 
round,  turn.    {Convert.) 

con-viva,  -ae,  m.  and  f.,  [vivo], 
(table  companion),  guest.  {Con- 
vivial.)    Cf.  hospes. 


con-voc6,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  call 
together,  assemble,  convoke. 
Cf.  condiico,  congrego,  convenio. 

CO-,  see  com-. 

co-orior,  -iri,  -ortus,  rise. 

copia,  -ae,  f.,  [com-  -f  ops],  abun- 
dance,  plenty,  supply;  plur., 
troops,  forces.    {Copious.) 

cor-,  see  com-. 

coram,  prep,  with  abl.,  in  the  pres- 
ence of. 

Corinthus,  -i,  f.,  Corinth,  a  city 
of  Greece. 

cornu,  -us,  n.,  horn,  wing. 

corona,  -ae,  f.,  crown,  wreath, 
garland. 

corpus,  -oris,  n.,  body  (living  or 
lifeless),  corpse.     Cf.  cadaver. 

cor-rigo,  -ere,  -rexi,  -rectus, 
[rego],  (set  right),  make  up  for, 
correct. 

cor-ripio,  -ere,  -ripui,  -reptus, 
[rapio],  snatch  up,  seize.  Cf. 
comprehendo. 

cor-rumpo,  -ere,  -riipi,  -ruptus, 
ruin,  corrupt. 

eras,  adv.,  to-morrow. 

Crassus,  -i,  m.,  a  very  wealthy 
Roman. 

crastinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [eras], 
of  to-morrow,  to-morrow's. 

credo,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus,  believe, 
trust.    {Credit) 

creo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  make,  cre- 
ate, choose,  elect. 

cresco,  -ere,  crevi,  cretus,  in- 
transitive verb,  rise,  groio, 
in-CREASE.      Cf.  augeo. 

Creta,  -ae,  f.,  Crete,  a  large  island 
in  the  Mediterranean. 

crevi,  see  cerno  and  cresco. 

crimen,  -inis,  n.,  charge,  crime, 
offence.     Cf.  scelus. 

crinis,  -is,  m.,  hair,  lock  of  hair. 
Cf  coma. 

crista,  -ae,  f.,  crest. 

crudelis,      -e,      adj.,      [criadusj. 


CRUDELITER 


252 


DECIES 


crudeliter,  adv.,  [crudelis],  cru- 
elly. 

crudus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  raw,  cuude, 
rough,  cruel. 

cubicularis,  -e,  adj.,  [cubicul- 
um],    of  a  sleeping  clidinber. 

cubiculum,  -i,  n.,  [-cumbo,  re- 
cline], sleeping  chamber,  bed- 
room. 

cubile,  -is,  n.,  [-cumbo,  recline], 
couch,  bed. 

cui,  [dtit.  of  qui],  to  whom. 

culpa,  -ae,  f.,  blame,  fault.  {Cul- 
pable.'] 

culpo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [culpa], 
blame,  reproach. 

culter,  -tri,  rn.,  knife. 

cum,  conj.,  when  ;  as,  since  ;  though, 
although;  cum  .  .  .  tum,  both 
.  .  .  and. 

cum,  prep,  with  abl.,  tcith. 

cumulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  heap, 
load,  «c-cuMUL.\Ti:. 

cunctus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [co-iiiiic- 
tus] ,  all  together,  the  whole.  Cf. 
omnis,  totus. 

CUiliculus,  -i,  m.,  underground 
jiassage,  mine. 

cupiditas,  -atis,  f.,  [cupidus],  de- 
sire, eagerness,  cui'IDITY. 

cupido,  -inis,  f.,  [cupidus] ,  rfes/Ve, 
wish,  eagerness. 

cupidxis,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [cupioj, 
eager,  desirous,  anxious. 

cupio,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itus,  long  for, 
desire,  loisli. 

cur,  adv.,  [qui  +  res],  ichg :  inter., 
why  f 

ciira,  -ae,  f.,  care,  anxiety. 

curat,  (he)  cares  for,  takes  care  of. 

Cures,  -ium,  m.  and  f.,  the  chief 
town  of  tlie  Sabines. 

ciJria,  -ae,  f.,  senate  house;  in 
Home,  the  senate  usually  met 
in  the  Ciiria  Hostilia,  built  by 
Tullus  Hostllius. 

curro,  -ere,  cucurri,  cursus,  run. 
(Current) 


currus,  -us,  m.,  [curro],  chariot. 
cursor,  -oris,  m.,  [curro],  runner, 

racer.    {Cursory.) 
cursus,  -us,  m.,  [curro],  running, 

COUKSb:,  voyage. 
Curtius,  -i,  m.,  :Mettius  Curtius, 

the  Roman  hero  who  leaped  into 

an  abyss  in  the  Forum, 
curulis,    -e,    adj.,    [currus],    cv- 

RULK  ;    sella  curiilis,  the  cu- 

RULE  chair,  occupied  only  by  the 

higher  Roman  magistrates. 
curvo,  -are,    -avi,    -atus,    [cur- 

VUS],  bold,  CURVE. 

curvus,     -a,     -um,     adj.,     be7it, 

CURVED,  crooked.     Cf.  falcatus. 
cuspis,  -idis,  f.,  jwint. 
custodio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,   [cus- 

tos],  watch,  guard,  keep. 
custos,   -odis,   m.    and    f.,    guard, 

keeper,  custodian. 
cygnus,  -i,  m.,  sivan. 
Cyprus,  -i,  f.,  island  near  the  coast 

of  Asia  Minor. 
Cyzicus,  -i,  m.,  king  of  a  town  of 
the  same  name  in  ^lysia. 


Daedalus,  -i,  m.,  an  Athenian  ar- 
chitect, the  contriver  of  the  laby- 
rinth. 

Danae,  -es,  (ace.  Danaen),  mother 
of  Perseus. 

dat,  (he)  gives. 

de,  prep,  with  vlIA.,  from,  of,  abouty 
concerning. 

dea,  -ae,  (dat.  and  abl.  plur.,  dea- 
bus),  f.,  goddess. 

decem,  indecl.  num.  adj.,  ten.  {Deci- 
mal. ) 

de-cerno,  -ere,  -crevi,  -cretus, 
decide,  di-xree.     Cf.  constituo. 

de-cido,  -ere,  -cidi, ,  [cado], 

fall  down.     {Deciduous.) 

decies,  num.  adv.,  [decem],  ten 
times. 


DECIPIO 


253 


DICIO 


de-cipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus,[ca- 

pio],  DECEIVE. 

de-clino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  turn 

aside.    {Decline.) 
decoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [decus, 

beauty],  adorn,  decouate.     Cf. 

onio. 
de-curro,  -ere,  -cucurri  or-curri, 

-cursus,  run  down. 
de-cuti5,  -ere,    -cussi,    -cussus, 

[quatio,  shake],  shake  off.     Cf. 

excutio. 
dedi,  see  do. 
de-duco,    -ere,    -duxi,  -ductus, 

lead   away,  lead   down,  launch. 

{Deduce. ) 
de-fendo,  -ere,  -fendi,  -fensus, 

[-fendo,  toard  off^,T>  EVE'S  D,pi'o- 

ted. 
de-fessus,  -a,  -ura,  adj.,  tvorn  out, 

exhausted. 
de-fluo,  -ere,  -fluxi,  -&viKVis,flow 

doion  or  by.     {In-flux.) 
de-icio,     -ere,      -ieci,      -iectus, 

[iacio],  hurl  down  or  off,  cast 

down.    (Dejection.) 
de-inde,    adv.,    [de],    then,    next, 

afterwards. 
de-lectat,  (he)  delights,  ^jZmses. 
de-lecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,   de- 
light, ptotse. 
de-lectus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [deligo], 

picked,  chosen,  choice. 
de-ligo,  -ere,  -legi,  -Iectus,  choose, 

jyick  out,  se-LECT. 
Delphi,   -orum,    plur.   m.,  city  in 

Greece,  famed  for  its  oracle  of 

Apollo. 
Delphicus,   -a,  -um,   adj.,   [Del- 
phi], Delphic,  o/Delphi. 
delphinus,  -i,  m.,  dolphin. 
de-mitto,    -ere,    -misi,   -missus, 

se)td  doion,  drop,  throiv,  cast. 
de-monstro,    -are,    -avi,    -atus, 

point  otit,  show,  demonstrate. 
Cf.  ostendo. 
denique,   adv.,  at    last,  at   length, 

finally.     Cf.  tandem. 


dens,  dentis,  m.,  tooth.    {Dentist.) 
densus,    -a,     -um,     adj.,     thick, 

DENSE. 

de-pendeo,  -ere,  , ,  hang 

from,  DEPEND. 

de-pono,  -ere,  -posui,  -positus, 
lay  aside,  give  up,  abandon.  (De- 
posit) 

de-rigo,     -ere,     -rexi,     -rectus, 

[regO],  DIRECT. 

de-scendo,  -ere,  -scendi,  -scen- 
sus,  [scando,  climb],  descend, 
dismount,  disembark.  Cf.  ex- 
pono. 

de-sero,  -ere,  -rui,  -rtus,  desert, 
abandon.     Cf.  relinquo. 

de-sertus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [desero], 
DESERTED,  abandoned. 

de-silio,  -ire,  -ilui,  -ultus,  [salio, 
leap],  leap  down,  jump  doion. 

de-sisto,  -ere,  -stiti,  -stitus,  leave 

off,  stop,  DESIST. 

de-sum,  -esse,  -fui,  -futiirus,/fw7, 
be  icanting,  be  lacking. 

de-tineo,  -ere,  -tinui,  -tentus, 
[teneo],  keep  back,  detain,  re- 
serve. 

de-traho,  -ere,  -traxi,  -tractus, 
draw  off,  drag  down,  drag.  {De- 
tract.) 

de-trimentum,  -5,  n.,  [tero,  ruh^, 
damage,  detriment. 

Deucalion,  -onis,  m.,  a  survivor  of 
the  flood.    See  Pyrrha. 

deus,  -i,  (plur.,  nom.,  dei,  dii,  di, 
gen.,  deorum  or  deum,  dat.  and 
abl.,  deis,   diis,   dis),  m.,  god, 

DEITY. 

de-vorant,  (they)  devour. 

de-voro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [voro, 
sivalloio  whole],  devour,  destroy. 

dextra,  -ae,  f.,  right  hand.  {Dex- 
terous. ) 

di-,  see  dis-, 

Dialis,  -e,  adj.,  of  Jupiter  ;  Flamen 
Dialis,  priest  of  Jove. 

(dicio),  -onis,  f .,  [dico],  sway,  con- 
trol. 


DIGIT 


254 


DUODECIM 


dicit,  (he)  says. 

dico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  cIc-dicatk, 
consecrate,  devote. 

dico,  -ere,  dixi,  dictus,  say,  tell. 
(Diction.) 

dictator,  -oris,  m.,  [dico],  dicta- 
TOK,  a  chief  magistrate  witli 
unlimited  powers,  appointed  in 
great  emergencies  to  govern  for 
six  months. 

dies,  -ei,  m.  and  f.,  day. 

dif-ficilis,  -e,  adj.,  [dis-  +  facilis], 

DIKKICULT. 

dif-ficultas,  -atis,   f.,  [difflcilis], 

DIFFICULTY. 

diligens,  -entis,  adj.,  [diligo],  dil- 

K;ent,  careful. 
diligenter,  adv.,  [diligens],  dili- 

GFNTLY,  cai-efully. 
diligentia,  -ae,  f.,  [diligens],  dili- 

GENCK. 

di-lig5,  -ere,  -lexi,  -lectus,[leg6], 
single  out,  love. 

di-micatio,  -onis,  f.,  [dimico], 
fight,  struggle.  Cf.  pugna,  proe- 
lium. 

di-mic6,  -are,  -avi,  -atvis,  fight, 
struggle.     Cf.  ])ugno. 

di-mitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus, 
(send  apart),  dismiss. 

dirvis,  -a,  -um,  ad].,  frightful,  fear- 
fid,  DIRE.     Cf.  terribilis. 

dis-,  di-,  inseparable  particle  mean- 
ing asunder,  apart,  in  different 
directions. 

dis-cedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessus, 
depart.     Cf.  abeo,  excedo. 

dis-cerno,  -ere,  -crevi,  -cretus, 
(set  apart),  distinguish,  discern. 

discipulus,  -i,  m.,  [disco],  (learner), 
scholar,  pupil. 

disco,  -ere,  didici, ,  learn. 

dis-crimen,  -inis,  n.,  crisis. 

dis-similis,  -e,  adj.,  unlike,  dis- 
similar. 

dis-tendo,  -ere,  -di,  -tus,  stretch 
apart,  stretch,  distend.  Cf. 
extendo. 


ditissimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [sup.  of 
dives],  richest,  wealthiest. 

diii,  adv.,  long,  for  a  long  time. 

diurnus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [dies],  for 
the  day,  day.     (Diurnal.) 

di-vell6,  -ere,  -velli,  -volsus, 
[vello,   tear],  tear  apart. 

dives,  -itis,  adj.,  rich. 

di-vido,  -ere,  -visi,  -visus,  [vi- 
deo], divide. 

divitior,  -ius,  comp.  of  dives. 

do,  dare,  dedi,  datus,  give,  offer. 
Cf.  dond. 

doceo,  -ere,  -cui,  -ctus,  teach, 
show,  inform,  tell.     (Doctor.) 

dolor,  -oris,  in.,  [doled,  grieve], 
grief,  jyain.    (Dolorous.) 

dolus,  -i,  m.,  deceit,  cunning.  Cf. 
fraus. 

dominus,  -i,  m.,  [domo],  master. 

domo,  -are,  -ui,  -itus,  subdue,  con- 
quer.   (In-domitabte.) 

domus,  -lis,  f .,  house ;  domi,  loc, 
at  home. 

donee,  conj.,  as  long  as,  while  ;  un- 
til. 

dono,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [donum], 
present,  give.     Cf.  do. 

donum,  -i,  n.,  [do],  present,  gift. 
(Donation.)     Cf.  munus. 

dormio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  sleep. 
(Dormitory.) 

draco,  onis,  m.,  dragox. 

dubito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [dubius, 
doubtful],  hesitate,  doubt. 

dubium,  -i,  n.,  [dubius,  doubtful], 
uncertainty,  doubt. 

diico,  -ere,  duxi,  ductus,  lead, 
draio ;  in  matrimSnium  diico, 
marry  (a  wife).    (Duct.)    Cf.  ago. 

dulcedo,  -inis,  f.,  [dulcis,  sweet], 
sweetness.    (Dulcet.) 

dum,  conj.,  with  Indie,  tvhile,  as 
long  as  ;  with  Subj.,  until. 

duo,  duae,  duo,  num.  adj.,  two. 
(Duet.) 

duo-decim,  indecl,  num.  adj.,  [de- 
cern], twelve.    (Duodecimal.) 


DUllUS 


255 


EVENIO 


durus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  hard.  (En- 
dure.) 

dux,  ducis,  m.  and  f.,lAxiOO],leader, 
general.    {Duke.)     Cf.  imperator. 


€,  see  ex. 

eburneus,   -a,   -um,  adj.,    [ebur, 

ivory],  of  IVORY,  IVORY. 

ecce,  interj.,  lo  I  see  !  behold  !  there  ! 
look  ! 

e-duc6,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [dux], 
brikig  up,  rear,  educate. 

e-duc6,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 
lead  out. 

ef-ficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus, 
[ex  +  facio],  make,  cause,  accom- 
plish, EFFECT. 

€f-fugi6,   -ere,  -fugi,  ,  [ex  + 

fugio],  (flee  away),  escape.  Cf. 
evado. 

egi,  see  ago. 

ego,  mei,  pers.  pron.,  I. 

e-gredior,  -gredi,  -gressus,  [gra- 
dior,  step],  go  out,  disembark. 
(Egress.)     Cf.  expono. 

e-gregie,  adv.,  [egregius],  excel- 
lently, admirably,  remarkably. 

e-gregius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [grex], 
distinguished,  eminent.  (Egre- 
gious.)    Cf.   clarus,  msTgnis. 

eheu,  interj.,  alas! 

e-labor,  -i,  -lapsus,  slip  away, 
glide  out,  escape.    (Elapse.) 

elephantus,  -i,  m.,  elephant. 

e-lu6,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus,  ivash  out, 
wash.    Cf.  lavo. 

€-mergo,    -ere,    -si,    -sus,    coine 

forth,    EMERGE. 

e-mico,  -are,  -ui,  -atus,  dart 
forth. 

e-mineo,  -ere,  -ui, ,  [-mineo, 

tower],  stand  out,  j^roject.  (Emi- 
nent.) 

e-mitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus,  send 
out,  EMIT,  let  otit ;  pass.,  start. 

emo,  -ere,  emi,  emptus,  buy  ; 
gain,  obtain. 


enim,  conj.,  (post  positive), /or.  Cf. 
nam. 

eo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  iturus,  go. 

Epidaurus,  -i,  f.,  city  in  Argolis. 

epistula,  -ae,  f.,  letter,  epistee. 

epulae,  -arum,  plur.  f.,  (viands), 
feast,  banquet. 

eques,  -itis,  m.,  [equus],  home 
man,  cavalryman,  knight:  one 
of  the  equestrian  Order  rank- 
ing between  the  Senate  and  the 
riebs. 

equester,  -tris,  -tre,  adj.,  [eques], 

EQUESTRIAN. 

equinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [equus], 

of  a  horse,  equine. 
equitabant,  (they)  used  to  ride. 
equito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [eques], 

ride. 
equus,  -i,  m.,  horse. 
erant,  (they)  loere. 
erat,  (he)  was. 

e-ripio,  -ere,  -ui,  -repttis,  [ra- 
pid], snatch  away,  save,  rescue. 

Cf.  avello. 
errabant,  (they)  used  to  roam,  wan- 
der. 
errat,  (he)  strays,  ivanders. 
erro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  stray,  ivan- 

der,  rove,  roam.    (Err.) 
e-rumpo,  -ere,    -rupi,    -ruptus, 

burst  out.    (Eruption.) 
est,  (he)  is. 
et,  conj.,  and;  et  .  .  .  et,  both  .  .  . 

and.     Cf  atque,  -que. 
et-iam,   adv.,  also,  even,  still.     Cf. 

quoque. 
Euxinus,   -a,   -um,  adj.,  Pontus 

Euxinus,  the  Black  Sea. 
e-vado,  -ere,  -si,  -sus,  go  forth, 

escape,  evade.     Cf  effugio. 
e-vanesc6,     -ere,    -vanui,    , 

vanish  aioay. 
e-veho,    -ere,     -vexi,     -vectus, 

carry  aioay  ;  pass.,  sail  aioay. 
e-venio,    -ire,    -veni,     -ventus, 

(come     forth),     happen,     result. 

(Event.)     Cf.  accido. 


EX 


256 


FALCATUS 


ex  or  e,  prep,  with  abl.,  out  of,  of, 
from,  on,  according  to. 

ex-audio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  hear 
(from  afar). 

ex-cedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessus,  de- 
part ;  e  vita  excedo,  die.  {Ex- 
cess.)    Cf  abeo,  discedo. 

ex-cito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [cieo, 
arouse],  rouse,  aicaken,  ioxcitk. 

ex-cutio,  -ere,  -cussi,  -cussus, 
[quatio,  shake],  shake  off,  strike 
away.    (Ver-cussion.)   (/.  decutio. 

exemplar,    -aris,    n.,    copy,    i:x- 

AMl'LK. 

exemplum,  -i,  n.,  kxample. 
ex-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus,  go  out,  de- 

])art,  withdraiv.     {Exit.) 
ex-erceo,  -ere,  -cui,  -citus,  [ar- 

ceo,    keep],   keep  at   ivork,   keep 

busy,  engage,  train,   exeucise, 

drill. 
ex-ercitatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [exer- 

ceo],   well   EXEKC'ISEi),   drilled, 

or  disciplined. 
ex-ercitus,    -iis,    m.,    [exerceo], 

(disciplined  body  of  men),  army. 

Cf  agmen. 
ex-iguus,    -a,    -um,    adj.,    scanty, 

small,  inconsiderable.      Cf  par- 
vus. 
ex-inde,  adv.,  thereafter,  then. 
ex-orno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  fit  out, 

equip,  arZ-ORN. 
ex-pello,    -ere,    -puli,    -pulsus, 

drive  out,   expel. 
ex-perior,  -iri,  -pertus,  try,pro\'e, 

expehience.   Cf.  Conor,  tempto. 
ex-pleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus,  fill  up, 

fill  full.     Cf.  compleo,  impleo. 
ex-plic6,  -are,  -avi  or  -ui,  -atus 

or  -itus,   [plico,  fold^,  unfold, 

explain. 
ex-pono,  -ere,  -posui,  -positus, 

set  forth,  set    on    shore,  disem- 
bark.    (Expose.)     Cf.  descendo. 
ex-pugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  take 

by  assault,  storm,  capture.     Cf 

oppugno. 


ex-silium,  -i,  n.,  [exsul],  banish- 
ment, EXILK. 

ex-specto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  ex- 
pect, await,  wait  for,  wait. 

ex-spiro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  breathe 
out,  EXPIRE.     Cf.  morior. 

ex-sto,  -are,  ,    ,    exist,  be 

EXTANT. 

ex-sul,  -ulis,  m.  and  f.,  [salio, 
leap],  EXILE. 

exta,  -drum,  plur.  n.,  (chief  inter- 
nal organs  of  the  body),  entrails. 

ex-tendo,  -ere,  -tendi,  -\entus 
or  -tensus,  stretch  out,  ex- 
tend.    Cf.  distendo. 

ex-ternus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [exte- 
rus],  (EXTERNAL),  /ora^u. 

ex-terus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [ex],  out- 
icard. 

ex-torqueo,  -ere,  -torsi,  -tortus, 
twist  out,  icrench  aicuy.    (Extort.) 

extra,  adv.,  and  prep,  with  ace, 
[exterus],  outside.     Cf.  intra. 

extremus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [sup.  of 
exterus],  farthest,  last,  ex- 
treme. 


fabula,  -ae,  f.,  [fari,  speak],  story, 
tale.    (Fable.) 

faciebant,  (they)  were  doing. 

facile,  adv.,  [facilis],  easily. 

facilis,  -e,  adj.,  [facio],  (easy  to  do), 
easy.    (Facile.) 

facio,  -ere,  feci,  factus,  make,  con- 
struct, do,  perform ;  certior 
facio,  make  more  certain,  in- 
form. 

facit,  (he)  does. 

faciunt,  (they)  do. 

f actio,  -onis,  f.,  [facio],  faction. 

factum,  -i,  n.,  [facio],  deed,  act. 
(Fact.) 

faenum,  -i,  n.,  hay. 

falcatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [falx, 
sickle],  hooked,  curved.  Cf.  cur- 
vus. 


FAMES 


257 


FORTIS 


fames,  -is,  (abl.,  fame),  f.,  hunger, 

FAMINE. 

familia,  -ae,  f.,  family. 

familiaris,  -e,  adj.,  of  the  family. 

fatum,  -i,  n.,  [fari,  speak],  destiny, 
fatk. 

fauces,  -ium,  f.,  (throat,  jaws),  nar- 
roio  passage. 

faveo,  -ere,  favi,  fauturus,  fa- 
vor. 

favor,  -oris,  m.,  [faveo],  favor. 

fax,  facis,  f.,  torch,  firebrand. 

fecerunt,  (they)  did  do. 

fecit,  (he)  did  do. 

feliciter,  adv.,  [felix],  luckily,  Jiap- 
pily ;  feliciter  dico,  offer  con- 
gratulations. 

felix,  -icis,  adj.,  lucky,  happy,  for- 
tunate.   (Felicity.)     Cf  beatus. 

femina,  -ae,  f.,  woman.    {Feminine.) 

fera,  -ae,  f.,  [ferus],  wild  beast. 

ferio,   -ire, , ,  strike,  smite, 

wound. 

fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  bear,  bring, 
carry.     Cf.  porto,  velio. 

ferox,  -ocis,  adj.,  [ferus],  fierce, 
savage,  ferocious.  Cf.  ferus, 
saevus. 

ferreus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [ferrum],  of 
iron,  iron. 

ferrum,  -i,  n.,  iron,  sioord. 

ferus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  tvild,  untamed, 
fierce.     Cf.  ferox,  saevus. 

fervidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [ferveo, 
boil],  glowing.     {Fervid.) 

fessus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  tired. 

festino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  hasten. 
Cf.  propero. 

festus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  festal. 

fictilis,  -e,  adj.,  of  clay  oy  pottery. 

fidelis,  -e,  adj.,  [fides],  faithful. 
{Fidelity.)     Cf.  fldus. 

fides,  -ei,  f.,  [fido,  trust],  trust, 
faith,  honor. 

fido,   -ere,    fisus,    semi-deponent, 

trust,  C071-FIDE. 

fidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [ildo],  faith- 
ful.    Cf.  fidelis. 


figura,  -ae,  f.,  form,  figure,    Cf. 

forma, 
filia,  -ae,  (dat.  and  abl.  plur.,  filia- 

bus),  f.,  daughter. 
filius,  -i,  (voc.  sing.,  fili),  m.,  son. 

{Filial.) 
filum,  -i,  n.,  thread,  string. 
finio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [finis],  end, 

finish.     {Finite.) 
finis,     -is,     m.,     end,     boundary; 

plur.,   territory,   country,    land. 

(Final.) 
finitimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [finis], 

neighboring,  near. 
fio,  fieri,  f actus,  (pass,  of  facio), 

be  made,  be  done,  become. 
firmus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  strong,  stout, 

FIRM. 

flamen,  -inis,  r\.,x)riest,  flamen. 

flamma,  -ae,  f.,  flame.    Cf.  ignis. 

flammeum,  -i,  n.,  bridal  veil. 

flammi-fer,  -fera,  -ferum,  [flam- 
ma +  fero],  ¥i.A.^iK-bearing, fire- 
breathing. 

Flora,  -ae,  f.,  [flos].  Flora. 

Florus,  -i,  m.,  [flos],  Florus. 

flos,  -oris,  m.,floicer.     (Floral.) 

fliimen,  -inis,  n.,  [fluo],  stream, 
river.     Cf.  amnis,  fluvius. 

fluo,  -ere,  fluxi,  fluxus,  flow. 
(Fluent.) 

fluvius,  -i,  m.,  [fluo],  river.  Cf. 
amnis,  flumen. 

focus,  -i,  m.,firex>lace,  hearth. 

foedus,  -eris,  n.,  treaty,  agreement  ; 
ex  foedere,  according  to  agree- 
ment. 

fons,  fontis,  m.,  spring,  fountain, 
source. 

fore,  for  futurus  esse. 

forma,  -ae,  f.,  form,  figure.  Cf. 
figura. 

f 5r-sit-an,  adv.,  [fors  sit  an,  it  may 
be  that] ,  perhaps.     Cf.  forte. 

forte,  adv.,  [abl.  of  fors,  chance],  by 
chance. 

fortis,  -e,  adj.,  brave,  strong.  Cf. 
validus. 


FOKTUNA 


258 


GRANDO 


fortuna,    -ae,    f.,   [fors,    chance], 

FORTUNE,  good  or  bad  foktunk. 
forum,  -i,  n.,  market-place ;  Forum 

(Romanum),     the    foklm    (in 

Rome), 
fossa,  -ae,  f„  [fodio,  dig],  ditch, 

trench.     {Fosse.) 
fragor,  -oris,  m.,  crash,  noise,  din. 

Cf.  sonus. 
frater,  -tris,  m.,  bkothku.     (Fra- 
ternal. ) 
fraus,  fraudis,  f.,  deceit,  fkaud, 

cheat,  trickery.     Cf.  dolus. 
fremitus,  -us,  in.,  [fremo,  roar], 

roaring,  shouting. 
fretum,  -i,  n.,  strait,  sound,  chan- 
nel. 
fruges,  see  frux. 
frumentum,  -i,  n.,  [fruor],  corn, 

grain. 
fruor,  -i,  fructus,  enjoy. 
frustra,  adv.,  in  vain. 
(frux),  frugis,  i.,  fruit;  lAnr.,  fruits, 

produce. 
fuga,  -ae,  f.,  [t\xg.ib],  flight. 
fugat,  {\\e)  puts  to  flight. 
fugio,    -ere,    fugi, ,  flee,  fly. 

(Fugitiue.) 
fugo,   -are,  -avi,   -atus,   [fuga], 

j)ut  to  flight. 
fulgens,    -entis,    adj.,     [fulgeo], 

gleaming,     (lie-fulgent.) 
fulgeo,    -ere,    fulsi,  ,   gleam, 

shine. 
fulgor,  -oris,  m.,  [fulgeo],  gleam, 

flash. 
fundus,  -i,  m.,farm. 
fungor,    -i,    fiinctus,    (busy  one's 

self),  perform,  exhibit,  celebrate. 
funus,    -eris,    n.,    funkkal    rites, 

burial,  fuxekal. 
Furius,  -i,  m.,  see  Camillus. 
furo,    -ere,  ,  ,  7-age,    rave. 

(Fury.) 
furor,   -oris,  m,,  [furo],  madness, 

frenzy. 
fiirtim,  adv.,  [iuT,  thief],  stealthily. 

(Furtively.) 


fuscina,  -ae,  f .,  three-pronged  spear, 

trident. 
f uturus,  -a,  -um,  fut.  part,  of  sum. 


Gabii,  -orum,  plur.  m.,  city  of 
Latiuni. 

Gabinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [Gabii], 
citizen  q/" Gabii. 

Gaius,  -i,  m.,  Gaius  or  Caius,  a 
Ivoman  name. 

galea,  -ae,  f.,  helmet. 

Gallicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [Gallia,. 
Gaul],  Gallic. 

gaudeo,  -ere,  gavisus,  rejoice. 

gaudium,  -i,  n.,  [gaudeo],  joy. 
Cf.  laetitia. 

geminus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  twin-born, 
tium-. 

gener,  -eri,  m.,  son-in-law. 

genius,  -i,  ni.,  gknius  (of  a  place). 

gens,  gentis,  f.,  race,  nation. 
(Gentry.) 

genu,  -lis,  n.,  knee. 

genus,  -eris,  n.,  race,  family,  kind. 
(Gender. ) 

Germanus,  -i,  m.,  Geumax. 

gero,  -ere,  gessi,  gestus,  wear; 
manage,  carry  on,  wage;  do. 

gladiator,  -oris,  m.,  [gladius], 
(swordsman),  gladiator. 

gladiatorius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [glad- 
iator], o/ gladiators,  gladi- 
atorial. 

gladius,  -i,  m.,  sword. 

gloria,  -ae,  f.,  glory,  fame,  re- 
nown. 

G^rgo,  -onis,  f.,  Gorgon,  one  of 
three  frightful  sisters  having 
snakes  instead  of  hair;  see 
Medusa. 

gracilis,  -e,  adj.,  slender,  graceful. 

Graeae,  -arum,  plur.  f.,  three  hor- 
rible old  women  who  had  but  one 
eye  and  one  tooth  among  them. 

Graecia,  -ae,  f.,  Greece. 

grando,  -inis,  f.,  hail. 


GRATIA 


259 


HOSTILIUS 


gratia,  -ae,  i.,  favor,  grace;  gra- 
tias  ago,  give  thanks ;  gratiam 
refero,  return  thanks. 

gratuitus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [gratia], 
(without  pay),/ree,  gratuitous. 

gratus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  acceptable, 
pleasing,  agreeable,  QUA.TK-ful. 

gravis,  -e,  adj.,  heavy,  grave,  seri- 
ous, formidable. 

graviter,  adv.,  [gravis],  heavily, 
exceedingly. 

grex,  gregis,  m.^  flock.  (Grega- 
rious.) 

gubernator,  -oris,  m.,  [guberno, 
steer],  steersman.  (Gubernatorial.) 

gusto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  taste, 
enjoy. 

guttur,  -uris,  n.,  throat.    (Guttural.) 

H 

habebat,  (lie)  had,  owned,  possessed. 

habeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  have, 
hold,  pronounce,  deliver.  Cf. 
tent'o. 

habito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [habeo], 
dwell,  live,  i?i-HABiT.    Cf.  incolo. 

Haedui,  -orum,  plur.  m.,  a  people 
of  Gaul. 

haereo,  -ere,  haesi,  haesurus, 
(stick),  hesitate. 

bamus,  -i,  m.,  hook. 

harena,  -ae,  f.,  sand.    (Arena.) 

Harpe,  -es,  (ace,  Harpen),  sickle- 
shaped  sword. 

Harpyia,  -ae,  f..  Harpy,  half  bird 
and  half  woman. 

haru-spex,  -icis,  m.,  [haru,  eti- 
trails,  +  -specie,  look],  sooth- 
sayer, (inspector  of  the  entrails 
of  victims). 

hasta,  -ae,  f.,  spear.     Cf.  telum. 

baud,  adv.,  not,  not  at  all.     Cf.  non. 

Hecate,  -es,  f.,  goddess  of  enchant- 
ment. 

Helle,  -es,  (ace,  Hellen),  f., 
daughter  of  Athamas. 

Helles-pontus,  -i,  m.,  (sea  of 
Helle),  Hellespont. 


herba,  -ae,  f.,  grass,  plant,  herb. 

Hercules,  -is,  m.,  a  hero  of  great 
strengtli,  one  of  the  Argonauts. 

heri,  adv.,  yesterday. 

Herminius,  -i,  m.,  Titus  Her- 
minius,  who  helped  Horatius 
Codes  defend  the  bridge. 

Hesperides,  -um,  plur.  f.,  guard- 
ians of  the  garden  with  golden 
apples. 

hie,  adv.,  here,  on  this  side. 

hie,  haec,  hoc,  dem.  pron.,  this ; 
pers.  pron.,  he,  she,  it ;  ille  .  .  . 
hie,  the  former  .  .  .  the  latter. 

hiemo,  -are,  -avi,  -aturus, 
[hiems,  winter],  winter. 

hinc,  adv.,  [hie],  from  this  place, 
hence,  on  this  side. 

Hippomenes,  -ae,  m.,  successful 
suitor  of  Atalanta. 

Hister,  -tri,  m.,  the  river  Danube. 

ho-die,  adv.,  [hoc  +  die],  to-day. 

homo,  -inis,  m.  and  f.,  human  be- 
ing, man.     Cf.  vir. 

honor  or  honos,  -oris,  m.,  honor,^ 
office. 

honorat,  (he)  honors,  respects. 

hora,  -ae,  f.,  hour. 

Horatius,  -i,  m.,  see  Codes. 

horrendus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [horreo], 
dreadful.     Cf.  horribilis. 

horreo,    -ere,    -ui,   ,    bristle;- 

shudder. 

horreum,  -i,  n.,  barn. 

horribilis,  -e,  adj.,  [horreo] , /ear- 
ful,  horrible.     Cf.  horrendus. 

hortor,  -ari,  -atus,  cheer,  eaj-HORT. 

hortus,  -i,  m.,  garden.  (Horti-cul- 
ture.) 

hospes,  -itis,  m.  and  f .,  host,  guest. 

hospitium,  -i,  n.,  [hospes],  hospi- 
tality. 

hostia,  -ae,  f.,  victim,  sacrifice. 

hostilis,  -e,  adj.,  [hostis],  hostile. 

Hostilius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,o/a7i  hos- 
TiLius ;  Curia  Hostilia,  senate- 
house  built  by  Tullus  Hostilius, 
third  king  of  Rome. 


HOSTIS 


260 


IMPONO 


hostis,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  enemy. 

hue,  adv.  [for  old  form  hoc],  hither, 

to  this  side. 
humanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [homo], 

HU3IAN. 

humilis,  -e,  adj.,  [humus],  loiv, 

lowly,  HCMBLK. 

humus,  -i,  f.,  grotiiul ;  humi,  loc, 
on  the  ground. 

Hylas,  -ae,  m.,  one  of  the  Argo- 
nauts, companion  of  Hercules!. 


iaceo,  -ere,  -cui, ,  lie. 

iacio,  -ere,   ieci,    iactus,    throw, 

cast. 
iacto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [iacio], 

throiv,  cast,  hnrl. 
iaculxim,  -i,  n.,  [iacio],  dart,  jave- 
lin.    Cf.  hasta,  telum. 
iam,  adv.,  already,  noto ;  non  iam, 

no  longer.     Cf.  nunc, 
laniculum,  -i,  n.,  [lanus],  one  of* 

the     hills    of    Rome    sacred    to 

Janus, 
ianua, -ae,  f.,  ^7oo?-.     (y.  ostium. 
lason,  -onis,  m.,  jason,  leader  of 

the  Argonauts. 
ibant,  (they)  u-sed  to  go. 
ibi,  adv.,  [is],  there,  in  that  place. 
Icarus,  -i,  m.,  son  of  Daedalus. 
idem,  eadem,  idem,  pron.,  [is  + 

dem],  the  same,  also,    likewise. 

(Identity.) 
idoneus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,^^,  suitable. 
igitur,  conj.  and  adv.,  therefore.    Cf. 

itaque. 
ignavus,    -a,     -um,     adj.,    [in  + 

(g)navus,  husy},  idle,  spiritless, 

cowardly. 
ignis,   -is,    m.,  fire.     (Ignite.)      Cf. 

flamma. 
ignore,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,   [in  + 

gnarus,  knowing],  not  know,  he 

IGNORANT  of.     Cf.  nescio. 
ignosco,  -ere,  -novi,  -notus,  [in  + 

(g)  nosco,  knowl,  pardon. 


ignotus,     -a,     -um,    adj.,    [in  + 

(g)n6tus] ,     tmknown,     untried, 

unfamiliar. 
ille,  ilia,  illud,  dem.  pron.,  that  ; 

pers.  pron.,  he,  she,  it ;  ille  .  .  . 

hie,  the  former  .  .  .  the  latter. 
illuc,  adv.,  [ille],  thither,  there. 
im-,  see  in-, 
imber,  -bris,  m.,  rain,  rain-storm, 

heavy  rain.     Cf.  pluvia. 
im-memor,  -oris,  adj.,  [memor, 

mindful],   unmindful,  forgetful. 

(Immemorial.) 
im-mensus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [metior, 

measure],  vast,  immknsk. 
im-mol6,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [mola, 

sacrificial  meal],  sacrifice,  offer. 

(Immolate.) 
im-mortalis,  -e,  adj.,  immohtal. 
im-patiens,  -entis,  adj.,  [patior], 

IMTATIKNT. 

im-perator,  -oris,  m.,  [impero], 

commander,  general.     (Emperor.) 

Cf.  .lux. 
im-perium,  -i,  n.,  [impero],  coin- 

mand,    power,    authority,    rule, 

E.^iriKK. 
im-pero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [paro], 

command,   order,   order    to  j^^'O- 

vide.     (Imperative.)     Cf.  iubeo. 
im-petro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [pa- 

tro,  effect] ,  obtain  one's  request, 

gain  one's  end. 
im-petus,  -iis,  ni.,  [peto],  attack, 

rush.    (Impetuous.) 
im-pietas,  -atis,  f.,  impiety. 
im-piger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.,  active. 
im-pleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus,  fill  up. 

Cf.  compleo,  expleo. 
im-ploro,      -are,      -avi,      -atus, 

[ploro,  wail],  beseech,  beg,  im- 
plore. 
im-pluvium,  -i,  n.,  [pluvia],  pool 

in  the  atrium,  into  which  the  rain 

fell  through  the  opening  in  the 

roof. 
im-p6no,  -ere,  -posui,  -positus^ 

2}lace  upon,  put  into,  impose. 


IMPORTO 


261 


INSCIUS 


im-porto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  bring 
in,  IMPORT. 

im-pudentia,  -ae,  f.,  [pudens, 
modest],  shamelessness,  impu- 
dence. 

imus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [sup.  of  infe- 
rus],  lowest,  bottom  of. 

in,  prep.,  (1)  with  ace,  into,  to, 
against;  (2)  with  abl.,  in,  on, 
upon,  among. 

in-,  prefix,  (changing  to  im-  before 
b,  m,  and  p),  (1)  with  verbs,  in, 
into,  on,  against ;  (2)  witli  adjec- 
tives, not,  un-,  IN-. 

inanis,  -e,  adj.,  empty.     {Inane.) 

in-cautus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [caveo], 
INCAUTIOUS,  unwary. 

in-cedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessus, 
march,  advance,  walk.  Cf.  pro- 
gredior. 

in-cendo,  -ere,  -cendi,  -census, 
[-cendo,  kindle],  set  on  fire, 
rouse,  excite,  incense.  Cf.  ac- 
cendo. 

in-certus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  uncePv- 
tain. 

in-cido,  -ere,  -cidi,  ,  [cado], 

fall  in  or  into,  fall  upon,  happen 
upon.    {Incident.) 

in-cipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus, 
[capio],  (talce  in  hand),  begin. 
{Inception.)     Cf.  coepT. 

in-cito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [cieo, 
arouse],  urge  on,  spur  on,  in- 
cite. 

In-clam6,-are,-avi,  -atus,  cry  out. 

in-cludo,  -ere,  -si,  -sus,  [claudo, 
shut],  shut  up,  inclose. 

in-cola,  -ae,  m.  and  f.,  [colo],  in- 
habitant, inmate. 

in-col6,  -ere,   -lui,  ,  dwell  in, 

inhabit.     Cf.  habito. 

in-columis,  -e,  adj.,  safe.  Cf.  in- 
tactus,  tutus. 

in-credibilis,  -e,  adj.,  [credo], 
loonderfal,  inckeimhle. 

in-crep6,  -are,  -ui,  -itus,  [crepo, 
rattle] ,  upbraid,  chide,  rebuke. 


in-cumbo,  -ere,  -cubui,  -cubi- 
t\is,  [-cumbo,  lie],  lay  one's  self 
to,  bend  to.    {Incumbent.) 

inde,  adv.,  [is],  thence,  then,  there- 
upon. 

in-dignitas,  -atis,  f.,  [dignus, 
worthy],  insult,  indignity. 

indulgeo,  -ere,  -ulsi,  -ultus,  in- 
dulge. 

in-du5,  -ere,  -ui,  -iitus,  [in(d)  -f- 
-u6,  put],  put  on,  dress  one's  self 
in  ;  pass.,  dress. 

in-fans,  -fantis,  m.  and  f.,  [fari, 
speak],  (not  spealcing),  child,  in- 
fant, babe. 

in-fectus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [facio], 
not  done,  unaccomplished;  re 
inf  ecta,  loithout  success. 

in-felix,  -icis,  adj.,  unfortunate, 
unhap2)y.    {Infelicity.) 

in-ferus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  lower. 

in-festus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [-fendo], 
made  imsafe,  infested. 

in-flu6,  -ere,  -fluxi,  -fluxus,  flow 
in.    (Influx.) 

infra,  prep,  with  ace,  below. 

in-genium,  -i,  n.,  character,  abil- 
ity, talents,  genius. 

in-gens,  -gentis,  adj.,  vast,  huge. 
Cf.  magnus,  vastus. 

in-icio,  -ere,  -ieci,  -iectus,  [ia- 
cio],  put  in  or  on,  throw  in,  in- 
spire, infuse,  inject. 

in-iuste,  adv.,  [iiis],  unjustly. 

in-iustus,    -a,  -um,    adj.,    [ius], 

UNJUST. 

in-numerabilis,  -e,  adj.,  [nume- 
rus],  countless,  innumekahle. 

in-opia,  -ae,  f.,  [ops],  want,  scar- 
city. 

inquam,  def.  verb,  say:  inquit, 
says  he  or  said  he. 

in-rideo,  -ere,  -risi,  -risus,  laugh 
at,  uiv>\-cule. 

in-sciens,  -entis,  adj.,  [scio],  not 
knowiiig,  unaware. 

in-scius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [scio],  not 
knoiving,  ignorant  of. 


INSCRIBO 


262 


ISTHMUS 


in-scribo,  -ere,  -scripsi,  -scrip- 

tus,  write  uj)on,  insciube. 
in-sectum,  -i,  n.,  [seco,  cw/j,  in- 
sect. 
in-sequor,    -i,    -secutus,   pursue, 

press  upon.     Cf.  insto. 
in-signis,  -e,  adj.,  [signum],  dis- 

tinguished,  remarkable,  striking. 

Cf.  clarus,  egrt'gius. 
in-solitus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [soleo], 

tinaccusto7ned,  iinnsed. 
in-somnis,    -e,    adj.,    [somnus], 

sleej/less.     {Insomnia.) 
in-spicio,  -ere,  -spexi,  -spectus, 

[-specio,    look],    look    into,   in- 
spect. 
in-sto,    -are,     -stiti,     -staturus, 

press  itpon,  ptirsue.  Cf.  inseciuor. 
insula,  -ae,  f.,  island.    (Insular.) 
in-tactus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [tango], 

untouched,    uninjured,    intact. 

Cf.  iiicolumis,  tutus. 
intel-lego,    -ere,  -lexi,    -lectus, 

[inter] ,    perceive,     understand, 

comprehend.    {Intelligent.) 
inter,    prep,    with     ace,    between, 

among ;    inter    se,    with    each 

other. 
inter-dum,  adv.,  sometimes. 
inter-ea,   adv.,    meamvhile,    in   the 

meantime. 
inter-ficio,  -ere,   -feci,    -fectus, 

[facio],  (put  out   of   the  way), 

kill.     Cf.  caedo,  neco. 
inter-im,  adv.,  [is],  meanwhile,  in 

the  meantime. 
inter-imo,  -ere,  -emi,  -emptus, 

[emo],  (take  away  from  among), 

kill.     Cf.  interficio. 
interior,    -ius,    adj.,     [comp.     of 

inter],  inteuiok  of. 
inter-mitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missvis, 

leave  off,  intekjiit,  interrupt. 
in-territus,   -a,   -um,    adj.,   [ter- 

reo],  undaunted,  untki'vUIFIKD. 
inter-scindo,  -ere,  -scidi,  -seis- 

sus,   [scindo,    cut],  cut  down. 

{Scissors.) 


inter- vallum,  -i,  n.,  space  between, 
distance  apart,  interval. 

in-tolerandus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [to- 
leroj,  intoleuable,  unendur- 
able. 

intra,  prep,  with  ncc,  within,  inside. 
Cf.  extra. 

intrat,  (he)  enteijs. 

in-trepidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [trepi- 
dus,  alarmed],    undaunted,    in- 

TUEPII). 

intro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  enter. 
intro-itus,   -iis,   m.,   [intro,  with- 
in +  eO],  ENTRANCE. 

in-undo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [un- 
da],  overfloio,  inundate. 

in-iitilis,  -e,  adj.,  useless. 

in-vado,  -ere,  -vasi,  -vasus,  ad- 
vance tipon,  rush  upon,  attack. 
Cf  aggredior. 

in-veho,  -ere,  -veyd,  -vectus, 
carry  in;  pass.,  sail  in. 

in-venio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ventus, 
come  upon,  find,  invent. 

in- video,  -ere,  -vidi,  -visus,  (look 
askance  at),  envy. 

in- visus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [invideo], 
hated,  Jiateful. 

in-vitat,  (he)  invites. 

in-vito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  invite. 

lolcus,  -i,  m.,  town  and  harbor  of 
Thessaly,  whence  the  Argonauts 
sailed. 

lovis,  see  luppiter. 

ipse,  -a,  -um,  intens.  pron.,  self; 
very. 

ira,  -ae,  f .,  anger,  wrath,  rage.    (Ire.) 

iracundus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [ira], 
passionate. 

iratus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [ira],  an- 
gered, enraged. 

ire,  see  eo. 

is,  ea,  id,  dem.  pron.,  this,  that; 
pers.  pron.,  he,  she,  it. 

iste,  -a,  -ud,  dem.  pron.,  that  (of 
yours),  that  (near  you). 

Isthmus,  -i,  m.,  the  isthmus  of 
Corinth. 


ITA 


263 


LEGIO 


ita,  adv.,  so,  thus.    Cf.  sic. 

Italia,  -ae,  f.,  Italy. 

ita-que,  conj.,  and  so,  therefore.   Cf. 

igitur. 
iter,  itineris,  n.,  [eo],  journey,  road, 

march.    (Itinerant.) 
iterum,  adv.,  again,  a  second  time. 

(Iterative.) 
itineris,  see  iter, 
iubeo,  -ere,  iussi,  iussus,  order, 

bid,  command.     Cf.  irnpero. 
iudex,  -icis,  ni.  and  f.,  [ius  +  dico], 

JUDGE. 

lulia,  -ae,  f.,  Julia. 

lulius,  -i,  m.,  Julius. 

iuncus,  -i,  m.,  rush. 

iungo,  -ere,  iunxi,  iunctus,  join, 
yoke,  span. 

liinius,  -i,  m.,  Junius,  see  Brutus. 

liino,  -onis,  f.,  Juno,  queen  of 
heaven,  sister  and  wife  of  Jupi- 
ter. 

luppiter,  lovis,  m.,  Jupiter  or 
Jove,  chief  god  among  the  Ro- 
mans. 

ius,  iuris,  n.,  right,  law,  justice. 
Cf.  lex. 

iussi,  see  iubeo. 

iiissum,  -i,  n.,  [iubeo],  command. 

iiistus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [iusj,  just. 

iuvenis,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  youth,  young 
man  or  ivoman.  (Juvenile.)  Cf. 
adulescens. 

iuvo,  -are,  iuvi,  iiitus,  help,  assist. 
(Ad-Jutant) 

iiixta,  adv.,  and  prep,  with  ace,  near 
to,  close  to. 

ivi,  see  eo. 


L.,  abbreviation  for  Lucius. 
labor,  -oris,  m.,  labor,  toil.    Cf. 

opus. 
laboro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [labor], 

LABOR,  be  in  trouble,  be  in  diffl- 

cnlty. 
labjrrinthus,  -i,  m.,  labyrinth. 


lac,  lactis,  n.,  milk.    (Lacteal.) 

lacrima,  -ae,  f.,  tear.   (Lachrymose.) 

lacus,  -us,  m.,  lake,  pond.  Cf. 
stagnum. 

laedo,  -ere,  laesi,  laesus,  hurt, 
offend. 

laetitia,  -ae,  f.,  [laetus],  joy,  glad- 
ness.    Cf.  gaudiuni. 

laetus,  -a,  -um,  txd].,  joyful,  glad. 

laevus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  left.  Cf. 
sinister. 

lanista,  -ae,  m.,  trainer  (of  ghidi- 
ators). 

lapis,  -idis,  ni.,  stone.  (Lapidary.) 
Cf.  saxum. 

laquearia,  -ium,  plur.  n.,  panelled 
ceiling,  fretted  roof 

Lares,  -um,  plur.  m.,  deified  spirits 
of  ancestors  protecting  the  home, 
household  gods. 

Lars,  Lartis,  m.,  see  Porsena. 

Lartius,  -i,  m.,  Spurius  Lartius, 
one  of  the  companions  of  Hora- 
tius  Codes. 

late,  adv.,  [latus],  u-idely. 

lateo,  -ere,  -ui, ,  lurk,  tie  con- 
cealed.   (Latent.) 

Latine,  adv.,  [Latinus],  in  Latin. 

Latinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [Latium], 
of  Latium,  Latin. 

Latium,  -i,  n.,  country  of  Italy  be- 
tween the  Tiber  and  Campania. 

latro,  -onis,  m.,  robber. 

latus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  broad,  wide. 
(Latitude.) 

latus,  -eris,  n.,  side.     (Lateral.) 

laudat,  (he) praises. 

laudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [laus], 
praise,  laud. 

laus,  laudis,  f .,  praise,  glory. 

lavo,  -are,  lavi,  lautus  or  lotus, 
wash,  bathe,  lave.     Cf.  eluo. 

lectus,  -i,  m.,  couch,  bed. 

legatus,  -i,  m.,  [lego,  appoint},  am- 
bassador, legate,  messenger. 

legio,  -onis,  f.,  [legoj,  (a  gather- 
ing), legion,  containing  about 
5,000  soldiers. 


LEGO 


264 


MAGNIFICUS 


lego,  -ere,  legi,  lectus,  gather, 
co^LECT,  se-LECT;  read. 

Lemnos,  -i,  f.,  island  in  the  Aegean 
Sea. 

leo,  -onis,  m.,  liox, 

Lesbitis,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Lksbos, 
an  island  in  the  Aegean  Sea, 
Lesijian. 

levis,  -e,  adj.,  light,  slight.   {Levity.) 

lex,  legis,  f.,  law.  {Legal.)  Cf. 
ius. 

libenter,  adv.,  tcillingly. 

liber,  -bri,  m.,  hook. 

liber,  -era,  -erum,  adj.,/ree.  {Lib- 
eral. ) 

Liber,  -eri,  m.,  Italian  god  of  plant- 
ing, identified  with  Bacchus. 

liberat,  (he)  freea,  releases. 

liberi,  -orum,  plur.  m.,  [liber], 
children. 

libero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [liberj, 
free,  release,  libekatk. 

libertus,  -i,  m.,freedman.  {Liberty.) 

Libya,  -ae,  f..  North  Africa  west  of 
Egypt. 

Libycus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Libya, 
Libyan. 

ligneus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [lignum], 
of  wood,  loooden. 

lignum,  -i,  n.,  stici:  of  tvood,  fire- 
wood, wood. 

liraen,  -inis,  n.,  threshold. 

linea,  -ae,  f.,  [linumj,  string, 
line;  alba  linea,  ivhite  line 
(drawn  across  the  arena,  mark- 
ing the  end  of  the  race  course). 

linum,  -i,  n.,  (flax),  thread,  line. 

litus,  -oris,  n.,  .s/to?-c.     Cf.  ora. 

loe5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [locus], 
place.     {Locate.) 

locus,  -i,  m.,  (plur.,  loci,  single 
places ;  loca,  places  connected,  a 
region),  place,  position,  situation. 
{Local. ) 

longe,  adv.,  [longus],  afar,  far  off. 

longitiido,  -inis,  f.,  [longus], 
length.     {Longitude.) 

longus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  long. 


lucerna,  -ae,  f.,  [luceo,  shine']^ 
lamp. 

Lucius,  see  L.  Ifinius  Briitus. 

luctamen,  -inis,  n.,  [liictor, 
wrestle],  wrestling  match. 

luctatio,  -onis,  f.,  [luctor, 
wrestle],  wrestling. 

luctus,  -us,  ni.,  grief,  mourning. 

liicus,  -i,  ni.,  sacred  grove. 

ludicer,  -era,  -crum,  adj.,  [In- 
dus], sportive. 

ludo,  -ere,  lusi,  lusus,  play, 
{i're-lude.) 

liidus,  -i,  m.,  [liido],  play,  game; 
school. 

liimen,  -inis,  n.,  [luceo,  shine], 
light,  source  of  light.  Cf.  lu.x;. 
{Luminous, ) 

liina,  -ae,  f.,  [Iiice5,  shine],  moon. 
{Lunar.) 

lustro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [luceo, 
shine],  (light  up),  survey,  trav- 
erse.   {l\-lustrate.) 

luteus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  orange-col- 
ored, yelloio. 

liix,  lucis,  f.,  [luceo,  shine],  light, 
brightness  ;  prima  luce,  at  day- 
break. 

lyra,  -ae,  f.,  lyre. 


M.,  abbreviation  for  M.arcus. 

maestus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  sad,  sor- 
rowful. 

magis,  adv.,  [comp.  of  multoj, 
more,  rather. 

magister,  -tri,  m.,  [magnus],  mas- 
ter, teacher. 

magistratus,  -iis,  m.,  [magister], 

MAGISTIIATE. 

magn-animus,  -a,  -um,  adj., 
[magnus],  greatsouled,  mag- 
nanimous. 

magni-fice,    adv.,    [magnificus], 

MAGNir'IOENTLY. 

magni-ficus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [mag- 
nus +  faciO],  MAGNIFICENT. 


MAGNITUDO 


265 


MILES 


magnitudd,  -inis,  f.,  [magnus], 
greatness,  size,  magnitude. 

magn-opere,  adv.,  [magnus  + 
opus],  greatly 

magnus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  great,  large. 
Cf.  ingens,  vastus. 

maior,  -ius,  adj.,  [coinp.  of  mag- 
nus], greater,  older,  elder. 
(Major.) 

male,  adv.,  [malus],  badly,  ill. 

male-dico,  -ere,  -dixi,  -dictus, 
speak  ill  of,  slander. 

malo,  malle,  malui,  [magis  + 
volo] ,  (choose  rather),  prefer. 

malum,  -i,  n.,  apple.     Cf.  pomum. 

malus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  bad,  ivicked. 

Mamilius,  i-,  m.,  Octavius  Ma- 
milius,  son-in-law  of  Tarciuinius 
Superbus. 

mane,  adv.,  early  in  the  morn- 
ing. 

maneo,  -ere,  mansi,  mansus, 
stay,  re-siws. 

man  us,  -us,  f.,  hand,  band  of  men  ; 
manu,  artificially. 

mappa,  -ae,  f.,  napkin. 

Marcus,  -i,  m.,  Marcus. 

mare,  -is,  n.,  sea. 

maritus,  -i,  m.,  married  man;  no- 
vus  maritus,  bridegroom  ;  novi 
mariti,  bridal  couple. 

marmor,  -oris,  n.,  marble. 

marmoreus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  made  of 

MARRT.K,  MARRLE. 

Mars,  Martis,  m.,  god  of  war. 

Martins,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [Mars], 
o/'Mars;  see  campus. 

mater,  -tris,  f.,  mother.  {Ma- 
ternal.) 

matrimonium,  -i,  n.,  [mater], 
marriage,  matrimony. 

maturus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  ripe,  ma- 
ture. 

maxime,  adv.,  [maximus],  very 
greatly,  especially,  most. 

maximus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [sup.  of 
magnus],  greatest,  very  great, 
largest. 


Medea,  -ae,  f.,  daughter  of  Aecta, 
king  of  Colchis,  and  wife  of 
Jason. 

medicam'entum,  -i,  n.,  [medico], 

drug,  MEDICINE. 

medicatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [medi- 
co], magic. 

medico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [medi- 
cus],  drug. 

medicus,  -i,  m.,  [medeor,  heal\, 
doctor,  physician. 

medius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  middle  of. 
{Medium.) 

Medusa,  -ae,  f.,  chief  of  the  Gor- 
gons,  whose  look  turned  objects 
into  stone. 

Megara,  -ae,  f.,  a  town  in  Megaris, 
a  country  of  Greece. 

mel,  mellis,  n.,  honey.  {Melli- 
fliious.) 

Meleager,  -gri,  m.,  a  Calydonian 
hero,  one  of  the  Argonauts. 

melius,  comp.  of  bene. 

membrum,  -i,  n.,  limb,  jiembkr. 

memoria,  -ae,  f.,  [memor,  mind- 
ful], MEMORY,  remembrance. 

mendacium,  -i,  n.,  falsehood,  lie. 
{Mendacious.) 

mens,  mentis,  f.,  mind.  {Mental.) 
Cf.  animus. 

mensa,  -ae,  f.,  table. 

mensis,  -is,  m.,  month. 

Mercurius,  -i,  m.,  Mercury,  mes- 
senger of  the  gods. 

mereor,  -eri,  -itus,  deserve,  sik-rit. 

mergo,  -ere,  mersi,  mersus,  dip, 
sink,  im-MFAiSK. 

merits,  adv.,  deservedly,  justly. 

messis,  -is,  f.,  [meto],  harvest. 

meta,  -ae,  f ,  goal. 

meto,  -ere,  messui,  messus,  reap. 

Mettius,  -i,  m.,  see  Curtius. 

metus,  -us,  m.,fear,  dread,  anxiety. 
Cf.  timor. 

meus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  my,  mine. 

mi,  voc.  m.,  of  meus. 

Midas,  -ae,  m.,  king  of  Phrygia. 

miles,  -itis,  m.,  [mille],  soldier. 


MILITIA 


266 


MYSIA 


militia,  -ae,  f.,  [miles],  militaky 
service,  ivarfare. 

mille,  iiulecl.  num.  adj.,  thousand; 
plur.  milia,  -ium,  n,,  thotisands. 

minae,  -ariim,  plur.  f.,  threats. 

Minerva,  -ae,  f.,  goddess  of  wis- 
dom. 

minime,  adv.,  [minimiis],  by  no 
means,  not  at  all,  no,  no  indeed. 

minimus,  -a,  -um,  [sup.  of  par- 
vus] ,  very  little,  smallest. 

minister,  -tri,  m.,  attendant.  {Min- 
ister.) 

minor,  -ari,  -atus,  [minae], 
ihreateii,  MENA<:ii. 

minor,  -us,  adj.,  [coinp.  of  par- 
vus] ,  smaller,  less. 

Minos,  -ois,  m.,  king  of  Crete. 

Mino-taurus,  -i,  m.,  Minotaur,  a 
monster  with  a  bull's  head  on 
a  man's  body. 

minus,  see  parum. 

mirabilis,  -e,  adj.,  [rairor],  ivon- 
derful,  f/rf-.MiUABLK. 

miraculum,  -i,  n.,  [miror],  won- 
der, MIKACLl'-. 

miror,  -ari,  -atus,  wonder  at,  ad- 

MIRK. 

mirus,   -a,   -um,    adj.,    wonderful, 

stranrje. 
misceo,    -ere,    miscui,    mixtus, 

MIX,  mingle. 
miser,  -era,  -erum,  nA].,  wretched, 

MISERABLE.     Cf.  pauper. 
miseri-cordia,  -ae,  f.,  [cor,  heart], 

pity,  compassion,  mercy. 
mitto,   -ere,  misi,  missus,   send, 

throtv.    (Missile.) 
mobilis,  -e,  adj.,  [moveo],  change- 
able.    (Mobile. ) 
modo,  adv.,  [modus],  only,  just. 
modus,  -i,  m.,  manner,  mode,  way. 
moenia,  -ium,  plur.  n.,  [miinio], 

7calls,  ramparts,  fortifications. 
molior,    -iri,    -itus,    (exert    one's 

self),  contrive. 
moUio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [mollis, 

soft],  soften.    (Molli-iy.) 


moneo,  -ere,  -ui,    -itus,    advise, 

warn,  ar/-MONiSH. 
mons,  montis,  m.,  mountain,  hill. 

Cf.  collis. 
monstrat,  (he)  shows,  points  out. 
monstro,      -are,      -avi,      -atus, 

[moneo],      show,     point      out. 

(Dv-monstrate.) 
monstrum,  -i,  n.,  [moneo],  mon- 
ster. 
monumentum,  -i,  n., remembrance, 

relic,  memorial.    (Monument.) 
mora,  -ae,  f.,  delay. 
morior,  -i,  mcrtuus,  die.    Cf  ex- 

splro. 
moror,  -ari,  -atus,  [mora],  delay. 
mors,  mortis,  f.,  death. 
mortalis,   -is,  m.  and  f.,  [mors], 

MORTAL,  human  being. 
moved,  -ere,  movi,  motus,  move. 
mox,  adv.,  soon,  presently. 
Mucins,  -i,  m.,  see  Scaevola. 
mugitus,  -us,  m.,  [miigio,  bellow], 

bellowing. 
mulceo,   -ere,    -si,   -sus,   soothe. 

(Kniulsion.) 
mulier,  -eris,  f.,  tcoman. 
multitiido,    -inis,     f.,    [multus], 

MULTITUDE. 

multo,  adv.,  [multus],  (by)  much. 

multum,  adv.,  [mviltus],  much. 

multus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  towc^;  plur., 
many.    (Multi-p\y.) 

miinio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [moenia], 
fortify. 

munitio,  -onis,  f.,  [miinio],  forti- 
fication.    (Munition.) 

miinus,  -eris,  n,,  gift,  office;  spec- 
tacle, exhibition,  (lie-munerate.) 
Cf.  donum. 

mxirus,  -i,  m.,  wall.  (Mural.)  Cf. 
paries. 

miito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  change, 
exchange.    (Mutual.) 

Myrmillo,  -onis,  m.,  gladiator  with 
Gallic  arms, 

Mysia,  -ae,  f .,  district  of  Asia  Minor 
on  the  Hellespont. 


NACTUS 


267 


NOLO 


N 

nactus,  see  nanciscor. 

nam,  conj.,  for.     Cf.  enim. 

nanciscor,  -i,  nactus  or  nanctus, 
obtain. 

naris,  -is,  f.,  nostril. 

narrat,  (he)  tells,  narrates. 

narr5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  tell,  nar- 
rate. 

natabant,  (they)  used  to  swim. 

natant,  (they)  swim, 

nato,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [no],  swim, 
float.    {Natatorium.) 

natiira,  -ae,  f.,  [nascor,  be  born], 

NATURE. 

natiiralis,  -e,  adj.,  [natiira],  nat- 
ural. 

natus,  -iis,  m.,  [nascor,  be  horn], 
birth.    (Natal.) 

nauta,  -ae,  m,,  [for  navita,  from 
navis],  sailor. 

nauticus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [nauta], 
of  ships,  naval,  nautical. 

navigabant,  (they)  tised  to  sail. 

navigat,  (he)  sails. 

navigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [navis 
+  ago],  sail,  navigate. 

navis,  -is,  f.,  [no],  ship;  navis 
longa,  ship  of  war,  galley. 
{Naval.) 

Naxos,  -i,  f.,  ishind  in  the  Aegean 
Sea. 

ne,  conj.,  that  .  .  .  not,  lest,  not ;  as 
adv.,  ne  .  .  .  quidem,  not  even. 

-ne,  inter,  enclitic  particle,  used  in 
asking  questions  simply  for  in- 
formation.    Cf.  nonne,  num. 

nee,  see  neque. 

necat,  (he)  slays. 

necessarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [ne- 
cesse] ,  Mrt«vowZa6Ze, necessary. 

necesse,  neuter  indecl.  adj.,  neces- 
sary. 

necessitas,  -atis,  f.,  [necesse], 
necessity. 

nec5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  />;t7Z  (usually 
without  a  weapon),  slay.  Cf. 
caedo,  interficio. 


nectar,  -aris,  n.,  nectar,  drink  of 

the  gods. 
necto,   -ere,   nexui,   nexus,    tie, 

bind.    (Con-necf.) 
nego,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ne  +  aid, 

say],  say  no,  deny,  refuse.    {Neg- 
ative.) 
neg-6tium,  -i,  n.,  [nee  +  otium, 

ease] ,  business,  matter,  task.   (Ne- 
gotiate.) 
ne-mo,  -inis,  m.  and  f.,  [homo], 

no  one,  nobody.     Cf.  nullus. 
Neptunus,  -i,  m.,  Nei'tune,  god 

of  the  sea,  brother  of  Jupiter, 
neque  or  nee,  conj.  and  adv.,  aJid 

not,   not;    neque  .  .  .  neque, 

neither  .  .  .  nor. 
ne-quiquam,  adv.,  in  vain,  to  no 

purpose.     Cf  frustra. 
ne-scio,  -ire,  -ivi, ,  not  know, 

be  ignorant ;  nescio  quis,  some- 
body, some.     Cf.  Tgnoro. 
neuter,  -tra,  -trum,  (gen.,  neu- 

trius,  dat.,neutri),  adj.,  neither. 

(Neuter.) 
nidus,  -i,  m.,  nest. 
nihil,  w.,mdie<i\.,  nothing.    (Nihilist.) 
nihilo-minus,  adv.,  ?wne  the  less, 

nevertheless,  notwithstanding. 
nimbus,  -i,  m.,  (black)  rain-cloud. 

Cf.  imbcr,  nubes. 
ni-si,  conj.,  [ne  +  si],  if  not,  unless, 

except. 
nitidus,    -a,    -um,    adj.,    [niteo, 

shine],  shining. 
nitor,  -i,  nixus  and  nisus,  strive, 

struggle. 
nix,  nivis,  f.,  snow. 

no,  nare,  navi, ,  swim,  float. 

nobilis,  -e,  adj.,   [nosco,    know], 

icell-born,  of  high  birth,  noble. 
noceo,   -ere,    -cui,    -citiirus,   do 

harm  to, harm,  hurt.    (In-nocent.) 
noctu,  adv.,  [nox],  by  night. 
nocturnus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [nox],o/ 

or  for  the  night,  nocturnal. 
nolo,    nolle,   nolui,   ,    [ne  + 

volo],  be  unwilling,  not  wish. 


NOMEN 


268 


OFFA 


nomen,  -inis,  n.,  [nosco,  kiioiv], 
(means  of  knowing),  name. 
(Nominate.) 

non,  adv.,  [ne  +  unum],  not.  Cf. 
baud. 

non-dum,  adv.,  not  yet. 

non-ne,  inter,  adv.,  (expects  the 
answer  Ye.'>),  not  f    Cf.  -ne,  num. 

noster,  -tra,  -trum,  pronom.  adj., 
[nos],  our,  otirs. 

Notus,  -i,  ni.,  the  south  wind. 

novem,  indecl.  num.  adj.,  nine. 

noverca,  -ae,  f.,  step-mother. 

novus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  neto,  strange. 
(Novel.) 

nox,  noctis,  f.,  night. 

nubens,  -entis,  f.,  [nubo],  b7-ide. 

nubes,  -is,  f.,  cloud.     Cf.  nimbus. 

nubo,  -ere,  nupsi,  niiptus,  (veil 

one's  self),  marry.     Cf.  duco. 

♦  n-ullus,  -a,  -um,  (jren.,  nuUius, 

dat.,  nulli),  adj.,  [ne  +  ullus], 

not  any,  none,  no.  (Null.)  Cf.  nemo. 

num,  inter,  adv.,  (expects  the  an- 
swer iV^o) ;  in  indirect  question, 
whether.     Cf.  -ne,  nonne. 

numerus,  -i,  m.,  nmtmrkk. 

n-umquam,  adv.,  [ne],  never. 

nunc,  adv.,  noir,  at  present,   (f.  lam. 

nuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [nun- 
tius],  an  yovscK,  report. 

nuntius,  -i,  m.,  messenger.  (K-nun- 
ciate.) 

nuper,  adv.,  [novus  +  -per],  re- 
cently, lately. 

nupta,  -ae,  f.,  [niibo],  bride. 

nuptiae,  -arum,  plur.  f.,  [nubo], 
wedding,  nuptials. 

n-usquam,  adv.,[ne],  noichere,  in 
no  place. 

nux,  nucis,  f.,  nut. 

nympha,  -ae,  f.,  nymph. 


6,  interj.,  0!  oh! 

ob,  prep,  with  ace,  on  account  of, 

for;  in  composition,  (1)  towards; 

(2)  doion. 


ob-icio,  -ere,  -ieci,  -iectus,  [ia- 
cio],  throw  before,  throiv  to,  offer. 
(Object.) 

ob-ru6,  -ere,  -rui,  -rutus,  over- 
whelm. 

ob-ses,  -sidis,  m.  and  f.,  [sedeo], 
hostage. 

ob-sideo,  -ere,  -sedi,  -sessus, 
[sedeo],  (sit  down  before),  be- 
siege.    Cf  oppugno. 

ob-sidio,  -onis,  f.,  [sedeo],  siege. 

ob-sto,  -are,  -stiti,  ,  be  in  the 

way,  hinder. 

ob-stupesco,  -ere,  -stupui,  , 

[stupeo],  be  HTVVK-fied. 

ob-tineo,  -ere,  -tinui,  -tentus, 
[teneo],  hold,  jwssess,  gain,  ob- 
tain. 

ob-trunco,  -are, ,  -atus,[trun- 

c5,  maim],  kill,  slay,  slaughter. 

ob-viam,  adv.,  in  the  way  (to),  to- 
wards, to  meet ;  obviam  venio, 
meet. 

oc-casio,  -onis,  f.,  [ob  +  cado], 
opportunity,  occA.siON. 

oc-casus,  -lis,  m.,  [ob  +  cado], 
going  doion,  setting,  sunset. 

oc-cido,  -ere,  -cidi,  -casus,  [ob  + 
cado],  fall  doion,  perish;  go 
doion,  set. 

oc-cido,  -ere,  -cidi,  -cisus,  [ob  -f 
caedo],  cut  down,  kill,  slay.  Cf. 
neco. 

oc-cultus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [occulo, 
conceal],  concealed,  hidden,  se- 
cret.   (Occult.) 

oc-cupo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ob  + 
capio],  take  possession  of,  seize, 
hold,  OCCUPY.     Cf.  potior. 

oc-curro,  -ere,  -curri,  -cursus, 
[ob  +  curro],  I'un  towards,  meet, 

OCCUR. 

Octavius,  -i,  m.,  see  Mamilius. 
oculus,  -1,  m.,  eye,  sight.    (Oculist.) 
odium,  -i,  n.,  [odi,  hate],  hatred. 

(Odious.) 
offa,  -ae,   f.,   (little  ball  of  flour), 

cake. 


OLEUM 


269 


PAROUS 


oleum,  -i,  n.,  oil,    (Oleaginous.) 
olim,  adv.,  once,  once  upon  a  time, 

formerly.     Cf.  aliquando,  quon- 
dam. 
Olympus,  -i,  m.,  lugh  mountain  on 

the  borders  of    Macedonia   and 

Thessaly,  the  seat  of  the  gods. 
om.eii,  ominis,  n.,  sign,  o:mkx. 
omnino,  adv.,  [ova.Td'&]i  altogether, 

wholly,  completely. 
omnis,    -e,    adj.,    every,    all,    the 

whole.    (OmA2/-potent.)    Cf.  cuuc- 

tus,  totus. 
onero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [onus], 

load,  burden. 
onus,    oneris,    n.,    load,    burden. 

(Onerous.) 
onustus,    -a,    -um,    adj.,    [onus], 

laden. 
oppidanus,    -i,    m.,    [oppidum], 

toivnsman. 
oppidum,   -i,   n.,   toivn,  city.     Cf. 

urbs. 
op-primo,  -ere,  -pressi,  -pressus, 

[ob  +  premo],  oppress,  crush. 
op-pugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ob], 

attack,  storm.     Cf.  expugno,  ob- 

sideo. 
(ops),     opis,      f.,     means,     ivealth, 

riches. 
optatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [opto,  wish 

for],    wished    for,    longed   for. 

(Optative.) 
optime,  see  bene, 
opus,  operis,  n.,  work,  labor,  build- 
ing, fortification.     Cf.  labor, 
ora,  -ae,  f.,  shore,  coast.     Cf.  lltus. 
oraculum,  -i,  n.,  [oro],  oracle. 
oratio,  -onis,  f.,  [oro],  oration. 
orator,  -oris,  m.,  [oro],  orator. 
Orbilius,  -i,  m.,  teacher  of  the  poet 

Horace, 
orbis,  -is,  m.,  ring,  fold,  coil ;  or- 

bis  mensa,  round  table. 
ordo,  -inis,  m.,  roio,  order,  rank. 
oriens,  -entis,  m.,  [orior],  rising, 

east.     (Orient.) 
orior,  -iri,  ortus,  rise. 


omamentum,  -i,  n.,  [orno],  ad- 

ORNMENT,  ORNAMENT. 

ornatus,    -a,    -um,    adj.,    [orno], 
fitted   out,    equipped,  accoutred, 

a(Z-ORNEl). 

orno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  fit  out,  ad- 

ORN.     Cf.  decoro. 
oro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [6s],  pray, 

beg,    beseech,   ask.      Cf.  quaero, 

rogo. 
Orpheus,  -ei,  m.,  a  Thracian  bard. 
OS,   oris,  n.,   mouth,  feature,  face. 

(Oral.) 
OS,  ossis,  n.,  bone.     (Ossi-fy.) 
6s-culum,     -i,     n.,    [6s],     (little 

mouth),  kiss. 
Ossa,  -ae,  f.,  mountain  of  Thessaly. 
os-tend6,  -ere,  -tendi,   -tentus, 

[ob],    (stretch     before),     shoio. 

(Ostensible.)     Cf.  demonstro. 
6s-tium,    -i,    n.,    door,    door -way, 

mouth,  entrance.     Cf.  ianua. 
ovis,  -is,  f .,  sheep. 


pabulum,  i,  n.,  [pasc6,/e«Z], /of^- 

der. 
Pact61us,  -i,  m.,  river  of  l.,ydia  vv^ith 

golden  sands. 
paene,  adv.,  nearly,  almost. 
palam,  adv.,  openly  ;  prep,  with  abl., 

before. 
Palatium,    -i,    n.,   the   Talatine 

hill. 
Pallas,  -antis,  m.,  brother  of  Ae- 

geus. 
pand6,  -ere,  pandi,  passus,  spread 

out,  open,  ear-PAND. 
papaver,  -eris,  n.,  poppy. 
parabant,     (they)     used    to    pre- 

PARE. 

Parca,   -ae,   f.,    goddess    of    Fate; 

plur.,  the  (three)  Fates. 
parc6,  -ere,  peperci,  parsus,  use 

sparingly,  spare.    (Parsimony.) 
parous,    -a,    -um,    adj.,   [parco], 

thrifty,  frugal. 


PARENS 


270 


PERIANDER 


parens,  -entis,  m.  and  f.,  [pario, 

bring  forth],  parent. 

pared,  -ere,  -ui, ,  obey. 

paries,  -etis,  m.,  wall  (in  a  house). 

Cf.  murus. 
pariter,  adv.,  [par,  equal],  equally , 

side  by  side.     {Parity.) 
Parnasus,    -i,    m.,     mountain     of 

Greece  sacred  to  Apollo  and  the 

Muses. 
paro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  make  ready, 

pre-PAKK. 
pars,  partis,  f.,  part,  share,  direc- 
tion, side,  end,  place. 
pariun,  adv.,  too  little,  not  enough. 
parxim-per,  adv.,  for  a  short  time, 

for  a  moment, 
parvolus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [parvus], 

very  small,  little,  or  young. 
parvus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  small,  little. 

Cf.  exiguus. 
passim,  adv.,  [pando],  (outspread), 

everywhere. 
passus,  -us,  m.,  [pateo,  extejid], 

step,  pace;   mille  passuum,  a 

MILE, 

pastor,    -oris,    m.,   [pasco,  feed], 

shepherd.     {Pastor. ) 
pater,  -tris,  m.,  father. 
patior,  -i,    passus,    suffer,    allow. 

(Patient)     Cf.  tolero. 
patria,  -ae,   f.,  [pater],  fatiier- 

land,  country.     (Patriot.) 
pauci,  -ae,  -a,  iidy,few.    (Paucity.) 
paulo,  adv.,  [pavilus,  little],  a  little. 
pauper,  -eris,  adj.,  poor.    (Pauper.) 

Cf.  miser, 
pavimentum,  -i,  n.,  pavement. 
pax,  pacis,  f.,  peace.    (Paci-fy.) 
pecco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  make  a 

mistake,  commit  a  fault,  sin. 
pecunia,  -ae,  f.,  [pecus,    cattle], 

(wealth  in  cattle),  money.    (Pecu- 
niary. ) 
pedester,  -tris,  -tre,  adj.,  [pes], 

pedestrian. 
peius,  see  male. 
Pelias,  -ae,  m.,  king  of  Thessaly. 


Pelion,  -i,  n.,  mountain  of  Thes- 

saly. 
pello,  -ere,  pepuli,  pulsus,  drive, 

baninh,  ea:-PEL. 
Penates,  -ium,  m.,  guardian  gods 

of  the  family,  household  gods. 
pendens,    -entis,    adj.,    [pendeo, 

hang],  hanging,  pendent. 
pendo,    -ere,   pependi,   pensus, 

weigh,  weigh  out,  pay. 
penetro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  enter, 

PENETRATE. 

penna, -ae,  f.,/m<//er.  (Pen.)  Cf. 
ala. 

pennatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [penna], 
winged. 

per,  prep,  with  ace,  through,  over, 
by  means  of. 

per-ago,  -ere,  -egi,  -actus,  carry 
through,  go  through  with,  fin- 
ish. 

per-agro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ager], 
roam  through. ' 

per-curro,  -ere,  -cucurri  or 
-curri,  -cursus,  run  through, 
pass  through. 

per-ditus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [do],  lost, 
desperate. 

Perdix,  -icis,  m.,  nephew  of  Dae- 
dalus. 

per-domo,  -are,  -ui,  -itus,  [domo, 
tame],  thoroughly  subdue. 

per-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itiirus,  perish. 

per-errant,  (they)  wander  through. 

per-erro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  wanrfer 
through. 

per-facilis,  -e,  adj.,  very  easy. 

per-fectus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [facio], 
finished,  wrought.    (Perfect.) 

per-fero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus, 
(bear  to  the  end),  endure. 

per-fidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [fides], 
faithless,  treacherous,  perfidi- 
ous. 

per-go,  -ere,  perrexi,  perrectus, 
[rego],  go  on,  proceed. 

Periander,  -dri,  m.,  tyrant  of  Cor 
inth. 


PERICULOSUS 


271 


POPULUS 


periculosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [peri- 

culumj ,  dangerous. 
periculum,  -i,  n.,  [-perior,  try'\, 

trial,  risk,  danger. 
Periphetes,  -ae,  m.,  robber  who 

lurked    near   Epidaurus    in  Ar- 

golis, 
peristylum,  -i,  n.,  peristyle,  open 

court  surrounded  by  a  colonnade. 
Perses,  -ae,  m.,  brother  of  Aeeta. 
Perseus,    -ei,   (ace,  Persea),    m., 

slayer  of  Medusa  and  deliverer 

of  Andromeda. 
per-suadeo,  -ere,  -suasi,  -suasus, 

PERSUADE. 

per-terreo,     -ere,    ,    -it us, 

frighten  thoroughly. 
per-turbo,     -are,     -avi,     -atus, 

[turba] ,  confuse,  rfis-TURB. 
per-venio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ventus, 

(come  through),  reach,  arrive. 
pes,  pedis,  m.,  foot,  leg  (of  a  table, 

chair,    etc.);     cursus    pedtim, 

foot-race. 
pessime,  see  male, 
peto,  -ere,  -ivi  and  ii,  -itus,  seeh, 

look  for,  make  for,  aim  at,  at- 
tack.   (Petition.) 
Phasis,  -idos,  (ace,  Phasim),  river 

of  Colchis. 
Phineus,  -ei,   (ace.  Phinea),  m., 

king  of  Salmydessus  in  Thrace. 
Phrixus,  -i,   m.,  son  of    Athamas 

and  brother  of  Helle. 
Phrygia,  -ae,  f.,  country  in  Asia 

Minor, 
pictura,  -ae,  [pingo],  f.,  painting, 

PICTURE. 

pictus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [pingo] ,  cZec- 
orated,  embroidered.    (De-pict.) 

piger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.,  slow, 
lazy. 

pingo,  -ere,  pinxi,  pictus,  paint, 
rfe-piCT. 

pinus,  -lis,  f.,  riSK-tree,  pine. 

pirum,  -i,  n.,  pear. 

piscis,  -is,  m.,fish.     (Piscatorial.) 

pitis,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  dutiful,  pious. 


placeo,  -ere,  -cui,  -citus,  please, 
planities,  -ei,  f.,  plain. 
plausus,  -lis,  m.,  ap-PLAUSE. 
plebs,  plebis,  f.,  common  people, 

populace.    (Plebeian.) 
plenus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [pleo,  fill], 

filled,  full.    (Plenty.) 
plerum-que,    adv.,  for    the    most 

part,  generally.     Cf.  saepe. 
Plinius,    -i,    m.,   Plinius   maior, 
Pliny  the  elder,  a  Koman  writer, 
pliirimum,  see  multum. 
pliirimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [sup.  of 

multus],  most. 
pliis,  pilaris,  adj.,  [comp.  of  mul- 
tus], mo7'e.     (Plural.) 
pliis,  adv.,  [pliis,  adj.],  more. 
Pliiton,  -onis,  m.,  Pluto,  brother 

of  Jupiter  and  king  of  the  Lower 

World, 
pluvia,  -ae,   f.,  rain,  shower.     Cf. 

imber. 
poculum,  -i,  n.,    drinking   vessel, 

cup. 
poena,  -ae,  f.,  [piinio],  penalty, 

punishment. 
pollex,  -icis,  m.,  thumb. 
pol-liceor,  -eri,  -itus,  [pro  +  li- 

ceor,  bid],  (hold  iorih), promise. 

Cf.  promitto. 
Pollux,  -iicis,  m.,  twin-brother  of 

Castor. 
Polydectes,  -ae,  m.,  king  of  Seri- 

phus. 
pom-arium,     -i,     n.,    [pomum], 

fruit-garden,  orchard. 
pompa,  -ae,  f.,  procession,  parade. 

(Pomp.) 
Pompeius,  -i,    m.,    Pompey,  the 

great  Roman  general, 
pomum,  -i,  n.,  fruit;    apple.     Cf. 

malum. 
pon5,  -ere,  posui,  positus,  place. 

(Position.)  Cf.  conloco. 
pons,  pontis,  m.,  bridge. 
pontus,  -i,  m,,  sea;  Pontus  Exixi- 

nus,  the  Black  Sea. 
populus,  -i,  m,,  people. 


PORRIGO 


272 


PREX 


por-rigo,    -ere,     -rexi,     rectus, 

[pr5  +  rego],  stretch  forth,  ex- 
tend. 
Porsena,  -ae,  m.,  Lars  Porsena, 

king  of  Etruria. 
porta,  -ae,  f.,  gate,  entrance,  door. 

{Portal.)     Cf.  ianua,  ostium, 
portat,  (he)  carries. 
portentum,  -i,  n.,  [pro  +  tendo], 

omen,  pohtknt. 
ports,    -are,    -avi,    -atus,    hear, 

carry.     {Porter.)    Cf.  fero,  veho. 
portus,  -lis,  m.,  harbor,  pokt. 
posco,  -ere,  poposci, ,  ask,  beg 

for,  demand.     Cf.  postulo. 
pos-sum,  posse,  potui, ,  [poj 

tis,  otZe  +  sum],  he  able,    can. 

{Possible. ) 
post,  adv.,  after,  behind,  afterwards  ; 

prep,  with  ace,  after. 
post-ea,  adv.,  afterwards. 
posterus,  -a,    -um,    adj.,   [post], 

next,  folloioing.    {Posterity. ) 
postis,  -is,  m.,  rfoo7--i'OST. 
post-quam,  conj.,  after. 
postremus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [sup.  of 

posterus],  last. 
postulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [posco], 

ask,     demand,     claim.       {Postu- 
late.) 
Postumius,  -i,  m.,  Aulus  Postu- 

mius,  dictator  who  commanded 

the  Roman  forces  at  the  battle  of 

Lake  Regillus. 
potens,    -entis,     adj.,    [possum], 

mighty,  poioerful,  potknt. 
potestas,    -atis,   f.,   [potis,    able], 

power,  ability,  opportunity. 
potior,  -iri,  -itus,  [potis,  able], get 

possession  of,  obtain.    Cf.  occupo. 
prae,  prep,   with    abl.,    before;    on 

account  of. 
prae-beo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  [habeo], 

hold  forth,  give,  furnish  ;  show. 
prae-cedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessus, 

PKECEDE,  excel. 
prae-ceps,  -cipitis,  adj.,  [caput], 

headlong ;    pkkcipitous. 


prae-ceptor,  -oris,  m.,  [capio], 
teacher,  instructor,  precep- 
tor. 

prae-cido,  -ere,  -cidi,  -cisus, 
[caedo],  (cut  off  in  front),  cut 
off. 

prae-cipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus, 
[capio],  (take  in  advance),  warn, 
direct.    (Precept) 

prae-cipuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [ca- 
pio], particular,  special. 

prae-clarus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  mag- 
nificent, splendid,  glorious. 

praeda,  -ae,  f.,  booty,  plunder. 

prae-dico,  -ere,  -dixi,  -dictus, 
foretell,  predict. 

prae-fectus,  -i,  m.,  [facio],  com- 
mander, governor.    {Prefect) 

prae-mium,  -i,  n.,  [emo],  reward, 
prize.    {Premium.) 

prae-moneo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus, /ore- 
warn.     {Premonition.) 

prae-sens,  -entis,  adj.,  [sum], 
present;  immediate. 

prae-siditun,  -i,  n.,  [sedeo],  guard, 
garrison,  watch. 

praeter,  prep,  with  ace,  beyond,  be- 
sides, except. 

praeter-ea,  adv.,  (beyond  i\\i?,),  fur- 
ther, besides. 

praeter-vehor,  -i,  -vectus,  (be 
borne  pa.st),  sail  by. 

praetor,  -oris,  m.,  (a  Roman  ma- 
gistrate charged  with  the  admin- 
istration of  iustice),  judge. 

prae-validus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  very 
strong. 

prandium,  -i,  n.,  luncheon,  midday 
meal. 

pratum,  -i,  n.,  meadow. 

preces,  see  prex. 

premo,  -ere,  pressi,  pressus, 
press  down,  turn  down. 

pretiosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [pre- 
tium],  costly,  valuable,  pre- 
cious. 

pretium,  -i,  n.,  price,  value. 

prex,  precis,  f., prayer,  entreaty. 


PRIMO 


273 


PRUDENTIA 


primo,  adv.,  [-primvis],  at  first.  Cf. 
primum. 

primum,  adv.,  [primus],  at  first, 
first;  usually  beginning  an  enu- 
meration, as,  primum  .  .  .  de- 
lude.    Cf.  prlmd. 

primus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [prae,  pro], 
first.     (Prime.) 

prin-ceps,  -ipis,  adj.,  [primus  + 
capioj,  first,  foremost;  noun, 
PRIXCE,  diief. 

prior,  prius,  adj.,  [comp.  from 
prae,  -pvb],  former ,  first,  pkior. 

prius-quam,  conj.,  before;  some- 
times separated  by  words,  thus: 
prius  .  .  .  quam. 

privo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  de-vv.\YV., 
rob. 

pro,  prep,  with  abl.,  for,  on  behalf 
of,  in  return  for,  instead  of;  be- 
fore, in  front  of. 

probo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [pro- 
bus,  honest],  ap-vi\o\\L,  pkove, 
test. 

pro-cedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessus, 
advance,  proceed.     Cf.  incedo. 

pro-cerus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  high,  tall. 
Cf.  altus,  celsus. 

Procrustes,  -ae,  (ace.  -en),  m., 
robber  in  Attica. 

pro-cul,  adv.,  afar,  far  off. 

pro-cumbo,  -ere,  -cubui,  -cubi- 
tus, [-cumbo,  lie],  lean  forward, 
bend  to. 

procus,  -i,  m.,  [prex],  suitor. 

prod-igium,  -i,  n.,  [pro  +  ago], 
miracle,  prodigy. 

pro-do,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus,  (give 
forth),  betray. 

proelium,  -i,  n.,  battle.  Cf.  dlmi- 
catio,  pugna. 

pro-fecto,  adv.,  [factum],  really, 
assuredly,  certainly. 

pro-ficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus, 
[facio],  (make  progress),  accom- 
plish. 

pro-ficiscor,  -i,  -fectus,  [profi- 
cio],  set  out,  start,  go,  depart. 


pro-fundus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  deep, 
FnovovsD,  fathomless. 

pro-gredior,  -i,  -gressus,  [-gra- 
dior,  step],  advance,  proceed. 
(Progress.)     Cf.  incedo. 

pro-hibeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  [ha- 
beo],  keep  from,  forbid,  pro- 
hibit. 

pro-missum,    -i,    n.,    [promitto], 

PROMISE. 

pro-mitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus, 
PROMISE.     Cf.  polliceor. 

pro-nuba,  -ae,  f.,  [niibo],  brides- 
maid. 

pro-nus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  bending  or 
leaning  forward.    (Prone. ) 

prope,  adv.,  and  prep,  with  ace, 
near,  nigh.     Cf.  iuxta. 

propero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  hasten. 
Cf.  festTno. 

Pro-pontis,  -idis,  (ace,  Propon- 
tida),  f.,  the  Propontis  or  Sea 
of  Marmora. 

propter,  prep,  with  ace,  near;  on 
account  of. 

Proserpina,  -ae,  f.,  daughter  of 
Ceres  and  wife  of  Pluto. 

pro-silio,    -ire,  -ui,  ,   [salio, 

leap],  leap  forward. 

pro-sper,  -era,  -erum,  adj.,[spes], 
prosperous. 

pro-spere,  adv.,  [prosper],  pros- 
perously. 

pro-sum,  prod-esse,  pro-fui,  be 
useful  to,  benefit,  profit. 

pro-tinus,  adv.,  [tenua],  foi-thtvith, 
immediately.     Cf.  statim. 

pro-veho,  -ere,  -vexi,  -vectus, 
carryforward;  pass.,  sail  on. 

proximus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [sup.  of 
prope],  nearest,  next,  last. 
(Proximity.) 

prudens,  -entis,  adj.,  [pro+vi- 
dens],  PRUDENT. 

prudenter,  adv.,  [priidens],  pru- 
dently. 

prudentia,  -ae,  f.,  [prudens], 
prudence. 


PUBLICUS 


274 


QUIS 


publicus,  -a,  -lun,  adj.,  [populus], 

rUHLIC. 

puella,  -ae,  f.,  [dim.  of  puer],  girl. 
Cf.  Virgo. 

puer,  -i,  ni.,  child,  boy. 

pugillatio,  -onis,  f.,  boxing  (with 
the  cestus). 

pugna,  -ae,  f . ,  fight,  battle.  {Pugna- 
cious.)    Cf.  dluiicatio,  proelium. 

pugnat,  (hi.')  fights. 

pugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [pugna], 
fight.     Cf.  dhnico. 

pulcher,  -chra,  -chrvun,  adj.,&eo?t- 
tiful,fair,  noble,  glorious. 

pulcherrimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [sup. 
of  pulcher],  very  beautiful,  fair- 
est. 

pulchre,  adv.,  [pulcher],  beanti- 
fully. 

piilso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [pello], 
beat,  paw.     {Pulse.) 

Puniceus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Tunic, 
reddish :  pomum  Puniceum, 
poviegranate. 

punlo,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [poena], 
puNi.su. 

puppis,  -is,  f.,  (hinder  part  of  a 
ship),  stern. 

puto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  think.  Cf. 
arbitror,  senti5. 

Pyrrha,  -ae,  f.,  wife  of  Deucalion. 

Pythia,  -ae,  f.,  tlie  priestess  who 
uttered  the  responses  of  the  Del- 
phic Apollo. 

Q 

qua,  (1)  abl.  fein.  of  qui,  by  which; 

(2)  abl.  fern,  of  quis,  by  which  or 

what  f 
quadra,  -ae,  f.,  [quattuor],  square 

table. 
quadrigae,  -arum,  f .,  [quattuor  + 

iugum,  <e«m] ,  four-horse  chariot. 
quae,  (1)  nom.  fem.  sing,  and  neut. 

plur.  of  qui,  which;    (2)  fem.  of 

quis,  u^hof  irhickf  v-hatf 
quaero,  -ere,  -sivi,  -situs,  seek, 

ask,  i/i-QuiKE.    (Question.) 


qualis,  -e,  adj.,  [qui],  oftchat  sort. 

(Quality.) 
quam,  adv.  and  conj.,  [qui],   how, 

as ;  with  comp.,  than  ;  with  sup., 

as  iwssible;  quam  diu,  as  long 

as. 
quam  ob  rem,  (1)  inter.,  07i  what  ac- 
count ?  why?  (2)rel.,  on  account 

of  which,  why. 
quando,  (1) inter,  adv.,  at  ichat  timet 

trhen?  (2)indef.  adv.,  at  any  time, 

ever. 
quantus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [quam], 

Jioia  great,  as.    (Quantity.) 
quattuor,  indecl.  num.  i\d'].,four. 
-que,  enclitic  conj.,  and  (joins  two 

words  into  one  conception).     Cf. 

atque,  et. 
quem,  ace.  masc.  of  quis,  whomf 

tchat  f 
queror,     -i,     questus,     complain. 

(Querulous.) 
qui,  inter,  pron.,  jchof  see  quis. 
qui,  quae,  quod,   rel.  pron.,  who, 

which,  what,  that. 
quia,  conj.,  because.     Cf.  quod, 
quibus,    abl.    pi.    of   qms,    from 

ichom  ? 
qui-cumque,     quae-cumque, 

quod-cumque,  indef.  rel.  pron., 

whoever,  whatever. 
quid,     inter,     pron.,     what  f      see 

quis. 
qmdam,  quaedam,  quoddam  and 

quiddam,  indef.  pron.,  certain, 

certain  one. 
quidem,  ad.v. ,  indeed ;  ne  .  .  .  qui- 

dem,  not  even. 
quiesco,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus,  [quies, 

QUiiiT],  rest,  repose,  be  quiet, 
quin,  conj.,  [qui  +  ne],  b%it,  indeed, 

nay,  in  fact ;  but  that,  that. 
quinque,  indecl.  num.  ad].,  five. 
qviis   (qui),    quae,    quid  (quod), 

(1)  inter,    pron.,    tohof   which  t 

what?  (2)  indef.  pron.,  some;  fol- 
lowing   si,   nisi,   ne,  or  num, 

any,  as  si  quid,  if  anything. 


QUISQUAM 


275 


BEICIO 


quis-quam, ,  quic-quam,  (no 

fem,  or  plur.),  indef.  pron.,  any 

one,  any  thing. 
quis-que,     quae-que,    qviid-que 

and    quod-que,    indef.    pron., 

each,   every. 
quis-quis,  ,  quic-quid,  indef. 

pron.,  whoever,  whatever. 
quo,  inter,  adv.,  whither f  where? 
quo,  abl.  nuisc.  of  quis,  a  quo,  by 

tchom  ? 
quo-ad,  adv.,  as  long  as, while;  until. 
quod,  nom.  and  ace.  neut.  of  qui, 

lohich. 
quod,  inter,  pronom.  adj.,  what? 
quod,    conj.,   [qm],    because.      Cf. 

quia. 
quo   modo,    inter,    adv.,    in   what 

manner  f  in  what  ivay  ?  hoio  ? 
quondam,  adv.,  once  upon  a  time, 

once,  formerly.      Cf.  aliquando, 

olini. 
quoque,  conj.,  also,  too.     Cf.  etiam. 
quorum,  gen.  inasc.  plur.  of  quis, 

ofiohomf  whose? 
quot,    indecl.    adj.,  (1)  inter.,    hoiv 

many  ?    (2)    rel.,    as    many    as, 

as. 
quot-annis,  adv.,  every  year,  annu- 
ally. 
quot-ies,  adv.,  Tiow  often  ?  how  many 

times  ? 


ramus,  -i,  m.,  branch.    (Rami-fy.) 

rana,  -ae,  f.,frog. 

rapidus,    -a,    -um,    adj.,  [rapio], 

swift,  RAPID.     Cf.  celcr. 
rapid,  -ere,  -ui,  -tus,  seize,  snatch, 

carry  off.    (Rapine.)     Cf  capio. 
ratis,  -is,  f .,  raft,  vessel,  boat. 
re-,    inseparable    particle    meaning 

again,  back. 
re-cedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessus,  go 

back,  RECEDE. 

re-cipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus, 
[capio],  recover,  receive;  se 
recipio,  ivithdraw,  retreat. 


rectio,  -onis,  f.,  [rego],  guiding, 

di-RECTioN,  government. 
rector,    -oris,    m.,   [rego],  guide, 

ruler.    {Rector.) 
rectus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [rego],  di- 

RECT,  straight. 
re-cuso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [causa], 

object,  decline,  refuse. 
red-do,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus,  [re-], 

give  back,  restore,  return,  ren- 
der, give,  administer.     Cf.  resti- 

tuo. 
red-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus,  [re-],  go 

back,  return.     Cf.  revertor. 
red-igo,  -ere,  -egi,  -actus,  [re-  + 

ago],  redzice. 
red-itus,    -us,    m.,    [redeo],    re- 
turn. 
re-duc6,    -ere,    -duxi,    -ductus, 

draio  back,  lead  back;  reduce. 

r/._redigo. 
re-fero,    -ferre,    rettuli,    -latus, 

biHng    back;    relate;    refer; 

gratiam  refero,  return  thanks. 
re-fugio,  -ere,  -fiigi, ,  shrink 

from,  shun.    (Refugee.) 
refulgeo,    -ere,  -fulsi,  ,  flash 

back,  reflect  light,  glitter,  gleam. 

(Refulgent) 
regia,  -ae,  f.,  [regius],  royal  palace, 

castle. 
Regillus,  -i,  m.,  small  lake  in  La- 

tium. 
regina,  -ae,  f.,  [rex],  queen. 
regio,  -onis,  f.,  direction,  regiox, 

district.  « 

regius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [rex],  of  a 

king,  royal,  recal. 
regnator,  -oris,  m.,  [regno],  ruler. 
regno,    -are,    -avi,    -atus,    [reg- 

num],  reign.     Cf.  rego. 
regnum,    -i,    n.,   [rex],    kingdom, 

throne. 
rego,  -ere,  rexi,  rectus,  di-RKcr, 

rule.     Cf.  regno, 
re-icio,  -ere,  -ieci,  -iectus,  [ia- 

cio],  throw  back,  drive  back,  re- 
ject. 


RELINQUO 


276 


SACRIFICO 


re-linqu6,  -ere,  -liqui,  -lictus, 
[linquo,  leave],  leave  behind, 
abandon,  kklinquish.  Cf.  d5- 
sero. 

re-liquus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [relin- 
quo],  remaining,  the  rest  of.  Cf. 
ceterus. 

remus,  -i,  m.,  oar. 

re-novo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [no- 
vusj,  renew.    {Renovate.) 

re-nun tio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  re- 
port,  an-yovscK.    (Renounce.) 

re-perio,  -ire,  repperi,  repertus, 
[pario,  bring  forth],  find  out, 
find,  discover.     Cf.  invenio. 

re-peto,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itus,  seek 
again,  return  to,  revisit,  retrace. 
{Repetition. ) 

re-potia,  -orum,  plur.  n.,  [poto, 
drink],  return  banquet,  (feast  on 
the  day  after  a  Avoddiiig). 

res,  rei,  f.,  thing,  affair,  circum- 
stance, business,  campaign. 

re-sisto,  -ere,  -stiti, ,  kksist. 

re-spicio,  -ere,  -spexi,  -spectus, 
[-specio,  look],  look  back.  (Re- 
spect.) 

re-spondeo,  -ere,  -di,  -sponsus, 
ansiver,  kkspond. 

re-sp6nsum,  -i,  n.,  [respondeo], 
answer,  iiKsroxsE. 

res  publica,  rei  publicae,  f.,  state, 
commonwealth,  luzvuuiAC. 

re-stingu6,  -ere,  -nxi,  -nctus, 
[stingxid,  put  out],  2)ut  out,  ex- 
tinguish. 

re-stituo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus,  [sta- 
tue], put  back,  restore.  (Resti- 
tution.)    Cf.  reddo. 

rete,  -is,  n.,  net. 

retiarius,  -i,  m.,  [rete],  gladiator 
■who  carried  a  net  to  entangle  his 
adversary. 

re-traho,  -ere,  -traxi,  -tractus, 
draw  back,  drag  back.    (Retract.) 

re-verto,  -ere,  -ti, ,  (used  only 

in  perf.  stem,  see  reverter),  re- 
turn. 


re-vertor,  -i,  -versus,  (used  in- 
stead of  reverts  in  pres.,  imp., 
and  fut.),  return.  (Revert.)  Cf. 
redeo. 

re-vincio,  -ire,  -vinxi,  -vinctus, 
bind  back,  tie  behind,  bind. 

re-voc6,   -are,    -avi,    -atus,    call 

back,  RECALL. 

rex,  regis,  m.,  [rego],  king.  (Re- 
gal.) 

Rhenus,  -i,  m.,  river  Rhine. 

rideo,  -ere,  risi,  risus,  laugh, 
laugh  at,  ridicule. 

rima,  -ae,  f.,  crack,  fissure,  opening. 

ripa,  -ae,  f.,  bank  (of  a  river).  Cf. 
litus. 

ritus,  -lis,  m.,  religious  observance, 
ceremony,  riti:. 

rogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  ask.  Cf. 
oro,  quaero. 

rogus,  -i,  m.,  funeral  pile,  jyy re. 

Roma,  -ae,  f.,  Rome. 

Romanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [Roma], 

RO.M.\N. 

Romulus,  -i,  m.,  first  king  of  Rome. 

rosa,  -ae,  f.,  rose. 

rostrum,  -i,  n.,  beak,  ship's  beak; 
plur.,  the  ROSTRA,  a  platform  for 
speakers  in  the  Forum,  adorned 
with  beaks  of  captured  ships. 

rota,  -ae,  f.,  wheel.    (Rotate.) 

ruber,  -bra,  -brum,  adj.,  red. 

rubor,  -oris,  m.,  [ruber],  redness. 

ruina,  -ae,  f.,  [ruo],  ruin. 

riimor,  -oris,  m.,  report,  rumor. 

ruo,  -ere,  rui,  riitus,  riish.    (Ruin.) 

riipes,  -is,  f.,  rock,  cliff.   Cf  saxum. 

riis,  ruris,  n.,  the  country,  lands, 
fields.     (Rural.) 

rusticus,    -i,    m.,    [riis],    country- 


S 


Sabinus,  -a,  -um,adj.,  Sabine. 
sacer,  -era,  -crum,  adj.,  sacred; 

Via  Sacra,  street  in  the  Forum, 
sacri-fico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [sa- 
crum +  facio],  sacrifice. 


SAEPE 


277 


SERO 


saepe,  adv.,  often,  frequently.     Cf. 

plerumque. 
saepe  numero,  again  and  again, 

repeatedly. 
saevio,  -ire,  -ii,  -itxis,   [saevus], 

be  furious,  rage. 
saevitia,   -ae,  f.,  [saevus],  ftiry, 

fierceness,  harshness,  severity. 
saevus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  fierce,  cruel, 

savage.     Cf.  ferox,  ferus. 
sagitta,  -ae,  f.,  arroio. 
saltern,  adv.,  at  least,  at  any  rate. 
saltus,    -us,    m.,  looodland,   glade, 

toood.     Cf.  silva. 
salus,     -utis,     f.,     health,     safety. 

(Salutary.) 
•'  Salve,"    [imperative   of  salveo, 

be  well],  "  Welcome." 
sanguineus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,   [san- 
guis], bloody.     (Sanguinary.) 
sanguis,     -inis,    m.,    blood.     (San- 
guine. ) 
sapiens,    -entis,    adj.,    [sapio,    be 

wise],  wise. 
sapienter,  adv.,  [sapiens],  loisely. 
satelles,  -itis,  m.  and  f.,  attendant, 

courtier.     (Satellite.) 
satis,  adv.   and  indecl.  adj.,  enough, 

sufficierdly. 
saxeus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [saxum],  of 

rock,  of  stone. 
saxura,    -i,    n.,    rock,    stone.      Cf. 

lapis,  rQpes. 
Scaevola,  -ae,  m.,  [scaevvis,  left], 

C.     Miicius     Scaevola,    who 

showed   Porsena    the    invincible 

spirit  of  the  Romans  by  holding 

his  right  hand  in  the  fire, 
scamnum,  -i,  n.,  stool,  step. 
scelus,  -eris,  n.,  crime,  wickedness. 

Cf.  crimen, 
sceptrum,  -i,  n.,  sceptpwE. 
Schoeneus,  -ei,  m.,  father  of  Ata- 

lanta. 
scientia,  -ae,  f.,  [seioj,  knowledge, 

SCIENCE,  skill. 
scio,   -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  know.    Cf. 

cognosco. 
t 


Sciron,    -onis,    m.,    robber,    who 

lived  near  Megara. 
scopulus,   -i,   m.,  rock,  crag.     Cf. 

rupes,  saxum. 
scriba,     -ae,     m.,     clerk,     official 

SCRIBE,  secretary. 
scribo,  -ere,    -psi,    -ptus,    write. 

(Scribble. ) 
scriptor,  -oris,  m.,  [scribo],  ivrit- 

er,  author.    (Script.) 
scutum,  -i,  n.,  (long  wooden)  shield. 

Cf.  clipeus. 
se,  himself,  herself,  itself,  themselves. 
se-,    inseparable    particle    meaning 

apart. 
se-cliido,   -ere,    -clusi,   -cliisus, 

[claudo],      shut      apart,      se- 
clude. 
secundus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [sequor], 

(following),    SECOND,  favorable, 

favoring. 
seciiris,  -is,  f.,  [seco,  cut],  axe. 
secutus,  see  sequor. 
sed,  conj.,  but.     Cf.  at,  autem. 
sedeo,    -ere,     sedi,    sessus,   sit. 

(Session. ) 
sedes,  -is,  f,,  [sedeo],  seat,  abode. 
sedile,  -is,  n.,  [sedeo],  chair,  seat. 
seges,  -etis,  f.,  corn-field,  crop. 
sella,  -ae,  f.,  [sedeo],  seat,  chair. 
semita,  -ae,  f.,  narroio  way,  foot- 
path. 
semper,  adv. ,  ever,  ahvays. 
senator,    -oris,    m.,    [senex,    old 

man],  senatoPv. 
sentio,  -ire,  sensi,  sensus,  feel, 

perceive.     (Sensation.) 
sepeli5,  -ire,  -ivi,  -pultus,  bury. 

(Sepulchre.) 
septem,  indecl.  num.  adj.,  seven. 
septies,  num.  adv.,  seveji  times. 
sequor,  -i,  secutus,  folloiv,  pier  sue. 

(Sequence.) 
Seriphos,  -i,  (ace,  Seriphon),  f., 

Seriphus,  a  small  island  in  tlie 

Aegean  Sea. 
sermo,  -onis,  m.,  conversation. 
i   sero,  -ere,  sevi,  satus,  sow,  plant. 


SERPENS 


278 


SPECTO 


serpens,  -entis,  m.  or  f.,  [serpo, 
crawl],  SKRPKNT,  snake.  Cf. 
anguis. 

servio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [servus], 

SKUVK. 

servo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  save,  keep, 

pre-SKiiXK,  guard. 
servus,  -i,  m.,  slave,  sick VA NT. 
sestertius,  -i,  m.,  (gen.  plur.,  ses- 

tertium),    skstki:ck,    a    smnll 

silver    coin,    wurtli    about    four 

cents, 
severus,    -a,    -um,     adj.,     stern, 

SKVEKK. 

sex,  iudccl.  num.  adj.,  .six. 
Sextus,  -i,   ni.,   son  of   Tarquinius 

Superbu.s. 
si,  conj.,  if. 
sibila,   -orum,    i)lur.    n.,    hissinffs. 

(Sibilant.) 
sic,  adv.,  so,  thus.     Cf.  ita. 
sica,  -ae,  f.,  (curved)  dagger. 
Sicilia,  -ae,  f.,  Sicily. 
Siciliensis,  -e,  adj.,  [Sicilia],  Si- 

CIMAN. 

signi-fico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [sig- 
num  +  facio],  signifv. 

signum,  -i,  n.,  signal,  sign,  token. 

silva,  -ae,  f.,  loood,  forest.  {Silvan.) 
Cf.  saltu.s. 

similis,   -e,   adj.,    like,    resembling, 

SI.MILAi:. 

simul,  adv.,  [similis],  at  the  same 
time;  simul  ae  or  atque,  as 
soon  as. 

simulacrum,  -i,  n.,  [simulo,  imi- 
tate], likeness,  image,  statue.  Cf. 
statua. 

sin,  conj.,  [si  +  ne],  hut  if. 

si-ne,  prop,  with  abl.,  loithout. 

singuli,  -ae,  -a,  num.  adj.,  one  to 
each,  one  by  one.     (Singular.) 

Sinis,  -is,  m.,  robber  living  near  the 
Isthmus  of  Corinth,  who  was 
slain  by  Theseus. 

sinister,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.,  left,  on 
the  left  hand.  (Sinister.)  Cf. 
laevus. 


sisto,    -ere,   stiti,    status,    [sto], 

stop. 
sitis,  -is,  f.,  no  plur.,  thirst. 
socer,  -eri,  m.,  father-in-law. 
socius,  -i,  m.,  companion,  as-soci- 

ATK.     Cf.  conies. 
sol,  solis,  (no  gen.  plur.),  m.,  stm. 

(Solar.) 
solea,  -ae,   f.,  sandal.    (Sole.)    Cf. 

calceus. 
soleo,  -ere,  -itus,   semi-deponent, 

be  accustomed. 
soU-emnis,  -e,  adj.,  [soUus,  ichole, 

+  annus],  appointed ;  solicmn. 
solli-citus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [soUus, 

whole,  +  cieo,    roiise],  anxious, 

troubled,  solicitous. 
solus,  -a,  -um,  (gen.,  solius,  dat., 

soli),  adj.,  alone,  only,  solk. 
solvo,  -ere,  solvi,  soliitus,  loose, 

loosen :  navem  solvo,  set  sail  ; 

pay.     (Solve.) 
somnium,  -i,  n.,  [somnus],  dream. 
somnus,  -i,  m.,  sleep.    (Somn-ambu- 

lism.) 
sonitus,  -lis,  m.,  [sono],  sound. 
sono,    -are,    -ui,    -itus,    [sonus], 

SOUND,  re-SOUND. 

sonus,  -i,  m.,  sound,  noise.  Cf. 
fragor. 

soporatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [sopor, 
slumber],  btiried  in  sleep.  (Sopo- 
rific. ) 

soror,  -oris,  f.,  sister. 

sors,  sortis,  f.,  Zo«.    (Sort.) 

Sp.,  abbreviation  for  Spurius. 

spargo,  -ere,  sparsi,  sparsus,  scat- 
ter, sprinkle.    (Sparse.) 

spatium,  -i,  n.,  space,  distance, 
interval. 

species,  (-ei),  f.,  appearance,  show. 
(Species.) 

spectaculum,  -i,  n.,  [specto],  s^ow, 
SPECTACLE,  exhibition,  amuse- 
ment,  entertainment. 

spectant,  (they)  look  at,  gaze  at. 

specto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [-specie, 
look],  look  at,  gaze  at. 


SPECUS 


279 


SUMMUS 


specus,  -us,  m.,  cave,  cavern. 

spes,  -ei,  f.,  hope. 

spina,  -ae,  f.,  low  wall  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  Circus,  around  which 
the  races  were  run. 

splendidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [splen- 
deo,  shine],  splendid,  magnifi- 
cent, glittering. 

spolio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  roh,  plun- 
der, (^e-SPOiL. 

sponda,  -ae,  f.,  bed  or  couch  frame. 

spondeo,  -ere,  spopondi,  spon- 
sus,  promise  sacredly.    (Sponsor.) 

stabulum,  -i,  n.,  [sto],  stall,  sta- 
ble. 

stadium,  -i,  n.,  stade,  a  distance 
of  625  Roman  feet,  or  606|  Eng- 
lish feet. 

stagnum,  -i,  n.,  [sto],  (standing 
water),  pond,  lake.  (Stagnant.) 
Cf.  lacus. 

statim,  adv.,  [sto],  immediately,  at 
once.     Cf.  protinus. 

statua,  -ae,  f.,  [sto],  statue 
(mostly  of  men).  Cf.  simula- 
crum. 

statuo,  -ere,  -ui,  -iitus,  [st5],  fix, 
decide,  determine.    (Statute.) 

statiira,  -ae,  f.,  [sto],  height,  size, 

STATURE. 

status,  -lis,  m.,  [sto],  standing,  con- 
dition, STATE. 

Stella,  -ae,  f.,  star.     (Stellar.) 

stipendium,  -i,  n.,  [stips,  gift,  + 
pendo],  pay,  STIPEND. 

sto,  stare,  steti,  status,  stand. 

stragulus,  -a,  -um,  adj., /or  cover- 
ing ;  stragula  vestis,  covering, 
spread,  blanket. 

stridulus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  shrill. 

stringo,  -ere,  strinxi,  strictus, 
(draw  tight),  touch  lightly,  graze. 
(Stringent.) 

struo,  -ere,  striixi,  striictus, 
build,  con-STKUCT;  devise,  con- 
trive, plot. 

stultus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  foolish. 
(Stulti-fy.) 


stupeo,  -ere,  -ui,  ,  be  amazed, 

be  srvPK-fied,  be  terror-stricken. 

sub,  prep,  with  ace.  (to  denote  mo- 
tion toward),  and  abl.  (to  denote 
place  where),  under,  below,  at 
the  foot  of;  in  composition,  (1) 
under,  beneath;  (2)  from  be- 
neath, up ;  (3)  secretly ;  (4) 
slightly. 

sub-do,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus,  put 
under,  plunge  into. 

sub-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus,  go  under, 
enter  ;  undergo. 

sub-eundus,  gerundive  of  subeo. 

subito,  adv.,  [subitus],  suddenly. 

sub-itus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [subeo], 
sudden. 

sub-lev6,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [levo, 
lift],  raise  up. 

sublicius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [sublica, 
pile],  resting  upon  piles;  Pons 
Sublicius,  the  pile-bridge  across 
the  Tiber. 

sub-merg5,  -ere,  -mersi,  -mer- 
sus,  dip  under,  sub:meuge. 

sub-rideo,  -ere,  -risi, ,  (laugh 

slightly),  smile. 

sub-ripio,  -ere,  -ui,  -reptus,  [ra- 
pio],  snatch  away,  filch,  steal. 
(Surreptitious.) 

sub-sequor,  -i,  -seciitus,  follow 
closely. 

sub-sisto,  -ere,  -stiti,   ,   stoj) 

for  a  moment,  pause,  halt. 

subter,  prep,  with  ace.  (to  denote 
motion  toward),  or  abl.  (to  de- 
note place  where),  underneath. 

suc-cedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessus, 
[sub],  come  up,  draio  near,  ap- 
proach.   (Succeed.) 

Suessiones,  -tun,  plur.  m.,  a  people 
of  Gaul. 

sui,  of  himself,  herself,  itself,  them- 
selves. 

sulcus,  -i,  m.,  furrow. 

sum,  esse,  fui,  futiarus,  be. 

suramus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [sup.  of  su- 
perus],  highest,  top  of.   (Summit.) 


SUMO 


280 


TARQUINIUS 


sumo,    -ere,   sumpsi,    sumptus, 

take,    take    up,    as-suME.       Cf. 

ciipio. 
sunt,  (they)  are. 

supellex,  -lectilis,  f.,  furniture. 
super,  prep,  witli  ace.  (to  denote  mo- 
tion toward),  and  abl.  (to  denote 

place  where),  over,  above,  upon. 
superbia,    -ae,     f.,     [superbusj, 

pride,  haughtiness,  arrogance. 
superbus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [super], 

proud,  haughty,  arrogant.     (Su- 
perb.) 
Superbus,  see  Tarqiiinius. 
super-emineo,    -ere,    ,    , 

over-top,  tower  above.    {Eminent.) 
superior,  -ius,  adj.,  [comp.  of  su- 

perus],   higher,  upper  part    of. 

(Superior. ) 
supero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [super], 

overcome,  conqiier.     Cf  vinco. 
super-sum,  -esse,    -fui,    ,  be 

over,  remain. 
superus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [super], 

upper. 
sup-plex,  -icis,  adj.,  [sub  +  plico, 

bend],  suppliant. 
sup-plicium,    -i,    n.,    [supplex], 

punishment,  torture. 
sup-pono,  -ere,  -posui,  -positus, 

[sub],  place  under  or  beneath. 

(Suppose.) 
supra,   adv.,  and  prep,  with   ace, 

above. 
surgo,  -ere,  surrexi,  ,  [sub  + 

rego],  rise.    (Surge.) 
sUs,  suis,  m.  and  f.,sioine,pig,  soiv. 
sus-cipio,    -ere,  -cepi,    -ceptus, 

[sub  +  capio] ,  undertake,  take 

up.    (Susceptible.) 
sus-pendo,    -ere,    -di,    -pensus, 

[sub],  hajig  up,  suspend. 
su-spicor,     -ari,     -atus,    [sub  + 

-specie,    look],    mistrust,    sus- 
pect. 
sus-tineo,  -ere,  -ui,  -tentus,  [sub 

+  teneo],  sustain,  hold  up,  keep 

back,  check. 


sus-tvili,  see  toUo. 

suus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [sui],  (his 
own),  his,  her,  its,  their. 

Symplegades,  -um,  (ace,  -ga- 
das),  f.,  the  Symplegades,  two 
small  rocky  islands  in  the  Black 
Sea,  which  closed  upon  ship.s  and 
crushed  them. 


T.,  abbreviation  for  Titus, 
taberna,  -ae,  f.,  shop. 

tablinum,  -i,  n.,  [tabula],  room 
between  the  atrium  and  peri- 
style, where  the  tabulae  or  fam- 
ily records  were  kept. 

tabula,  -ae,  f.,  tablet,  record; 
plur.,  papers,  documents,  ar- 
chives. 

tacitus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [taceo,  be 
silent  ] ,  silent .     ( Tacit. ) 

Taenarus,  -i,  m.,  the  southernmost 
promontory  of  Greece. 

talaria,  -ium,  plur.  n.,  winged  san- 
dals. 

Talassio!  wedding  salutation,  per- 
haps the  name  of  a  god  of  mar- 
riage. 

talis,  -e,  adj.,  such. 

tam,  adv.,  so.     Cf.  ita,  sic. 

tamen,  conj.  and  adv.,  nevertheless, 
however,  yet,  but. 

tandem,  adv.,  [tam],  at  length,  at 
last.     Cf.  denique. 

tango,  -ere,  tetigi,  tactus,  touchy 
(Tangible.) 

tantum  modo,  adv.,  only,  merely. 

tantus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  so  great. 

tarditas,  -atis,  f.,  [tardus],  slow- 
ness, TARDINESS. 

tardus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  slow,  tardy. 

Tarpeia,  -ae,  f.,  damsel  who  be- 
trayed the  citadel  to  the  Sa- 
bines. 

Tarquinius,  -i,  m.,  Tarquinius 
Superbus,  the  last  king  of 
Rome. 


TAKTARA 


281 


TRANS 


Tartara,  -orum,  plur.  n.,  Tar- 
tarus, the  infernal  regions. 

taurus,  -i,  m.,  bull. 

te,  ace.  of  tu,  you. 

tectum,  -i,  n.,  [tego],  roof;  build- 
ing. 

tego,  -ere,  texi,  tectus,  cover,  pro- 

TECT. 

telum,  -i,   n.,  weapon.     Cf.  hasta, 

iaculum. 
temere,  adv.,  rashly. 
tempestas,    -atis,    f.,    [tempus], 

loeaiher  ;  storm,  tempest. 
templum,  -i,  n.,  te:\iple. 
tempto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [tendo], 

try,  TEMPT,  bribe.    Cf.  Conor,  ex- 

perior. 
tempus,    -oris,    n.,    time,    season, 

weather.    (Temporal.) 
tendo,     -ere,     tetendi,     tentus, 

(stretch),  hold  o7ie's  course,  tend. 
tenebrae,  -arum,  plur.  f.,  shadows, 

shades,  darkness. 
teneo,  -ere,  -ui,  ,  hold,  keep, 

reach,  gain.  {Tenant.)    Cf.  habeo. 
tener,  -era,  -erum,  adj.,  tender. 
tenuis,  -e,  adj.,  thin,  meagre.    {At- 
tenuated. ) 
tenus,  prep,  with  abl.,  as  far  as. 
tergum,  -i,  n.,  back,  skin,  hide. 
terra,  -ae,  f.,  earth,  land.    (Terrace.) 
terre5,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  frighten, 

alarm,  terri-/?/. 
terribilis,  -e,  adj.,  [terreo] ,  c^rmrf- 

ful,    fearful,     terrible.       Cf 

dirus. 
territus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [terreo], 

TKRUi-fed. 
terror,  -oris,  m.,  [terreo],  dread, 

alarm,  terror. 
tertius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [ter,  thrice], 

third. 
tessellatus,  -a,    -um,    adj.,  [tes- 

sella,  small  cube],  (made  of  small 

cubes),  mosaic. 
testis,  -is,  m.  and'f.,  witness.     (Tes- 
tify.) 
testudo,  -inis,  f.,  tortoise. 


Themis,  -idis,  1,  goddess  of  justice 

and  of  prophecy. 
Theseus,  -ei,  (dat.,  Thesei,  ace, 
Thesea),  most  famous  hero  of 
Athens. 
Thessalia,   -ae,   f.,   Thessaly,  a 
country  in  the  north  of  Greece, 
Thracia,  -ae,  1,  Thrace,  a  coun- 
try north-east  of  Greece. 
Thracius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [Thracia], 

of  Thrace,  Thracian. 
Thrax,  -acis,  m.,  gladiator  in  Thra- 
cian armor. 
Tiberis,  -is,  m.,  the  river  Tiber. 
tibi-cen,  -inis,  m.,  [tibia,  flute  + 
cano] ,  flute-player. 

timeo,  -ere,  -ui, ,fear.  (Timid.) 

Cf.  vereor. 
timor,    -oris,    m.,   [timeo],   fear. 

(Timorous.)     Cf.  metus. 
Tiphys,  -yos,  m.,  pilot  of  the  Argo. 
Titus,  -i,  m.,  a  Roman  name, 
togatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [toga],  wear- 
ing the  TOGA,  (a  gown  or  robe 
worn  only  by  Roman  citizens). 
tolero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  bear,  en- 
dure, sustain,    tolerate.      Cf. 
patior. 
toUo,    -ere,  sus-tuli,    sub-la tus, 

lift,  raise,  pick  up.    (Ex-fo/.) 
torus,  -i,  m.,  mattress. 
tot,  indecl.  adj.,  so  many. 
tot-i-dem,  indecl.  num.  adj.,  [tot  + 

-dem] ,  the  same  number  of. 
totus,  -a,  -um,  (gen.,  totius,  dat., 
toti],  adj.,  the  whole,  entire,  all. 
Cf.  cunctus,  omnis. 
tra-do,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus,  [trans], 
give  over,  hand  over,  deliver.  (Tra- 
dition.) 
tra-ddco,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 

[trans] ,  lead  across. 
traho,  -ere,  traxi,  tractus,  draw, 
drag.     (At-tract) 

tra-no,  -are,  -avi,  ,  [trans], 

swim  across. 
trans,  prep,  with  ace,  across,  over, 
beyond. 


TRANSEO 


282 


USQUE 


trans-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus,  go  across, 

cross   over,   cj'oss.      (Transition.) 

Cf.  transinitto. 
trans-fero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus, 

bear    across,    thansfkr.       Cf. 

transporto. 
tran-silio,  -ire,  -ui, ,  [trans  + 

salio,     leaj)],     leap     across     or 

over. 
trans-mitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus, 

send  across ;    go  across,   cross. 

(Transmit)     Cf.  transeo. 
trans-porto,    -are,    -avi,    -atus, 

ca7-r>/  across,   THANSroRT.     Cf. 

traiisfen). 
tre-centi,  -ae,  -a,  num.  adj.,  [tres 

+  centum],  three  liundred. 
tremo,  -ere,  -ui,  ,  shake,  quiv- 
er, TRKMBLK. 
tres,  tria,  num.  adj.,  thrke. 
tribunal,  -alis,  n.,  judgment -seat, 

THIBUNAI.. 

tribiitum,  -i,  n.,  tributk. 

tricliniaris,  -e,  adj.,  [triclinium], 
of  a  dining-room. 

triclinium,  -i,  n.,  dining-room,. 

triumphus,  -i,  m.,  triumphal 
procession,  triumph. 

Troezen,  -enis,  f,  Troezene,  an 
ancient  city  of  Argolis. 

tu,  pers.  pron.,  you. 

tuba,  -ae,  f.,  trumpet. 

tum,  adv.,  then,  at  that  time. 

tumidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [tumeo, 
sioell},  swollen,  swelling.  (Tu- 
mid. ) 

tumultus,  -us,  m.,  [tumeo,  sivell], 
uproar,  noise,   bustle,    disorder, 

TUMULT. 

tunica,     -ae,     f.,     under -garment, 

TUNIC. 

turba,  -ae,  f.,  crowd.     CD'is-turb.) 

Cf.  caterva. 
turpis,   -e,   adj.,   base,  disgraceful, 

ugly. 
turris,  -is,  f.,  tower;  regia  tur- 

ris,  castle. 
tussis,  -is,  f.,  cough. 


tiitus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [tueor,  pro- 
tect], safe.  Cf.  incolumis,  in- 
tactus. 

tuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [tii],  your. 

tyrannus,   -i,   m.,  monarch,  king; 

despot,  TYRANT. 

U 

ubi,  adv.,  (I)  rel.,  ivhere,  when;  (2) 
inter.,  where? 

ubi-que,  adv.,  everywhere.  (Ubiqui- 
tous.) 

iillus,  -a,  -um,  (gen.,  iillius,  dat., 
lillij,  adj.,  [for  iinulus,  dim.  of 
unus],  (with  a  negation  ex- 
pressed or  implied),  any.  Cf. 
quis. 

interior,  -ius,  adj.,  [comp.  of  ul- 
tra], /ari/ier.     (Ulterior.) 

iiltimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [sup.  of  lil- 
tra],  fartliest,  last.    (Ultimate.) 

iiltra,  adv.,  and  prep,  with  ace,  be- 
yond, further. 

ultro,  adv.,  of  one's  own  accord, 
voluntarily. 

umerus,  -i,  m.,  shoulder. 

iina,  adv.,  [linus],  (in  one  with), 
togetlier  ivith. 

unda,  -ae,  f.,  wave. 

unde,  adv.,  (1)  rel.,  whence;  (2) 
inter.,  whence? 

undi-que,  adv.,  [unde],  from  all 
sides,  on  all  sides. 

unguentum,  -i,  n.,  [unguo],  oint- 
ment, UNGUENT. 

unguo,  -ere,  unxi,  iinctus,  smear, 

rt?i-oiNT.     (Unction.) 
unguis,  -is,  m.,  nail,  claw,  talon. 
unus,  -a,  -um,  (gen.,  unius,  dat., 

ij.ni),  num.  adj.,  one,  alone;  ad 

unum,  to  a  man. 
urbanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [urbs],  of 

or  belonging    to    the    city,   city. 

(Urbane.) 
urbs,  urbis,  f .,  tity.    (^nh-urb.)   Cf. 

oppidum. 
usque,  adv.,  up  to,  until,  even. 


usus 


283 


VESTIBULUM 


usus,  -us,  m.,  [utor],  use,  need; 

experience. 
ut  or  uti,  conj,,  (1)    with  indie,  as, 

when ;    (2)  with  subj.,   that,   in 

order  that. 
ut- cum  que,  adv.,  whenever. 
uter,  utra,  utrum,  (gen.,  utrius, 

dat.,  utri),  inter,  pron.,  which  (of 

two)  ?  tohich  ? 
uter-que,  utra-que,  utrum-que, 

indef.  pron.,  each  (of  two). 
utilis,  -e,  adj.,  [iitor],  use-/«/. 
uti-nam,     adv.,     would     that !     O 

that ! 
utor,  -i,  usus,  USE. 
utrim-que,    adv.,    [uterque],    on 

both  sides,  on  both  ends. 
uxor,  -oris,  f.,  wife. 


vacca,  -ae,  f.,  coio.    {Vaccinate.) 
vacuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [vaco,  be 

empty],  empty,  vacant. 
vado,  -ere, , ,  go,  walk,  pro- 
ceed. 
vagor,   -ari,   -atus,  wander,  rove. 

{Vagrant.) 
valde,   adv.,  [validus],   (strongly), 

exceedingly,  very. 
vale,  [imperative  of  valeo,  be  icell], 

farewell,  good-by. 
validus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [valeo,  be 

well],    strong,    stout,   powerful. 

Cf.  fortis. 
varius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  various. 
vasto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [vastus], 

ravage,  (Zc-vastate. 
vastus,    -a,    -um,    adj.,    immense, 

vast.     Cf.  ingens,  magnus. 
vates,   -is,   m.   and    f.,    soothsayer, 

prophet ;  bard,  singer,  poet. 
vectigal,  -alis,  n.,  tax. 
vehementer,  adv.,  violently,  ykue- 

MENTI.Y. 

veho,  -ere,  vexi,  vectus,  carry; 
pass.,  sail  or  ride.  Cf.  ferd, 
porto. 


Veiens,    -entis,    adj.,    [Veii],    of 
Veii,  Veientian. 

Veientanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  [Veii], 
o/Veii,  Veientiax. 

Veii,  -orum,  plur.  in.,  city  of  Etru- 
ria. 

vellus,  -eris,  n.,  fleece. 

velo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [velum], 
veil. 

velum,  -i,  n.,  sail;  curtain;  veil. 

venatio,  -onis,  f.,  [venor],  hunt- 
ing. 

vene-fica,  -ae,  f.,  [venenum  + 
f acio] ,  poisoner,  sorceress. 

venenum,  -i,  n., poison,  venom. 

venia,  -ae,  f.,  indulgence,  favor, 
pardon.    {Venial.) 

venio,  -ire,  veni,  ventus,  come. 

venor,  -ari,  -atus,  Jmnt. 

ventus,  -i,  m.,  wind.     Cf.  aura. 

Venus,  -eris,  f.,  goddess  of  love. 

ver,  veris,  n.,  spring.    {Vernal.) 

verber,  -eris,  n.,  lash,  lohip. 

verberabat,  (he)  used  to  tvhip,  beat. 

verberat,  (he)  whips,  beats. 

verbero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ver- 
ber], whip,  beat.  {Re-uerberate.] 
Cf.  ferio. 

verbum,  -i,  n.,  loord.    {Verbal.) 

vereor,  -eri,  -itus,  re-VEUic; /ear. 
Cf.  timeo, 

Vergilius,  -i,  m.,  Vekgil,  a  Roman 
poet. 

vero,  adv.  and  conj.,  [verus],  in- 
deed, but,  however. 

verto,  -ere,  verti,  versus,  tta-n, 
change,    {lle-uerse.) 

verus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  ti-ue,  real; 
re  vera,  in  truth,  in  fact,  really. 
{Verity.) 

vescor,  -i, ,  feed  upon,  live  on, 

eat. 

vesper,  -eri  and  -eris,  m.,  evening. 

vesperi,  adv.,  [vesper],  in  the  even- 
ing. 

Vesta,  -ae,  f.,  goddess  of  the  hearth. 

vestibulum,  -i,  m.,  entrance  court, 
vestibule. 


VESTIGIUM 


284 


ZETES 


vestigium,    -i,    n.,  footstep,   step, 

trace,  remnant,  vestige. 
vestis,    -is,    f.,   garment,   clothing, 

VESTURE. 

vetus,  -eris,  i\d}., ancient.  {Veteran.) 
via,  -ae,  f.,  way,  road,  street. 
viator,  -oris,  m.,  Ivia],  loayfarer, 

traveller. 
vibro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  vibrate; 

glitter,  gleam. 
vicinus,  -i,   m.,  [vicus],  neighbor. 

( Vicinity. ) 
vici,  see  vineo. 
victor,  -oris,    adj.,   [vineo],    con- 

guering,  victorious. 
victor,    -oris,    m.,    [vineo],    con- 
queror, VICTOR, 
victoria,  -ae,*f .,  [victor],  victory. 
vicus,  -i,  m.,  .street,  village. 
vide-licet,  adv.,  [videre  licet,  it 

is  alloiced  to  see],  (one  may  see), 

clearly,  evidently. 
video,  -ere,  vidi,  visus,  see;  pass., 

seem,  appear.    {Vision.) 
videt,  (he)  sees. 
vigilia,  -ae,    f.,  [vigil,   tvatchful], 

watch,  guard,  sentinels. 
viginti,  indecl.  num.  adj.,  twenty. 
villa,  -ae,  f. ,  farmhouse,  country- 
house,  VILLA, 
vincio,  -ire,  vinxi,  vinctus,  hind. 
vineo,  -ere,  vici,  victus,  conquer. 

Cf  supero. 
vinculum,  -i,   n.,  [vincio],   bond, 

fetter ;  plur.,  prison. 
vinum,  -i,  n.,  wine. 
vir,  viri,  m.,  man,  husband,  man  (pi 

principle),  hero.     Cf.  homo, 
vires,  see  vis . 
virga,  -ae,  f.,  rod. 
Virgo,  -inis,    f.,    maiden,  virgin. 

Cf  puella. 


virilis,  -e,  adj.,  [vir],  manly.    {Vi- 
rile.) 
virtxis,    -utis,    f.,   [vir],    courage, 

bravery,  valor  ;  virtue. 
vis,  (vis),  ace.  vim,  abl.  vi,  f.,  force, 

violence;  plur.,  vires,  virium, 

strength. 
vita,  -ae,  f.,  [vivoj,  life.    {Vital.) 
vitat,  (lie)  avoids. 
vito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  avoid,  shun, 

escape.    Cf.  effugio. 
vitta,  -ae,  f.,  head-band,  fillet  (worn 

by  victims  led  to  .*^acrifice). 
vivo,  -ere,  vixi,   victiirus,    live. 

{Victuals.) 
vix,  adv.,  hardly,  scarcely. 
voco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  call,  name, 

summon,  invite.    {Vocal.)    Cf  ap- 

pello. 
volgo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [volgus, 

people],  jnibiish,  sjyread  abroad, 

circulate,  rejwrt.    {Vulgar.) 
volnero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [vol- 

nViB\,ioound.    (Vulnerable.) 
volnus,  -eris,  n.,  wound. 
volo,  -are,  -avi,  -atiirus,  fly. 
volo,  velle,  volui, ,  ivish,  will. 

{Volition.) 
volpes,  -is,  f.,  fox. 
volucer,  -cris,  -ere,  adj.,  [voloj, 

winged,  fleet,  swift. 
volvo,  -ere,  volvi,  voliitus,  roll, 

re-\ohVE,  ponder. 
voveo,  -ere,  vovi,  votus,  vow. 
vox,  vocis,  f.,  [voco],  voice. 


Zeno,  -onis,  m.,  a  philosopher. 
Zetes,  -ae,   m,,  one  of  the  Argo- 
nauts. 


LATIN.  29 


Oradatim 

An  Easy  Latin  Translation  Book  for  Beginners.  By  H.  R.  Heatley, 
and  H,  N.  Kingdon.  Revised  by  J.  W.  Sc udder,  Latin  Master  in 
the  Albany  Academy.     i6mo,  cloth,  228  pages.     Price,  50  cents. 

GRADATIM  offers  an  excellent  selection  of  easy  reading- 
matter  which  may  be  used  to  arouse  and  stimulate  the 
interest  of  the  pupil  in  his  early  study  of  Latin.  It  may  be  used 
either  for  lessons  to  be  regularly  prepared  by  classes  just  begin- 
ning the  subject,  or  for  sight-reading  by  more  advanced  stu- 
dents. The  abundance  of  material  offered  will  allow  the  teacher 
to  select  such  stories  as  will  best  serve  his  particular  purpose. 
The  special  excellence  of  Gradatim  lies  in  the  intrinsic  interest 
of  the  stories.  In  this  respect  it  is  equalled  by  no  similar  book 
that  has  been  ever  issued. 

Twenty- five  pages  of  Latin  stories,  which  illustrate  the  use  of 
the  Accusative  with  the  Infinitive,  the  Subjunctive  of  Indirect 
Question,  and  the  Ablative  Absolute,  have  been  added  to  the 
original  work.  This  is  the  only  edition  of  the  work  in  which 
these  three  subjects  are  especially  treated. 

In  the  first  third  of  the  book,  all  long  vowels  have  been 
marked ;  elsewhere  they  are  marked  only  in  words  whi^h  are 
likely  to  be  mispronounced,  or  which  occur  for  the  first  time. 

The  Vocabulary  has  been  entirely  rewritten,  and  its  scope 
much  enlarged. 

Ray  Greene  Huling,  Principal  of  the  English  High  School,  Cambridge, 
Mass. :  In  its  original  English  form  it  was  a  delightful  primer,  and  has 
relieved  the  drudgery  of  elementary  work  in  Latin  in  many  schools.  The 
changes  introduced  by  this  editor  are  genuine  additions,  making  the  work 
a  much  better  supplementary  book  for  early  translation  than  before. 

H.  S.  Cowell,  Gushing  Academy,  Ashburnham,  Mass.:  I  regard  it  as  a 
very  valuable  book  for  supplementary  work  for  first-year  Latin  students. 

Professor  John  H.  Grove,  Ohio  Wesleyan  University:  It  is  certainly  an 
admirable  book  to  put  into  the  hands  of  beginners  in  Latin  as  a  com- 
panion to  the  Latin  Grammar.  In  both  matter  and  general  appearance 
the  work  will  commend  itself  to  instructors. 

B.  L.  D'Ooge,  Normal  School,  Ypsilanti,  Mich. :  It  is  in  my  judgment  by  far 
the  best  collection  of  easy  Latin  Selections  available. 


22  LATIN. 


Selections  from  Viri  Rom^ 

With  Notes,  Exercises,  and  a  Vocabulary  by  Professor  John  C.  Rolfe, 
University  of  Michigan.     i6mo,  cloth,  301  pages.     Price,  75  cents. 

URBIS  ROM^  VIRI  ILLUSTRES  is  a  compilation  from 
Cicero,  Livy,  Valerius  Maximus,  and  other  Roman  writers. 
It  is  admirably  adapted  to  help  the  pupil  over  the  difficult  tran- 
sition from  the  introductory  Latin  book  to  Ccesar  or  Nepos. 

The  advantage  in  its  use  lies  in  the  fact  that  it  is  full  of  vjiri- 
ety  and  interest,  and  that  it  gives  the  pupil  a  sketch  of  Roman 
history  from  Romulus  to  Augustus  in  an  attractive  form,  to- 
gether with  many  allusions  to  the  customs  of  Roman  life. 

In  the  present  edition  the  quantities  of  all  the  long  voweis, 
including  "  hidden  quantities,"  are  marked  ;  exercises  for  trans- 
lation of  English  into  Latin,  based  on  the  );ext,  are  given. 

Thirty-nine  pages  of  the  book  have  been  prepared  for  reading 
at  sight.  The  other  selections  are  annotated  with  grammatical 
and  explanatory  notes. 

Isaac  B.  Burgess,  T/ie  Aforgaji  Park  Academy,  Uftivcrsity  of  Chicago: 
After  considerable  class-room  use,  I  take  pleasure  in  commending  the  edi- 
tion of  Viri  Romae  by  Professor  John  C.  Rolfe.  The  notes  and  vocabulary 
show  care  and  accuracy.  The  marking  of  all  long  vowels  is  very  valuable 
in  elementary  work.  The  hints  for  translation  into  Latin  admirably  cover 
a  good  deal  of  ground  in  a  little  space,  and  the  exercises  for  translation 
from  English  into  Latin  save  a  teacher  much  work, 

L.  C.  Hull,  Lawrcnceville  School,  New  Jersey:  Rolfe's  edition  of  Viri  Romae 
is  an  excellent  book ;  attractive,  scholarly,  and  able  to  stand  the  ttst  of 
class-room  use.  I  have  been  compelled  to  let  the  management  of  the  class 
that  is  using  the  book  pass  into  the  hands  of  another  teacher ;  so  Hiat  I 
have  missed  most  of  the  pleasure  that  has  come  from  its  adoption  here. 
But  I  can  vouch  for  its  excellence. 

George  H.  Browne,  Cambridge,  Mass. :  Every  time  I  have  looked  over 
Rolfe's  Viri  Romse  I  have  admired  the  aim  and  method  of  its  editor  more 
and  more,  and  cannot  comjnend  too  highly  the  success  he  seems  to  me  to 
have  attained.     After  using,  I  expect  to  make  the  same  report. 

Professor  J.  H.  Dillard;  Tulane  University,  New  Orleans,  La. :  It  gives  in 
excellent  form,  with  judicious  notes  .and  timely  suggestions,  correct  mate- 
rial for  easy  work  in  reading  Latin.  I  should  like  to  commend  also  the 
careful  marking  of  the  long  vowels. 


MISCELLANEOUS  59 


Ancient  Greece 

From  the  earliest  times  down  to  146  B.C.  By  Roiiert  F.  Pennell, 
Principal  of  State  Normal  School,  Chico,  Cal.  Revised  Edition,  with 
Plans  and  Colored  Maps.     i6mo,  cloth,  193  pages.     Price,  60  cents. 


Ancient  Rome 


From,  the  earliest  times  down  to  476  a.d.  By  Robert  F.  Pennell. 
Revised  Edition,  with  Plans  and  Colored  Maps,  i6mo,  cloth,  284  pages. 
Price,  60  cents. 

IN  these  books  the  leading  facts  are  presented  in  a  concise  and 
readable  form.  Minor  details  and  unimportant  names  are 
omitted.  The  maps  and  plans  have  been  drawn  and  engraved 
especially  for  the  books,  and  contain  all  the  data,  and  only  the 
data,  necessary  for  following  the  story. 

The  Index  serves  also  as  a  key  to  the  pronunciation  of  proper 
names.  Examination  papers  used  at  Harvard,  Yale,  and  by  the 
Regents  of  the  University  of  New  York,  are  added  in  an  appendix. 

Most  teachers  prefer  a  brief  manual  for  a  text-book  in  the 
hands  of  the  pupils.  It  is  easy  to  assign  outside  reading  for 
special  subjects  in  which  it  may  be  desired  to  spend  extra  time ; 
and  the  teacher  can  use  his  own  judgment  in  selecting  the  topics 
to  fit  the  pupils  and  the  time  at  his  disposal.  PennelPs  histories 
contain  enough  matter,  if  carefully  studied,  to  enable  a  student 
to  pass  the  entrance  examinations  at  any  American  college  or 
university. 

W.  McD.  Halsey,  Collegiate  School,  34  West  Fortieth  Street,  New  York  City  : 
PennelPs  Greece  and  Rome  are  well  adapted  to  their  purpose.  Having 
used  the  Greece  last  year,  I  will  now  add  the  Rome  to  the  list  of  my 
text-books.  The  clear  statements  of  the  author,  and  the  fine  typographical 
work,  commend  the  books  at  sight ;  and  the  enthusiasm  of  both  teachers 
and  pupils  shows  that  Mr.  Pennell  has  made  books  suited  to  our  need. 

H.  B.  Knox,  Friends^  School,  Providence,  R.I.:  You  are  doing  us  all  a  ser- 
vice by  putting  the  history  of  these  nations  into  such  an  ideal  form. 

Burr  Lewis,  Lincoln,  Neb.:  The  additions  only  make  a  more  excellent 
compound  of  Roman  History  fnr  use  in  the  class-room.  It  was  excellent 
before. 


24  LATIN. 


The  Lives  of  Cornelius  Nepos 

With  Notes,  Exercises,  and  Vocabulary  by  Professor  John  C.  Rolfe, 
University  of  Michigan.     i2mo,  cloth,  387  pages.     Price,  gi.io. 

IN  general  the  same  plan  is  followed  as  in  the  Selections  from 
Viri  Romae. 

In  the  text,  as  well  as  elsewhere  througliout  the  book,  the 
quantity  of  all  the  long  vowels  is  marked,  including  "  hidden 
quantities." 

The  notes  are  designed  to  enable  the  pupil  to  understand  the 
writer's  meaning,  and  to  get  a  clear  idea  of  the  events  and  per- 
sonages referred  to.  Instruction  in  syntax  is  given  mainly  by 
the  Exercises  for  Translation  into  Latin.  These  exercises  have 
been  prepared  both  for  oral  and  for  written  work,  and  are  based 
on  the  text. 

The  book  is  provided  with  a  full  vocabulary,  in  which  special 
attention  is  given  to  the  definition  of  proper  names,  and  with 
maps,  including  all  the  places  mentioned  by  Nepos. 

Charles  C.  Ramsay,  Prind/>a/  of  High  School,  Fall  River,  Mass.:  It  would 
be  difficult  to  say  too  much  in  praise  of  Professor  Rolfe's  "  The  Lives  of 
Cornelius  Nepos."  The  Introduction,  Notes,  and  Vocabulary  are  unusu- 
ally well  done,  and  will  render  the  study  of  the  lives  interesting  and  de- 
lightful. The  publishers,  moreover,  deserve  a  share  of  the  praise  for  the 
very  attractive  form  in  which  the  book  is  issued.  The  typography  is  clear, 
and  the  paper  is  good. 

Walter  A.  Edwards,  Principal  of  High  School,  Rockford,  III. :  I  am  de' 
lighted  with  your  Rolfe's  edition  of  Nepos,  both  as  to  its  typographical 
appearance  and  as  to  the  educational  value  of  the  work.  Taking  it  al- 
together it  is  a  most  attractive  text-book.  I  am  not  clear  in  my  mind 
whether  we  are  ready  to  drop  Caesar  yet  and  turn  to  some  such  work  as 
this,  which  would  certainly  have  the  advantage  of  greater  interest,  and  per- 
haps a  greater  practical  value.  There  are  some  points  of  value  which  we 
should  be  sorry  to  lose  .  .  .  but  I  am  open  to  conviction,  and  Professor 
Rolfe's  book  goes  a  long  way  toward  convincing  me. 

Professor  Leon  J.  Richardson,  University  of  California:  As  a  Latin 
department  we  are  encouraging  the  reading  of  Nepos  in  the  California 
High  Schools.     For  this  purpose  your  book  commends  itself  very  highly. 

Professor  F.  G.  Axtell,  Chaffey  College,  Ontario,  Calif  :  The  Nepos  is  the 
best  edition  I  have  seen. 


18  LATIN. 


Cassar's  Gallic  War 

Edited,  with  Introduction.  Notes,  Vocabulary,  Table  of  Idioms,  and 
twenty  full-page  Illustrations,  by  Professor  Francis  W.  Kelsey,  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan.    1 2 mo,  half  leather,  506  pages.    Price,  ^1.25. 

THROUGHOUT  the  book  every  effort  has  been  made,  by 
way  of  illustration  and  comment,  to  render  the  study  of 
Caesar  attractive  and  useful,  a  means  of  culture  as  well  as  of  dis- 
cipline. That  the  result  has  been  to  produce  the  best-equipped 
edition  of  the  Gallic  War  is  generally  conceded. 

The  Introduction,  besides  giving  a  full  review  of  Caesar's  life 
and  character,  furnishes  also  a  concise  and  logical  account  of 
the  Roman  art  of  war  in  Caesar's  time.  The  Illustrations  con- 
sist of  six  full-page  colored  plates,  of  a  double-page  map  of  Gaul, 
and  of  fourteen  full-page  maps  and  plans. 

The  text  is  clear,  accurate,  and  uniform  in  its  orthography, 
and  is  conveniently  divided  by  brief  English  summaries. 

The  Notes  are  apt  and  sensible,  with  full  references  to  the 
Grammars  of  Bennett,  Allen  and  Greenough,  and  Harkness. 

The  Table  of  Idioms  and  Phrases,  found  in  no  other  edition, 
will  enable  a  teacher  to  drill  his  class  on  those  constructions 
which  are  most  perplexing  to  beginners. 

The  Vocabulary,  like  the  Notes,  is  intended  to  give  the  pupil 
only  such  help  as  he  needs,  and  such  knowledge  as  he  can  digest. 

Charles  S.  Chapin,  Principal  High  School,  Fitchburg,  Mass. :  I  consider 
Kelsey's  Caesar,  both  for  teacher  and  pupil,  the  most  admirable  edition  in 
the  field,  combining  in  one  volume  text,  notes,  dictionary  of  antiquities, 
maps,  and  all  the  instruments  for  successful  study  of  the  Commentaries. 

0.  D.  Robinson,  Principal  High  School,  Albany,  N.Y.:  As  a  text-book  it 
seems  to  me  if  not  absolutely  perfect,  to  approach  as  near  perfection  as 
any  book  I  have  ever  examined.  The  Introduction  and  colored  plates 
are  invaluable  as  aids  to  a  clear  understanding  of  the  text,  and  are  su- 
perior to  anything  of  the  kind  elsewhere.  The  maps,  notes,  vocabulary, 
and  table  of  idioms,  are  unsurpassed  in  any  text-book  of  Caesar  now  in  use. 

Richard  M.  Jones,  Head  Master,  Wm.  Penn  Charter  School,  Philadel- 
phia :  Kelsey's  Caesar  is,  in  my  judgment,  the  nearest  approach  yet  made 
in  this  country  to  what  a  school  edition  of  an  ancient  classic  should  be. 


20  LATIN. 


Selections  from  Ovid 

With  an  Introduction,  Notes,  and  Vocabulary  by  Professor  Francis 
W.  Kelsey.     Illustrated.     i2mo,  half  leather,  447  pages.     Price,  ^1.25. 

AS  in  the  editions  of  Caesar  and  Cicero  by  tlie  same  editor, 
no  pains  have  been  spared  to  make  the  book  pleasing  to 
the  eye  and  useful  to  the  student.  The  selections,  with  a  few 
exceptions,  are  short  and  complete  in  themselves.  A  consider- 
able number  of  them  will  be  found  suitable  for  sight-reading. 

The  Introduction  contains  a  sketch  of  the  life  and  works  of 
Ovid,  with  a  short  essay  on  Ovid  as  a  poet,  together  with  an 
outline  of  Greek  and  Roman  Mythology. 

The  Notes  are  elementary,  but  at  the  same  time  they  aim  to 
suggest  a  poetic  interpretation  of  the  author, 

William  C.  Collar,  Headmaster,  Roxbury  Latin  School,  Mass. :  I  am  glad  to 
see  an  edition  containing  so  good  and  so  varied  a  collection  from  Ovid's 
■writings.  The  book  seems  to  me  to  be  a  very  conscientious  piece  of  work, 
and  I  am  particularly  pleased  with  the  frequent  and  happy  quotations,  in 
the  notes,  of  passages  from  English  poets. 

Walter  A.  Edwards,  Principal,  High  School,  Rockford,  III. :  I  am  delighted 
with  it.  The  editor  has  made  an  excellent  school-book,  without  thrusting 
into  the  background  the  literary  charm  of  the  text  he  is  annotating.  The 
abundant  quotations  from  the  English  poets  must  materially  help  toward 
a  right  appreciation  and  enjoyment  of  Ovid's  poetry. 

L.  C.  Hull,  Lawrenceville  School,  N J.:  Professor  Kelsey  has  again  shown 
how  admirably  he  can  meet  the  wants  of  good  teachers.  But  his  edition 
of  Ovid  does  more  than  this.  It  must  quicken  the  poetic  sense  cf  even 
the  most  prosaic  teachers.  I  cannot  help  feeling  that  many  a  pupil  will 
thank  Professor  Kelsey  for  having  shown  how  the  same  themes  that  in- 
spired Ovid  still  live  in  our  own  English  classics.  We  have  had  given  to 
us  a  manual  of  mythology,  a  scholarly  edition  of  a  Latin  classic,  and  an 
abundance  of  poetic  inspiration,  all  at  once.  Ovid  did  not  write  to  ex- 
hibit the  grammatical  usages  of  his  day,  or  to  help  make  philologists ;  and 
Professor  Kelsey  has  not  made  the  mistake  of  supposing  that  his  verses 
are  best  used  when  they  are  made  to  serve  such  purposes. 

Professor  George  H.  White,  Oberlin  College:  The  notes  are  made  attrac- 
tive, and  their  meaning  more  clear,  by  many  quotations  from  a  wide  range 
of  English  poets.  In  this  latter  respect  it  is  superior  to  every  other  school 
edition  of  the  ancient  classics.     I  commend  the  book  without  reserve. 


LATIN.  19 


Selected  Orations  and  Letters  of  Cicero 

With  Introduction,  Notes,  and  Vocabulary  by  Professor  Francis  W. 
Kelsey.     i2mo,  half  leather,  518  pages.     Illustrated.     Price,  $1.25. 

THE  Orations  given  in  this  edition  are  the  four  against  Cati- 
line, those  for  the  Manilian  Law,  Archias,  Marcellus,  and 
the  fourth  oration  against  Antony.  These  are  edited  with  a 
view  to  showing  their  value  as  examples  of  oratory,  rather  than 
as  offering  mere  material  for  grammatical  drill.  The  student's 
attention  is  directed  to  the  occasion  and  circumstances  of  their 
delivery,  as  well  as  to  the  motive  and  method  of  presenting  the 
matter  contained  in  them.  Modes  of  legal  procedure,  the  Con- 
stitution and  form  of  government  m  Cicero's  time,  and  the  whole 
environment  of  the  orator,  are  brought  into  clear  view,  and  made 
a  reality  to  the  student. 

The  Letters  are  selected  with  reference  to  the  light  they  shed 
on  Cicero  as  a  man  rather  than  as  a  politician.  They  afford 
pleasant  glimpses  of  his  private  life,  and  help  to  make  real  the 
pupil's  conception  of  the  times  in  which  he  lived.  As  material 
for  short  exercises  for  sight  translation  or  rapid  reading  they 
will  be  found  of  special  value. 

A  Table  of  Idioms  and  Phrases  presents  in  form  convenient 
for  use,  constructions  that  deserve  special  attention. 

Lincoln  Owen,  Principal  of  the  Rice  Training-School,  Boston:  Kelsey's 
Cicero  is  a  model  in  the  art  of  text-book  making.  It  cannot  fail  to  be  a 
success  for  editor,  publisher,  and  user.  I  count  the  teachers  and  the  pupils 
of  the  present  generation  fortunate  in  having  such  admirable  "  instruments 
of  education  "  as  Professor  Kelsey  is  preparing  for  us. 

Professor  J.  W.  Steams,  University  of  Wisconsin :  Kelsey's  Cicero  com- 
mends itself  more  than  any  words  of  mine  can  commend  it.  It  is  a  teach- 
er's book,  up  to  modern  times,  both  in  text  and  annotations,  and  admirably 
printed. 

miss  Ellen  F.  Snow,  ^^igh  School,  Keene,  N.H. :  I  have  now  used  it  in  my 
classes  for  five  weeks  in  connection  with  ...  in  the  hands  of  a  part  of 
the  class.  Kelsey  has  the  preference  every  time.  It  gives  a  body  to  the 
ideas,  and  tells  the  scholars  things  that  they  want  to  know  in  a  way  suited 
to  them.  I  have  been  waiting  long  enough  to  test  it,  and  I  like  it  better 
every  week. 


14  LATIN. 


A  Latin  Grammar 

By  Professor  Charles  E.  Bennett,  Cornell  University.     i2mo,  cloth, 
265  pages.     Price,  80  cents. 

IN  this  book  the  essential  facts  of  Latin  Grammar  are  pre- 
sented within  the  smallest  compass  consistent  with  high 
scholarly  standards.  It  covers  not  only  the  work  of  the  pre- 
paratory school,  but  also  that  of  the  required  courses  in  college 
and  university.  By  omitting  rare  forms  and  syntactical  usages 
found  only  in  ante-classical  and  port-classical  Latin,  and  by 
relegating  to  an  Appendix  theoretical  and  historical  questions, 
it  has  been  found  possible  to  treat  the  subject  with  entire  ade- 
quacy in  the  compass  of  250  pages  exclusive  of  Indexes.  In 
the  German  schools,  books  of  this  scope  fully  meet  the  exacting 
demands  of  the  entire  gymnasial  course,  and  those  who  have 
tried  ^Bennett's  Grammar  find  that  they  are  materially  helped  by 
being  relieved  of  the  mass  of  useless  and  irrelevant  matter  which 
forms  the  bulk  of  the  older  grammars. 

Professor  William  A.  Houghton,  Bowdoht  College,  Brunswick,  Maine: 
The  Grammar  proper  is  admirably  adapted  to  its  purpose  in  its  clearness 
of  arrangement  and  classification,  and  in  its  simplicity  and  precision  of 
statement,  giving  definitely  just  what  the  pupil  must  know,  and  not  crowd- 
ing the  page  with  a  mass  of  matter  that  too  often  disheartens  the  young 
student  instead  of  helping  him.  I  trust  it  will  come  into  general  use,  for 
I  think  for  the  reasons  just  given,  and  because  of  its  moderate  compass 
and  attractive  appearance,  students  are  likely  to  get  more  practical  gram- 
matical knowledge  out  of  it  than  they  generally  do  from  the  larger 
grammars. 

Professor  Alfred  M.  Wilson,  University  of  Nebraska,  Lincoln:  I  have 
examined  it  very  carefully,  and  I  can  say,  truly  and  with  pleasure,  that 
my  first  impressions  have  become  positive  convictions  as  to  the  very  great 
value  and  utility  of  the  book.  I  am  daily  using  it  with  increasing  delight 
and  satisfaction.     It  is  clear,  concise,  and  independent. 

The  Critic,  Feb.  29,  1896.  The  book  is  a  marvel  of  condensed,  yet  clear 
and  forcible,  statement.  Just  enough  examples  are  given  to  illustrate  each 
principle  without  discouraging  the  pupil  by  their  number  and  variety. 
The  ground  covered  in  the  treatment  of  forms  and  syntax  is  adequate 
for  ordinary  school  work  and  for  the  use  of  freshmen  and  sophomores  in 
college. 


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